广东某含铊硫酸冶炼堆渣场土壤中重金属的污染特征

选取广东某硫酸厂工业堆渣周围土壤样品,重点研究了土壤剖面T1、cd、Pb、Zn四种重金属元素总量及形态分布特征.研究结果表明,该废渣在自然淋滤条件下已经对周围土壤产生了T1、Cd、Pb、Zn污染,并且T1、Pb、Cd较Zn污染严重.形态分析表明,堆渣场周围土壤中这些重金属主要是以残渣态和铁锰氧化物(氢氧化物)结合态存在.外围土壤受到的这些重金属污染及对环境的潜在危害大于废渣下伏土壤,其中在堆渣下伏土壤中主要以富集为主,而外围土壤中主要以迁移为主,且已经向土壤深处约30cm处进行了迁移.这些重金属污染物在表层土壤中未达到饱和状态,将继续在下伏土壤表层发生累积作用并且使横向土壤受污染的范围进一步扩大.     

北京市通州污灌区土壤环境质量监测和蔬菜重金属污染状况研究

通过对北京市通州污灌区土壤现状调查与蔬菜重金属污染监测,结合土壤环境质量标准、食品卫生标准及污灌区污染历史,分析对比该区土壤和蔬菜重金属污染状况及其变化。结果表明,本次监测通州污灌区土壤中重金属平均含量均达到土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-1995)中二级标准限量。对照土壤中的重金属Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd和As均达到土壤一级标准。凉水河两岸和通惠北干渠中重金属含量均高于对照土壤,说明污灌区污水灌溉已使土壤受到一定程度的污染。与二十世纪70年代末监测结果相比,土壤中多数重金属含量处于上升趋势。污灌区蔬菜重金属含量监测结果表明,其含量水平均达到食品卫生标准,说明污灌区蔬菜尚未受到严重污染。     

搬迁企业原址土壤重金属分布特征及其生态风险评价

江苏省某城市由于规划发展的需要,陆续搬迁了一批高污染的化工企业。现调查发现其中一家化工厂原厂址存在严重的重金属污染问题,现采集多个表层土壤样品,对样品中的多种重金属(Pb,Cu,Cr,Ni,Zn和Cd)的总量进行分析测试,发现搬迁区土壤重金属累积效应显著,除Zn和Ni外,其它重金属平均含量均超过其背景值,其中Cd的含量是其背景值的324倍,Pb是背景值的1.8倍。重金属的富集顺序为PbCrZnCdCuNi.不同功能区各种重金属的平均含量均不同,其中仅以绿地重金属累积最少,生产区、排放区和设备维修区累积较为严重,为高浓度污染区。生产活动和处理排放已成为影响研究区土壤环境质量的主要因素;研究区土壤具有极强的重金属污染潜在生态危害,其中Cd为极强潜在生态危害。所以,该企业搬迁区土壤重金属积累显著,Pb,Cd和Cr将是该企业原址厂土壤的重点污染物,需要重点控制和修复。     

某铀尾矿库周围农田土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险评价

为能够定量评价铀尾矿库周围农田土壤重金属污染程度及其潜在生态危害性,采用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对土壤中重金属进行综合污染评价。结果表明,铀尾矿库周围部分农田土壤中重金属Cd、Ni、As、Cu、Hg、Zn含量存在积累和超标情况,尤以Cd的污染最严重,Ni、As次之;Pb、Cr含量能够满足标准限值要求。潜在生态风险评价结果显示,铀尾矿库周围农田土壤重金属潜在生态风险较高,主要潜在生态风险因子为Cd,其次是Hg、As,Cr、Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn并不构成潜在生态风险。铀尾矿库周围农田土壤中较高水平的Cd在构成环境污染的同时,也构成了较严重的生态危害,应加强对重金属Cd、Hg的生态风险防治。     

湖南省某冶炼厂周边农田土壤重金属污染及生态风险评价

利用野外采样与实验室分析相结合的方法,以湖南省某冶炼厂周边农田土壤(0~20 cm)为研究对象,监测了Cd、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Hg等7种重金属的含量,并对重金属污染程度与潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,7种重金属都存在不同程度的超标或污染,其中Cd、As、Pb等的污染较为严重。统计学分析结果表明,Pb、As、Hg、Zn、Cd等来源相同,可能主要都来自于人为污染,即冶炼作业造成的污染。7种重金属化学形态不尽相同:在重金属有效态中,Cd的水溶态和可提取态较高;Pb、Cu、Zn可还原态、可氧化态这两部分含量较高。而Hg、As、Cr的残渣态含量较高。风险评价代码评价结果表明,Cd的生态风险较高,4.5%的样点Cd为极高生态风险,52.8%的样点Cd为高生态风险,42.7%的样点Cd为中度生态风险;100%的样点Zn为中度生态风险;Cu有60.1%的样点属于低生态风险,39.9%的样点属于中度生态风险;As、Pb主要以低生态风险为主(所占比例分别为77.2%、80%);Hg主要以无生态风险为主(所占94.3%)。Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法计算的综合潜在生态风险指数(RI)的范围为46.4~1 627.5,表明研究区域农田土壤存在很高的生态风险。上述各项结果综合表明,研究区农田土壤受到了严重的重金属污染,由此引起的重金属生态风险应引起高度关注。     

都江堰市城区周边农田土壤重金属污染状况分析与评价

以都江堰城区周边农耕地为对象,按照国标方法对土壤样本中的Cr、Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn五种重金属元素含量进行测定。结果表明,部分样本中的Cd、Cu含量超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准。采用单因子污染指数和土壤综合污染指数评价方法,以国家土壤环境质量二级标准为评价标准,对研究区内Cr、Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn重金属的污染状况进行评价,评价结果显示,Cu、Cd为主要污染元素,污染指数处于轻、中度污染,Cr、Pb、Zn对土壤尚未构成污染关系,研究区土壤重金属总体污染程度较轻。     

杨家幛子钼矿区土壤中重金属污染状况的评价

对杨家幛子钼矿区土壤重金属污染的情况进行了详细研究。选择土壤样本80个,采用HNO3-HF-HClO4混酸对土壤样品进行处理,运用等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)测定土壤样品中Pb、As、Hg、Cr、Cd、Zn、Cu、Ni、Mo的含量,全面系统地评价土壤重金属污染现状。结果表明,该矿区土壤重金属As、Cd和Hg污染较为严重,平均含量分别达154.13、74.92和3.06mg/kg。不同片区间存在明显差异,污染强度以矿山山沿污染最高,其次是运输区、选矿厂及矿区附近山地,内梅罗综合指数分别为59.98、59.33、52.14、42.44。     

贵州农业非点源污染土壤重金属含量特征及区域差异性研究

贵州农用地土壤在长期的耕作过程中,承载大量的重金属污染物,影响土壤质量。采集了贵州东部、南部、中部、北部主要农业非点源重金属污染区土壤样品进行检测。结果表明,贵州农业非点源重金属污染物主要是Hg、Pb,贵州省农业非点源污染土壤中重金属累积污染程度Hg＞Pb＞Cd＞As＞Cr。各地区污染物种类和程度不同,重金属As污染为中部地区较高,农业土壤Hg、Pb污染主要集中在中部和东部地区,Cd污染主要发生在南部区域。     

镇江市典型产业园区青菜中重金属特征分析

于2017年1月采集镇江市典型产业园区7个不同点位的青菜及青菜田土壤样品进行重金属含量分析,结果表明,园区青菜中Cr、Cu、Zn元素均值小于食品卫生标准限值,Ni、Cd和Pb元素的均值介于食品卫生标准限值的临界;青菜中Ni、Cd、Pb 3种重金属处于轻度污染状态,Cr、Cu和Zn 3种重金属为无污染状态;青菜田土壤中重金属含量仅Cr和Cd在个别点超过《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》(GB 15618—2018)标准限值,其余各点位6种重金属元素均低于标准限值。     

大宝山采矿活动对环境的重金属污染调查

调查了大宝山铁铜多金属矿床固体废弃物-水相互作用对环境的重金属污染,结果表明,矿床固体废弃物导致了水、土壤的重金属污染,污染元素主要有Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn等;重金属元素的水迁移强度由大至小顺序为Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cd、As、Pb、Hg;元素的生物吸收系数由大至小顺序为Cd、Zn、Hg、Ni、Cu、Cr、As、Pb,虽然水稻糙米中的重金属含量未超过国家标准,但Cd、Cr两种元素含量已远远超出了植物中毒量的下限值.     

钼矿区周边农田土壤中重金属污染状况的分析与评价

对钼矿区周边农田土壤重金属污染情况进行了详细研究.选择该矿区受污染农田土壤样本80个,采用HNO3-HF-HClO4混酸对土壤样品进行处理,运用欧共体参比司推荐的BCR三步连续提取法进行化学形态分析;使用等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)测定土壤样品中Mo、Pb、As、Hg、Cr、Cd、Zn、Cu、Ni的全量及各种化学形态的含量并进行评价,同时对矿区地下水进行分析;采用spas软件进行数据分析.结果表明,矿山周边农田土壤重金属主要污染物为Cd、Hg并伴有Cr污染;Nemerow综合指数6.81,综合评价结果为该区土壤已受严重污染;Cd与As污染来源基本相同,Cu、Ni、Zn污染来源基本相同,Hg有独立的污染来源;重金属中化学形态分布为残余态>有机结合态>氧化结合态>酸可提取态;重金属Cr及Hg的有效态比例较大,可能会影响农作物的正常生长;矿山周边农田土壤重金属污染的原因可能是污染地下水的浇灌,矿石的开采、运输和大气降尘等过程;有机农药及塑料农用制品的施用过程,自然成土、矿物的伴生及其转化等过程.     

Assessment of growth and stemwood quality of Scots pine on territory influenced by alkaline industrial dust

Long-term influence of alkaline dust (pH 12.3–12.7) pollution emitted over 40 years from a cement plant in Estonia was the reason of alkalisation (pH 6.7–7.9) and high concentrations of K, Ca and Mg in the soil of affected territories. Although dust emission has diminished during the last 10 years, the disbalances in nutrition substrate and their influence on the growth of trees are notable up to now. The study of morphological and physical properties of 70–80-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) crown, stems and stemwood from three different air pollution zones showed serious deviations in comparison with a relatively healthy forest in an unpolluted area. The specimens from polluted trees, if compared to reference site, showed significantly smaller height growth, radial increment and width of annual rings of sapwood. In heartwood wider annual rings were found in polluted areas. In the period of heartwood formation the dust pollution level emitted from the plant was relatively modest and cement dust, which contains elements necessary for mineral nutrition of trees, may have acted as fertiliser. The moisture content in sapwood and heartwood, especially in the upper layers of stems, was lower in the polluted area than in reference site trees. Regression analysis revealed a strong dependence between latewood percentage and sapwood or heartwood in stems of Scots pine in all sample plots.     

铅锌矿区土壤微生物区系及酶活性调查

通过对四川省汉源县富泉乡万顺铅锌矿区土壤微生物区系及微生物活性的调查，结果表明，铅锌矿区土壤几种重金属含量明显高于临近非矿区土壤。该矿区土壤微生物区系组成和微生物活性显著不同于临近非矿区土壤，随着重金属含量的增加，土壤微生物数量、微生物多样性指数、微生物生物量碳以及纤维素分解强度均显著降低，但土壤基础呼吸却明显升高；土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶对铅锌矿较为敏感，而蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶受到的抑制作用不明显。     

Environmental vanadium distribution, mobility and bioaccumulation in different land-use Districts in Panzhihua Region, SW China

In order to characterize environmental vanadium distribution, mobility, and bioaccumulation, a total of 55 soil samples and 36 plant samples were collected in four typical land-use districts in Panzhihua region, Southwestern China. Soil samples were analyzed with the modified Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure, and the content of vanadium in soil and plant was determined by ICP-AES. The total content of vanadium was 208.1?C938.4 mg kg^???1 in smelting area, 111.6?C591.2 mg kg^???1 in mining area, 94.0?C183.6 mg kg^???1 in urban park, and 71.7?C227.2 mg kg^???1 in agricultural area, respectively, while the bio-available content of vanadium was characterized that the polluted areas (mining area 18.8?C83.6 mg kg^???1, smelting area 41.7?C132.1 mg kg^???1) and the unpolluted area (agricultural area 9.8?C26.4 mg kg^???1, urban park 9.9?C25.2 mg kg^???1). In addition, the contamination degree of vanadium in soil was smelting area > mining area > agricultural area ?? urban park. Moreover, the fraction of vanadium in each sequential extraction characterized that residual fraction > oxidizable fraction > reducible fraction > acid soluble fraction. The bioaccumulation of vanadium from soil to plant was weak to intermediate absorption. Therefore, some countermeasures such as soil monitoring and remediation should be to take in the sooner future, especially in mining and smelting area.     

An Assessment of the Effects of Crude Oil Pollution on Soil Properties, Germination and Growth of Maize (Zea Mays) using Two Crude Types – Forcados Light and Escravos Light

The effect of crude oil pollution on soil properties, germination and height of maize (Zea mays) was investigated under natural environment in three separate pot experiments. Two crude oil types--Forcados light and Escravos light were used. In Experiment 1, the effect of crude oil application on germination using high pollution levels of 5, 15, 25 and 40 mL kg(-1) of soil was assessed. In Experiment 2, the effect of crude oil application on maize plant height using the same pollution levels was assessed. The last experiment (Experiment 3) was used to test for the effects of crude oil application on maize plant height using lower levels of pollution (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 mL kg(-1) of soil). Soil samples were collected before, during and after the experiment and analyzed for some physical and chemical properties. Results obtained showed variation in chemical properties of soil. % organic matter increased from 1.34 to 2.62% in polluted soils. Available P decreased from 15.00 ppm in control to between 7.34 and 5.42 in soils polluted with 'high' levels of crude oil. Statistical analysis of height data showed that crude oil inhibited the growth of maize at high pollution levels. High levels of pollution also inhibited germination and for Escravos light there was no germination at 40 mL kg(-1) soil level of crude oil pollution.     

基于光谱分析的重金属污染废水遥感监测方法

以某重金属矿区3个水域（a、b、c）作为研究区,采集Aster卫星传感器的遥感监测数据,再运用分光辐射光谱仪测定标准板与目标水体,计算目标水体的光谱反射率,分析各区域水体遭受重金属污染时的光谱反射特征,实现基于光谱分析的重金属污染废水遥感监测。结果表明：a区域内水体重金属污染程度由深水区向浅水区逐步增强,水体呈现出橙红色;b区域内水体重金属污染程度由浅水区向深水区逐步增强,水体呈现为棕红色;c区域内水体未受到重金属污染,整个区域内水体为铜绿色。该结果与现场采集的各区域水体遭受重金属污染的情况一致。     

湖北省重点区域及周边表层土壤重金属污染现状及评价

对湖北省内9类不同重点区域及周边表层土壤环境质量进行检测,测定重金属镉、汞、砷、铅、铬、铜、镍、锌含量水平,采用内梅罗污染指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对检测结果进行评价。结果表明:9类不同重点区域及周边土壤环境质量整体良好,未受重金属污染的土壤监测点位比例为68.2%~92.6%,轻度污染的点位比例为5.8%~20.4%,中度污染为0.0%~8.6%,重度污染为0.0%~9.1%;污染企业周边、油田采矿区周边、固废处置场地周边、工业遗留遗弃场地及周边4类重点区域受重金属污染相对较严重,影响其土壤环境质量的重金属主要是镉、砷、铜、铅;9类不同重点区域周边土壤环境质量的潜在生态风险等级以轻微、中度为主,对应的监测点位比例分别为36.4%~80.5%、18.1%~47.7%,潜在生态风险等级为强度、很强、极强的监测点位比例总和为1.4%~15.9%,主要分布在受重金属污染严重的监测区域。     

Small mammals as biomonitors of metal pollution: a case study in Slovenia

The transfer of lead, cadmium, zinc, mercury, copper and molybdenum from soil to the tissues of small mammals inhabiting differently polluted areas in Slovenia was investigated. Metals were determined in soil samples and in the livers of 139 individuals of five small mammal species, collected in 2012 in the vicinity of a former lead smelter, the largest Slovenian thermal power plant, along a main road and in a control area. The area in the vicinity of former lead smelter differs considerably from other study areas. The soil from that area is heavily polluted with Pb and Cd. The mean metal concentrations in the liver, irrespective of species, varied in the following ranges—Pb: 0.40–7.40 mg/kg fw and Cd: 0.27–135 mg/kg fw and reached effect concentrations at which toxic effects can be expected in a significant proportion of the livers of the small mammal specimens (Pb 40 %, Cd 67 %). These findings indicate that the majority of small mammals trapped in the area of the former lead smelter are at risk of toxic effects due to the very high bioaccumulation of Pb and Cd in the organism. On the contrary, Pd and Cd concentrations in the livers of small mammals sampled in the vicinity of the thermal power plant and along the main road were comparable with reference values and considerably lower than effect concentrations. Additionally, the study suggests that Apodemus flavicollis and Myodes glareolus are very suitable biomonitors of metal pollution.