模糊-主成分分析综合评价法在地下水水质评价中的应用

主成分分析法可以在保留数据原始信息的基础上有效地降低数据维度，从而将影响地下水质的多因子简化为几个综合因子，但对地下水的综合水质状况无法直接表达；模糊综合评价法能直接给出水体综合水质情况结论，但评价因子多为人为选取，存在较强的主观性。以辽宁思山岭矿区地下水水质现状评价为例，利用主成分分析法选取影响各断面水质的关键因子，将其作为模糊综合评价的评价因子，建立了模糊?主成分分析综合评价法的地下水水质耦合评价模型。研究结果表明，该模型能很好地体现分析因子对评价结果带来的影响，使得评价结果更科学、合理。     

因子分析法在金泉工业园区地下水水质评价中的应用

根据金泉工业园水源地8个不同监测断面的地下水水质监测数据,采用R型因子分析法对园区水源地地下水水质进行综合评价,在研究地下水中13种化学成分间相关关系的基础上,提取4个主因子进行分析计算。结果表明,Cl-、SO24-、总硬度和可溶性固体对第一主因子贡献明显;第二主因子代表指标是Zn;第三主因子代表指标是As;NO3-、氨氮、NO2-对第四主因子贡献显著。对水质进行综合评价后发现,人民渠、海流图河和乌拉壕监测断面处水质类别为V类,其他断面均为IV类。因子分析法从整体上评价了园区水源地地下水的水质现状,分析结果清晰明确,为日后地下水资源的管理与保护提供科学依据。     

阿图什城市地下水饮用水源地水质状况评价

由于水质评价中存在的不确定性和模糊性,本文采用模糊数学综合评价法对新疆阿图什市水源地地下水中总硬度、溶解性总固体、高锰酸盐指数、氯化物、氟化物、硝酸盐、硫酸盐、氨氮8个水质指标的监测结果进行了数据处理,对地下水的水质进行综合评价。结果表明,6个取水井和市水厂的水质符合地下水质量标准Ⅱ级及以上水质标准。该方法反映出水环境系统的模糊性,评价的结果更具有说服性。     

改进的模糊综合评价法在某煤矿区水质评价中的应用

基于熵权法和相对标准偏差法组合评价因子权重，综合最大隶属度原则与加权平均原则，建立改进的模糊综合评价法，应用该方法评价某煤矿区浅层地下水水质，并与其他评价方法作比较。结果表明：在研究区33个浅层地下水监测点中，属于Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类水的监测点分别有4个、16个、13个，Ⅱ类水最多，占比48.5%，无Ⅳ类、Ⅴ类水，水质状况总体较好；对比发现，工业园水质相对较差，煤矿区及工业广场次之，农田和居民区水质相对较好；改进后的模糊综合评价法综合考虑了评价因子间的内在联系，既减小了主观因素对评价过程的影响，也规避了单一评判原则对水质等级判定带来的局限性，评价结果更符合实际情况。     

BP人工神经网络模型在西鞍山铁矿地下水水质评价中的应用

以西鞍山铁矿为例,采用BP人工神经网络模型对区内12个监测点的水质进行评价。以枯水期水质监测的主成分总硬度、溶解性总固体、硫酸盐、氯化物、铁和锰、硝酸盐、氟化物指标作为评价因子,建立地下水评价指标体系,并将评价结果与模糊综合评价法及综合质量评价法的评价结果比较。结果表明,8、9、10、11号监测点属于Ⅰ类水,1、2、3、4、6、7、12号监测点属于Ⅱ类水,5号监测点属于Ⅲ类水,西鞍山铁矿的开采未对地下水造成影响;该方法与模糊综合评价法及综合质量评价法的评价结果基本一致,可以客观、合理性地评价水质。     

甘肃省环县地下水水质的多元统计分析

运用多元统计方法中的因子分析和聚类分析对甘肃省环县的地下水水质状况进行评价。因子分析对环县21个乡镇的井水水样进行分析,综合得到了三个主要影响因子。因子1包括电导率、盐度和溶解性总固体,受到自然地理地质因素影响;因子2包含了氟化物、六价铬、氨氮和化学需氧量,与地下矿物资源分布与农牧业活动联系密切;因子3包括浊度、色度和溶解氧,主要受人类活动影响。聚类分析将环县地下水水质按其相似度分为三个部分,分别为北部地区、中部地区和东南部地区,其水质状况也随地域不同有所变化。     

拉萨垃圾填埋场地下水环境质量影响分析研究

通过在拉萨市垃圾填埋场周边布设4个监测井,于2017—2018年采样分析24项地下水水质指标,并运用单因子指数、综合评价法、污染指数P_(ki)法、等标污染负荷比法等对地下水污染状况进行评价。结果表明:地下水水质在良好—优良范围内;单项污染指数1的有pH值、铅,相比背景井地下水水质有所下降;填埋场周边地下水污染程度呈轻污染,主要受到影响的指标为pH值、高锰酸盐指数、阴离子表面活性剂、铅、氟化物。     

我国河流水质评价污染因子选择方案探讨

在选用综合污染指数法进行地表水水质评价时 ,由于污染因子选择不尽一致 ,造成地表水水质评价结果不具有可比性。为了使地表水评价结果具有可比性 ,必须选择相对固定的评价因子。笔者对我国七大流域 1 990～ 2 0 0 1年水质监测数据进行了全面分析 ,提出了能够反映我国河流污染现状的污染因子选择方案。     

不同水质评价方法在漕桥河的应用与分析

选择单因子指数法、综合指数评价法及模糊综合评价法对漕桥河2008年—2011年的水质进行评价，并结合评价结果对3种评价方法进行分析比较。结果表明，采用模糊综合评价方法可以正确、全面地反映漕桥河的水质状况。     

近三十年来刁江流域水质状况的对比分析及其防治建议

本文从《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838-2002）中选取了十二项指标的Ⅲ类标准限值对刁江河水水质进行了单因子质量现状评价，以《地下水质量标准》（GB／T14848-1993）中的十六项指标对刁江岩溶地下水水质进行了质量综合评价和质量分级，分析了该流域近三十年影响其水质变化的原因，主要是由于上游地区不合理矿山开采造成的尾矿砂乱排乱放和对森林植被的破坏，辖区内居民对水源地保护意识的淡薄也是使水质受到影响的原因之一，因而当地政府要加强对矿山开采的整治力度和增强居民的环境保护意识，这是保证居民健康生活和经济可持续发展的重要措施。     

国家地下水环境质量考核监测体系构建与应用

为支撑国家地下水环境管理与污染防治,在系统梳理我国地下水环境监测发展历程的基础上,分析了当前地下水环境监测的技术特点,从支撑国家地下水环境质量考核的角度出发,研究构建了涵盖点位布设、监测指标选取、样品采集与保存、样品分析测试、质量保证与质量控制、质量评价等全流程的监测技术体系和质量管理体系,建立了"十四五"国家地下水环境质量考核监测网络建设及业务运行模式。基于覆盖全国所有地级及以上城市、主要水文地质单元、典型规模以上地下水型饮用水水源地与重点污染源的考核监测网络,建立了完善的地下水环境监测技术与质量管理体系,有效支撑了国家地下水环境质量考核,有助于各级管理部门掌握地下水环境质量状况,有针对性地开展地下水污染防治,为逐步改善地下水环境质量提供基础保障。     

The use of multivariate statistical methods for optimization of the surface water quality network monitoring in the Paraopeba river basin,Brazil

This study sought to evaluate and propose adjustments to the water quality monitoring network of surface freshwaters in the Paraopeba river basin (Minas Gerais, Brazil), using multivariate statistical methods. A total of 13,560 valid data were analyzed for 19 water quality parameters at 30 monitoring sites, over a period of 5 years (2008–2013). The cluster analysis grouped the monitoring sites in eight groups based on similarities of water quality characteristics. This analysis made it possible to detect the most relevant monitoring stations in the river basin. The principal components analysis associated with non-parametric tests and the analysis of violation of the standards prescribed by law, allowed for identifying the most relevant parameters which must be maintained in the network (thermotolerant coliforms, total manganese, and total phosphorus). The discharge of domestic sewage and industrial wastewater, that from mining activities and diffuse pollution from agriculture and pasture areas are the main sources of pollution responsible for the surface water quality deterioration in this basin. The BP073 monitoring site presents the most degraded water quality in the Paropeba river basin. The monitoring sites BP094 and BP092 are located geographically close and they measure similar water quality, so a possible assessment of the need to maintain only one of the two in the monitoring network is suggested. Therefore, multivariate analyses were efficient to assess the adequacy of the water quality monitoring network of the Paraopeba river basin, and it can be used in other watersheds.     

面向水源保护与污染监控的广东地下水环境监测网研究

通过系统整理分析自然资源、水利、生态环境等部门已有地下水监测网,针对广东地下水监测存在的问题和未来地下水环境管理需求,提出较大空间尺度和水质监控的地下水环境监测网建设框架及广东省"三层七级"共237个网点的层级化地下水环境监测网建设方案,并与水文地质单元、浅层地下水功能区划进行了空间叠加分析。结果表明,广东省三大部门监测网在空间上分布总体较为分散,相互补充性好,提出的监测网方案总体上与广东省地下水本底条件、地下水资源开发利用现状、地下水环境功能分区、重点污染源空间分布特征等相匹配,契合地下水饮用水源保护和重点污染源监控两大管理需求,构建的地下水环境监测网框架可为其他地区提供参考,提出的地下水环境监测网建设方案可为广东省地下水环境管理和污染防控提供决策支持。     

Groundwater quality assessment based on rough sets attribute reduction and TOPSIS method in a semi-arid area, China

In order to enrich and improve the groundwater quality assessment system, a new coupled assessment model based on rough set attribute reduction and the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) was proposed. The proposed model was applied in the groundwater quality assessment of a semi-arid area, northwest China. The results show that most chemical indices except NH (4) (+) , F(-), and Mn meet the Standards for Drinking Water of China and the groundwater quality overall is good. All assessed water samples are found to be fit for human consumption according to the comprehensive assessment results. Rough set attribute reduction for groundwater quality assessment is practical. The assessment results after attribute reduction show a good consistency with those before attribute reduction. Rough set attribute reduction and TOPSIS evaluation coupled model is clear in ideas and simple in calculation, and evaluation results are reasonable as well. The coupled model can be applied to solve many multiple criteria decision making problems such as groundwater quality assessment.     

Tailoring groundwater quality monitoring to vulnerability: a GIS procedure for network design

Monitoring networks aiming to assess the state of groundwater quality and detect or predict changes could increase in efficiency when fitted to vulnerability and pollution risk assessment. The main purpose of this paper is to describe a methodology aiming at integrating aquifers vulnerability and actual levels of groundwater pollution in the monitoring network design. In this study carried out in a pilot area in central Italy, several factors such as hydrogeological setting, groundwater vulnerability, and natural and anthropogenic contamination levels were analyzed and used in designing a network tailored to the monitoring objectives, namely, surveying the evolution of groundwater quality relating to natural conditions as well as to polluting processes active in the area. Due to the absence of an aquifer vulnerability map for the whole area, a proxi evaluation of it was performed through a geographic information system (GIS) methodology, leading to the so called “susceptibility to groundwater quality degradation”. The latter was used as a basis for the network density assessment, while water points were ranked by several factors including discharge, actual contamination levels, maintenance conditions, and accessibility for periodical sampling in order to select the most appropriate to the network. Two different GIS procedures were implemented which combine vulnerability conditions and water points suitability, producing two slightly different networks of 50 monitoring points selected out of the 121 candidate wells and springs. The results are compared with a “manual” selection of the points. The applied GIS procedures resulted capable to select the requested number of water points from the initial set, evaluating the most confident ones and an appropriate density. Moreover, it is worth underlining that the second procedure (point distance analysis [PDA]) is technically faster and simpler to be performed than the first one (GRID?+?PDA).     

Design of National Groundwater Quality Monitoring Network in Egypt

In the Nile Valley and Delta the protection of groundwater resources is high priority environmental concern. Many groundwater quality problems are already dispersed and may be widespread and frequent in occurrence. Examples include problems associated with the extensive application of chemical fertilizers in agricultural specially in the new reclaimed areas, leaks in sewers, septic tanks, the aggregate effects of many different points source pollution in urban areas and natural, geologically related water quality problems. A national groundwater quality monitoring has been designed and implemented based on the stepwise procedure. The national groundwater quality monitoring network is used to quantify the quality changes in long run, either caused by pollution activities or by salt water intrusion and to describe the overall current groundwater quality status on a national scale of the main aquifers. The monitoring tools and methodologies developed in this research can be used to assure protection of public health and determine the sustainability of groundwater in various purposes. This national monitoring network plays important roles for decision makers in developing the groundwater resources management plans in different aquifers systems in Egypt.     

GIS-based assessment and characterization of groundwater quality in a hard-rock hilly terrain of Western India

The growing population, pollution, and misuse of freshwater worldwide necessitate developing innovative methods and efficient strategies to protect vital groundwater resources. This need becomes more critical for arid/semi-arid regions of the world. The present study focuses on a GIS-based assessment and characterization of groundwater quality in a semi-arid hard-rock terrain of Rajasthan, western India using long-term and multi-site post-monsoon groundwater quality data. Spatio-temporal variations of water quality parameters in the study area were analyzed by GIS techniques. Groundwater quality was evaluated based on a GIS-based Groundwater Quality Index (GWQI). A Potential GWQI map was also generated for the study area following the Optimum Index Factor concept. The most-influential water quality parameters were identified by performing a map removal sensitivity analysis among the groundwater quality parameters. Mean annual concentration maps revealed that hardness is the only parameter that exceeds its maximum permissible limit for drinking water. GIS analysis revealed that sulfate and nitrate ions exhibit the highest (CV?>?30%) temporal variation, but groundwater pH is stable. Hardness, EC, TDS, and magnesium govern the spatial pattern of the GWQI map. The groundwater quality of the study area is generally suitable for drinking and irrigation (median GWQI?>?74). The GWQI map indicated that relatively high-quality groundwater exists in northwest and southeast portions of the study area. The groundwater quality parameter group of Ca, Cl, and pH were found to have the maximum value (6.44) of Optimum Index factor. It is concluded that Ca, Cl, and pH are three prominent parameters for cost-effective and long-term water quality monitoring in the study area. Hardness, Na, and SO₄, being the most-sensitive water quality parameters, need to be monitored regularly and more precisely.     

Linking Hydrogeological and Ecological Tools for an Integrated River Catchment Assessment

Ecological (biological and hydrochemical assessment) and hydrogeological (vulnerability and pollution risk mapping) tools have been combined to assess the ecological quality and hydrogeological vulnerability of an agricultural river basin. In addition, the applicability of the recently developed vulnerability assessment approach (COP method) in the particular environmental conditions was tested by comparing its results with hydroecological assessment tools (i.e., pollution metrics). Five sampling sites were selected and sampled for benthic macroinvertebrates and physicochemical variables during summer and spring. Overall, sites ranged from moderate to poor ecological quality. The results illustrated that 26% of the study area was of moderate pollution risk, while 65% was classified as of low and very low risk zones. However, the higher elevation zones where calcareous rock formations are encountered presented moderate to high pollution risk that was accredited by the ecological quality assessment. Pollution metrics facilitated from hydrochemical analysis indicated a significant association with groundwater vulnerability, thus validating vulnerability and risk estimations. This study indicated that the particular groundwater pollution risk mapping methodology and the water quality assessment indices can be well combined to provide an integrated evaluation tool at a catchment scale.     

水质综合评价的径向基函数网络模型

针对目前水质综合评价中常规方法存在的问题 ,提出了径向基函数网络模型 (简记为 RBF-ANN)。以吉林省白城市地下潜水水质资料为例 ,运用该方法对监测样点进行了综合评价。通过与其它方法对比 ,结果表明 ,利用RBF-ANN模型进行水环境质量综合评价不仅方法简便 ,而且结论更接近客观实际。