青岛市大气铅与其它污染物及气象因素的相关性分析

对青岛市大气中铅进行了调查 ,在监测时间里大气铅的小时浓度值范围为 0 .0 1～ 1 .67μg/ m3,日均值在 0 .0 6～0 .33μg/ m3之间。同期监测了总悬浮颗粒物、二氧化硫、氮氧化物和一氧化碳等污染物 ,并讨论其相关性 ,同时结合气象因素简单分析其对铅浓度的影响     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定大气降水中镉镍铅

采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定大气降水中镉、镍、铅,优化了试验条件。镉在0ug／L-5．00ug／L范围、镍和铅在0ug／L-20．0ug／L范围内线性良好,镉、镍、铅的检出限分别为0．03ug／L、0．79ug／L、1．37ug／L,大气降水样品测定的RSD为0．8％-2．6％,加标回收率为96．0％-106％。     

微分脉冲伏安法测定降水中锌、镉、铅和铜

以量浓度为0．01mol/L的高氯酸为支持电解质,采用微分脉冲阳极溶出伏安法同时测定降水中的痕量Zn^2 、Cd^2 、Pb^2 和Cu^2 ．6次测定的相对标准偏差均小于5％,降水样品镉未检出。锌、铅、铜的加标回收率分别为91．5％－110．0％、91．5％－104．0％和91．0％－106．0％。该方法应用于降水中Zn、Cd、Pb、Cu痕量元素的分析,具有方法简便、快速、准确度高等特点。     

青岛市区大气环境中苯系物的污染状况及变化规律的研究

研究了青岛市大气环境中苯系物的污染状况和变化规律,青岛市大气中苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯的年平均浓度分别为9.20土1.21、9.80±1.18、2.62±0.256、7.09士0.71/m3/m3,年变化规律是以冬季最高,昼夜变化规律是苯在630～830和1630～1830时间内有两个峰值,与一氧化碳的变化规律相吻合,在苯系物中以苯和甲苯的相关性最好,青岛市苯系物中苯所占的比例明显高于国外.     

1976-2005年唐山地区降水变化规律及干旱预测

利用唐山市1976-2005年各县年降水序列,分析了该市降水的空间分布规律和时间变化特点。采用灰色系统的灾变预测方法,对各县分别建立了GM（1,1）模型,进行未来25年唐山市各站的干旱年预测。利用残差检验、后验差检验和关联度检验对各模型分别进行了精度检验。结果表明,预测模型精度较高,可以对唐山市各县未来的干旱年进行预测,从而为科学决策提供依据。     

离子色谱法测定降水中的阳离子

应用Waters新型阳离子分离柱快速，准确地一次性同时测定降水中阳离子（Na^ ,NH4^ ,K^ ,Mg^2 ,Ca^2 )，该方法具有良好的精密度、线性相关系数和加标回收率。     

南昌市降水自动监测与手工采样监测对比分析

南昌市环境监测站引进了一套降水自动监测系统,该系统由一个中心站及五台AR-107型自动监测仪(子站)组成。通过对AR-107型降水自动监测仪及手工样监测结果间的对比实验发现,自动监测与手工采样监测所获得的pH值和电导率值差异明显,并对这种差异进行了分析探讨,认为干沉降是这种差异存在的主要原因。     

原子吸收法测定大气中的铅

将采集有ＴＳＰ的过氯乙烯滤膜以ＨＮＯ３－ＨＣｌＯ４湿法消争，用火焰原子吸收法直接测定其中的铅，因无基体和背景干扰，测值可比性和准确度均较好，微观测定结果与宏观环境状况一致。     

赤峰市降水电导率变化及其相关因素的探讨

通过对赤峰市自１９８８年以来的降水电导率资料统计分析，表明降水电导率的变化与风力大小，降水多少、植被覆盖程度和ｐＨ值密切相关。     

铅锌冶炼厂周边土壤铅源的铅同位素示踪

以某铅锌冶炼厂周边土壤为研究对象,通过对其原料及周边土壤中铅含量的检测,结果显示：该冶炼厂周边土壤铅质量比在22.73mg/kg～126.51mg/kg之间,平均值为42.68mg/kg,是当地土壤铅背景值的1.85倍.采用铅质量比空间分布分析和同位素混合模型计算分析了冶炼厂周边土壤中铅的可能来源,分析表明：土壤铅质量比的空间分布及铅同位素比值与冶炼厂的焦化原料煤相近,焦化原料煤对周边土壤铅污染贡献最大.     

东亚酸沉降中国网湿沉降分析研究

东亚酸沉降监测网是由日本于 1 993年发起并组织 ,我国于 1 999年 4月开始参加该网络的试运行监测工作。文章针对我国 1 999年度重庆、西安、厦门和珠海四城市湿沉降监测结果进行了分析研究     

Three-year monitoring results of nitrate and ammonium wet deposition in Thailand

Wet deposition is one of the important sources of nitrogen input into the ecosystem. It also contributes to rain acidity in some environments. In this study we reported the annual as well as seasonal trends of nitrogen wet deposition at three locations in Thailand: Bangkok, Chiang Mai and Nan. Comparison of nitrogen wet deposition between in rural and in the urban areas was also made. Daily rainfall was measured and monthly rainwater was collected for nitrogen analysis during 1999–2002. The average NO₃ ^– concentration in rainwater collected from the rural sites (60 km from urban area) was around 0.2–0.3 mg L^–1, while that from the urban areas of Chiang Mai and Nan cities it was 0.4–0.5 mg L^–1. NH₄ ⁺ concentration in rainwater showed the similar ranges to that of NO₃ ^– , except at Nan where concentration was not significantly different between the urban and rural sites. On the other hand, the average concentrations of NO₃ ^– were higher at Bangkok site than other sites, while concentration of NH₄ ⁺ was almost the same between Chiang Mai and Bangkok. Wet deposition of NO₃ ^– at the rural sites of Chiang Mai and Nan ranged from 2.1 to 3.2 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1, while at the urban sites this ranged from about 6 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1 in Chiang Mai and Nan Cities to 8.6 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1 in Bangkok. Wet deposition of NH₄ ⁺ at the rural sites of Chiang Mai and Nan was about 2.4 to 3.6 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1 and at the urban sites of Chiang Mai, Nan and Bangkok this was 7.7, 4.9 and 8.1 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1, respectively. Thus, it was concluded that wet deposition of both nitrogen species was significantly higher at the urban sites than at the rural sites.     

湖南省大气湿沉降化学研究

以湖南省1999～2001年的酸雨监测数据为基础,运用统计学和线性回归分析方法研究了位于中国中南部的重酸雨区湖南省的大气降水的酸度和化学组成的分布特征以及季节变化规律。结果表明,大气降水以SO_4~(2-)为主,占总离子量的31％,大气降水阴阳离子基本平衡。降水年平均pH值为4.86,以春季酸度最大,降水离子总量以冬季最大。研究结果同时表明,降水酸度是主要酸性离子和主要碱性离子共同作用的结果,而且([H~+]+[NH_4~+])/([SO_4~(2-)]+[NO_3~-])比值的变化能较好的反映降水过程中强酸离子的中和现象。     

A Comparison of Precipitation Sensors Used on the Wet-Only Collectors

The variability in performance of three precipitation sensor types, mounted on three identical wet-only collectors, has been compared for eight months at a single site. The catch efficiencies, determined from the sample volumes, are relatively high for these three apparatuses, since they exceed 89% on average. The recorded data of openings and closings of collector lids reveal that the highest losses of collection efficiency, observed for rainfalls of low intensity and low amount, are largely imputable to design and running characteristics of each sensor. Ionic compositions between the samples of these three collectors are relatively close, although significant differences are especially found for H⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺, suggesting that these apparatuses are differently exposed to the dry deposition of soil particles. The RS 85 sensor seems to be the most suitable one of the three, since it ensures a high catch efficiency for all rain types and tends to limit the exposures of funnel to the dry deposition.     

Analysis of Wet Precipitation of Air Pollutants in Mumbai (India)

Bulk precipitation samples at Mumbai (India) were collectedduring the monsoon seasons of 1991 to 1996 and analysed forionic concentrations using an Ion Chromatograph DIONEX model100. The variability of sulphate to nitrate ratio in rainwaterfluctuates in a wide range from 1.5 to 20 and governed by thesulphate concentrations in the sample. The regression analysisof the data reveals that in the bulk precipitation at Mumbai, SO₄^2- is becoming increasingly important relative toNO₃^-. The role of meteorological influences onscavenging of air pollutants by rain water has been tried toexplain the phenomena. The computed wet deposition rates for Sand N during 1991–1996 show that the S deposition is higherthan N in all the years. There is a wide fluctuation indeposition rates of S ranging from 2 to 55 kg km² per annum.     

Establishing the link between ammonia emission control and measurements of reduced nitrogen concentrations and deposition

In the context of international efforts to reduce the impactsof atmospheric NH₃ and NH₄ ⁺ (collectively, NH_x), it is important to establish the link between NH₃emissions and monitoring of NH_x concentrations and deposition. This is equally relevant to situations where NH₃emissions changes are certain (e.g. due to changed source sectoractivity), as to cases where NH₃ abatement technologies havebeen implemented. Correct interpretation of adequate atmosphericmeasurements is essential, since monitoring data provide the onlymeans to evaluate trends in regional NH₃ emissions.These issues have been reviewed using available measurements and modelling from nine countries. In addition to historic datasets,the analysis here considers countries where NH₃ source sector activity changed (both increases and decreases) and countries where NH₃ abatement policies have been implemented.In The Netherlands an `ammonia gap' was identified between the expected reduction and results of monitoring, and was attributedinitially to ineffectiveness of the abatement measures. The analysis here for a range of countries shows that atmospheric interactions complicate the expected changes, particularly sinceSO₂ emissions have decreased at the same time, while at manysites the few years of available data show substantial inter-annual variation. It is concluded that networks need to beestablished that speciate between NH₃ and aerosol NH₄ ⁺, in addition to providing wet deposition, and sample at sufficient sites for robust regional estimates to be established. Such measurements will be essential to monitor compliance of the international agreements on NH₃ emission abatement.     

Lead Content of Petrol and Diesel and its Assessment in an Urban Environment

Pakistan is one of the few countries in Asia thatcontinues to use only leaded-petrol as vehicular fuel. Theconcentration of Pb in its petrol reported in 1991 was thehighest (1.5 – 2.0 g Pb L^-1) of all produced by the various Asiancountries and far exceeded the WHOs guideline of 0.15 g Pb L^-1. We have undertaken a study to trace and quantify this toxicelement in the environs of Karachi, Pakistans major metropolis,having more than 30% of the nations total number of vehicles.In this article we report the Pb contents of petrol and dieselcurrently manufactured and marketed in the city. Samples of`Regular petrol collected in 1999 was found to contain 0.363 gPb L^-1 (range: 0.335 – 0.390 g Pb L^-1), a factor of 5 lower than thatmarketed prior to 1991. Its concentration in diesel fuel was muchlower (0.017 g Pb L^-1). Based on the available statistical data onthe type and volume of vehicular traffic, we assessed that thecurrent lead emission from vehicular traffic into the atmosphereis 391 metric tons a year, which is a factor of 2.7 lower thanthat estimated for 1989.     

青岛市开展重金属废水自动监测工作探索

简述了青岛市开展重金属自动监测的要求与现状,分析了开展重金属自动监测的优势与存在问题,在介绍青岛市相关工作对策和措施的同时,对重金属废水自动监测系统建设、设备选型、监控平台建设、运行维护管理等提出建议。     

降雨对长三角区域PM2.5浓度的影响

利用WRF-CAMx模式分析首届中国国际进口博览会(简称进博会)期间一次降雨过程对长三角地区PM2.5浓度影响,结果表明,降雨量分布区域与因降雨造成的PM2.5浓度减少量分布区域并不完全一致,湿沉降量受降雨量、PM2.5浓度和风速等多个因素共同影响。数值模拟结果表明,降雨导致浓度下降幅度排前5位的组分分别是有机气溶胶、硫酸盐、硝酸盐、铵盐和细颗粒原生气溶胶,下降幅度分别为44. 28%、16. 55%、11. 55%、9. 53%和5. 23%。结合观测资料和数值模式模拟结果可知,首届进博会期间上海本地减排和周边区域协同控制作用使PM2.5日均质量浓度降低33. 23μg/m3,因降雨引起的湿沉降作用使上海市PM2.5质量浓度降低15. 88μg/m^3。