海口市臭氧污染特征

基于2013—2015年海口市4个空气质量自动监测站点数据,结合气象资料,分析了海口市O_3的污染特征。结果表明:海口市O_3总体优良,优良天数比例为99.4%,污染天数均为轻度污染;在良和污染天数中,O_3作为首要污染物的天数占40%,超过其他5项污染物占比。海口市10月O_3浓度最高。O_3月均浓度与温度呈负相关关系,同时与风向有密切关系:5—8月气温较高,以南风为主,O_3浓度较低;1月北风频率较高,易受外来污染传输作用,O_3浓度相对较高。O_3超标日以东北风为主,日变化并未呈现单峰型特征,12:00—22:00时段O_3浓度在10%范围内小幅变化。台风外围型和北方冷高压底部型是造成海口市O_3超标的2类典型天气形势。     

全国及重点区域臭氧污染现状

分析2013—2016年中国开展臭氧(O_3)监测的338个城市(港、澳、台不在统计范围)O_3污染现状和时空变化特征,结果表明:中国城市O_3污染日益突出,2015年54个城市O_3超标,75.9%的O_3超标城市位于京津冀及周边、长三角、珠三角区域,O_3区域污染特征显著。74个城市O_3浓度整体呈上升趋势并向高值区集中,京津冀区域O_3污染最为严重。O_3污染季节变化特征明显,O_3污染主要集中于5—10月,京津冀、长三角和珠三角区域O_3最高超标天数分别出现在6、5、10月。建议加强O_3成因分析,建立O_3污染控制策略,有效应对O_3污染,实现科学减排。     

沈阳地区臭氧污染日时空变化特征及天气分型研究

利用2013—2019年沈阳地区11个国控监测站近地层臭氧(O_3)浓度监测数据和地面气象观测资料,分析了沈阳地区O_3污染日的O_3浓度时空分布规律,并对造成O_3污染日的天气系统进行了主观分型。结果表明:自2013年以来,以O_3为首要污染物的天数逐年增加,2017年达到研究期内的最高值,但2018—2019年略有下降。O_3浓度的日变化趋势呈现明显的单峰形,O_3-1 h在10:00—20:00明显高于其他时间段,最大浓度值出现在15:00,而在01:00—07:00则相对较低。从季节变化上看,沈阳地区O_3污染主要发生在6—7月,两个月的O_3污染日之和占全年O_3总污染日的比例高达51%。从O_3浓度空间分布上看,沈阳地区三环外监测站测得的O_3浓度明显高于三环内监测站,高浓度区域主要集中在东部和东北部,城市中心存在明显的低浓度区,南部和北部差别不大,但也明显高于城市中心。造成沈阳地区O_3污染的主要天气类型有4种:暖脊型、均压场型、高空槽型和副热带高压型。其中:暖脊型出现的频次最高,占总样本的49.1%;副热带高压型出现的次数最少,占总样本的7.7%。     

中国和美国地面臭氧污染对比分析

利用中国和美国地面臭氧(O_3)监测数据,从国家、区域、城市、站点多个层面对两国O_3污染的时间变化特征和空间分布特征进行了分析。结果表明:从全年角度,中国O_3污染集中在4—9月,2018年延长至3—10月;美国集中在4—8月。1980年以来,美国O_3浓度呈下降趋势;中国O_3浓度在2015—2018年呈上升趋势,与同时期美国O_3平均浓度水平相当,但O_3极值处于美国20世纪80年代污染水平,且中国站点年均O_3超标天数(22～36 d)约为美国站点(2～3 d)的9.2～12.9倍。中国O_3浓度高值区主要分布在京津冀、长三角、珠三角和四川盆地等地区,美国集中在加利福尼亚州(California)。京津冀和长三角地区2017—2018年O_3平均浓度水平高于加利福尼亚州,北京、上海和广州3个城市2015—2018年O_3平均浓度水平低于同时期的圣贝纳蒂诺(San Bernardino)和河滨(Riverside)。     

气象因素对泉州臭氧的影响

利用泉州城区2017年全年连续观测的O_3和气象要素资料,统计了臭氧浓度的分布特征,分析了气象要素对O_3质量浓度的影响,对比了O_3超标日和非超标日的气象要素特征。结果表明:(1)泉州市O_3质量浓度月变化呈双峰形,春季最高,夏季最低;日变化呈单峰形,最大值出现在13:00—14:00,最小值出现在06:00—07:00,上下游站O_3浓度存在明显传输效应。(2)泉州O_3质量浓度与相对湿度呈负相关,其相关性最高;与风速呈正相关,其相关系数最低,且存在明显区位性差异;与气温的相关性比较复杂,既有正相关,也有负相关。(3)各站点O_3小时质量浓度超标时,均对应2个气象要素区间值。(4)对比污染日非污染日发现,污染日相对湿度较低(50%～60%),非污染日较高(70%～80%);污染日温度略低于非污染日;污染日风向总体为西南偏南,非污染日风向为西南-东南。     

河源夏季臭氧污染特征及其成因

2015年9月至2016年8月,在广东河源城区内采用在线连续观测,分析该地区近地面臭氧(O_3)及其前体物的变化规律和相关性,重点探讨了夏季O_3污染特征及成因。结果表明,河源市城区O_3总超标天数为10 d,主要集中在7—9月。O_3浓度变化呈现明显的春、冬季低,夏、秋季高的季节变化。O_3浓度日变化呈典型单峰特征,前体物主要呈双峰变化。O_3小时浓度和CO无明显的相关性,与NO2浓度呈现较高的负相关关系;气象及HYSPLIT-4模型计算综合分析结果表明,夏季污染时段河源高空、低空气团大部来自西南方向,夏季O_3污染主要来源于珠三角区域传输和本地源排放。     

京津冀区域臭氧污染趋势及时空分布特征

为研究京津冀区域的臭氧(O_3)污染情况及其时空分布特征,对2013—2015年京津冀区域13个城市80个国家环境空气监测点位的监测数据进行了统计分析。结果表明:2013—2015年,京津冀区域O_3污染状况整体呈加重趋势,其中2014年污染状况最为严重。13个城市中O_3污染最严重的城市为北京和衡水,连续3年均超标,且处于上升态势中。区域内不同城市O_3污染趋势并不相同。京津冀区域O_3浓度变化呈明显的季节变化特征,春末和夏季的O_3污染最严重。O_3-8 h(臭氧日最大8 h均值)年均值的高值区主要分布在北京中北部、承德和衡水等,2013—2015年第90百分位O_3-8 h的高值区均集中分布在北京。O_3的浓度峰值时间要晚于NOx2~5 h。O_3在春、夏季呈单峰分布,白天15:00左右出现最大值,在秋、冬季浓度较低,全天波动不大。     

佛山市近地面臭氧污染特征及相关气象因子分析

利用2014年佛山市8个国控大气自动监测点位的O_3监测数据,分析了佛山市的O_3污染特征,结果表明,2014年O_3日最大8 h平均值的第90百分位数为167μg/m~3,O_3为首要污染物的超标天数为43d,占比46.7%;ρ(O_3)区域变化不大;ρ(O_3)月变化呈现"三峰型",全年高ρ(O_3)集中在6—10月份,其中7月份出现全年最高峰值;ρ(O_3)日变化呈单峰型分布,夜间浓度较低且变化平缓,14:00—16:00左右达到峰值,并存在一定的"周末效应",但并不明显;ρ(O_3)与气温呈显著正相关,与湿度、气压、雨量呈显著负相关,与风向、风速的相关性相对较弱;总体上看,高温、低湿、微风、偏南风、低压、无雨的天气条件下高ρ(O_3)更容易出现。     

南京市臭氧污染现状及变化特征的研究

利用2016年南京市臭氧(O_3)及前体物监测数据,对南京市O_3污染现状、变化特征及其与前体物的关系进行分析。结果表明,2016年南京市O_3超标56 d,超标率15.3%,O_3日最大8 h滑动平均值的第90百分位数为184μg/m~3,超标0.15倍。O_3超标主要集中在4—9月份,日变化呈现"单峰"型特征,峰值出现在14:00,而上午8:00—10:00时段O_3浓度升幅最显著,小时浓度升幅超过20%。前体物VOCs和NO_2浓度变化与O_3呈反相关,且VOCs和NO_2浓度冬季最高,夏季最低,秋季和春季基本相当。     

盐城市臭氧污染特征及影响因素

对2015—2016年盐城市城区4个空气质量自动监测国控站点的O_3监测数据进行分析,探讨盐城市O_3污染水平、时空分布特征及其与前体物、气象因子之间的关系。结果表明,各站点O_3污染水平较为接近,2016年各站点O_3-8h第90百分位数超标天数较2015年分别下降了43.5%,50.0%,8.7%和43.6%;全年O_3逐月值大致呈双峰分布,高ρ(O_3)主要集中在4—10月;O_3日变化曲线呈明显的单峰分布,一般在05:00—07:00最低,13:00—15:00达到峰值;不同季节的O_3日变化情况有所差异,午后O_3峰值与O_3日变化幅度均在春季最大,冬季最低;NO、NO_2和CO的日变化曲线均呈现出早晚双峰分布,受早高峰影响,一般在07:00左右达到一日中的最大值;O_3与NO_x等前体物均显著负相关,高ρ(O_3)往往出现在高ρ(CO)/ρ(NO_2)时;总体上各站点的ρ(O_3)随风速的增大而增大。     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

Metal concentrations in deciduous tree leaves from urban areas in Poland

Accumulation of metals in deciduous tree foliage fromurban areas in western-south Poland was monitored duringthe vegetation season of 2000 year. Concentrations of Al,Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti and Znwere measured in birch, willow, linden and maple leavesusing the ICP-AES method. Seasonal variations of metalconcentrations and their relations with sampling sitewere investigated. The most dynamic accumulation of Al,Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb was observed for examined species. Thehighest differences in element concentrations forinvestigated sites were found for Ba, Cd, Mn and Ni.Interelement correlations were investigated. In allfoliar samples synergistic relationships between Al–Crand Ca-Sr were found. Statistically significant negativecorrelations were observed only for Cd and Ti in birch leaves.     

Varying Stable Nitrogen Isotope Ratios of Different Coastal Marsh Plants and Their Relationships with Wastewater Nitrogen and Land Use in New England, USA

The stable nitrogen isotope ratios of some biota have been used as indicators of sources of anthropogenic nitrogen. In this study the relationships of the stable nitrogen isotope ratios of marsh plants, Iva frutescens (L.), Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex Steud, Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl, Spartina alterniflora Loisel, Ulva lactuca (L.), and Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) with wastewater nitrogen and land development in New England are described. Five of the six plant species (all but U. lactuca) showed significant relationships of increasing δ ¹⁵N values with increasing wastewater nitrogen. There was a significant (P < 0.0001) downward shift in the δ ¹⁵N of S. patens (6.0 ± 0.48‰) which is mycorrhizal compared with S. alterniflora (8.5 ± 0.41‰). The downward shift in δ ¹⁵N may be caused by the assimilation of fixed nitrogen in the roots of S. patens. P. australis within sites had wide ranges of δ ¹⁵N values, evidently influenced by the type of shoreline development or buffer at the upland border. In residential areas, the presence of a vegetated buffer (n = 24 locations) significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the δ ¹⁵N (mean = 7.4 ± 0.43‰) of the P. australis compared to stands where there was no buffer (mean = 10.9 ± 1.0‰; n = 15). Among the plant species, I. frutescens located near the upland border showed the most significant (R ² = 0.64; P = 0.006) inverse relationship with the percent agricultural land in the watershed. The δ ¹⁵N of P. australis and I. frustescens is apparently an indicator of local inputs near the upland border, while the δ ¹⁵N of Spartina relates with the integrated, watershed-sea nitrogen inputs.     

Radionuclide Concentrations in Benthic Invertebrates from Amchitka and Kiska Islands in the Aleutian Chain, Alaska

Concentrations of 13 radionuclides (¹³⁷Cs, ¹²⁹I, ⁶⁰Co, ¹⁵²Eu, ⁹⁰Sr, ⁹⁹Tc, ²⁴¹Am, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,249Pu, ²³⁴U, ²³⁵U, ²³⁶U, ²³⁸U were examined in seven species of invertebrates from Amchitka and Kiska Islands, in the Aleutian Chain of Alaska, using gamma spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy, and alpha spectroscopy. Amchitka Island was the site of three underground nuclear test (1965–1971), and we tested the null hypotheses that there were no differences in radionuclide concentrations between Amchitka and the reference site (Kiska) and there were no differences among species. The only radionuclides where composite samples were above the Minimum Detectable Activity (MDA) were ¹³⁷Cs, ²⁴¹Am, ^239,249Pu, ²³⁴U, ²³⁵U, ²³⁶U, and ²³⁸U. Green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus polyacanthus), giant chiton (Cryptochiton stelleri), plate limpets (Tectura scutum) and giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) were only tested for ¹³⁷Cs; octopus was the only species with detectable levels of ¹³⁷Cs (0.262 ± 0.029 Bq/kg, wet weight). Only rock jingle (Pododesmus macroschisma), blue mussel (Mytilus trossulus) and horse mussel (Modiolus modiolus) were analyzed for the actinides. There were no interspecific differences in ²⁴¹Am and ^239,240Pu, and almost no samples above the MDA for ²³⁸Pu and ²³⁶U. Horse mussels had significantly higher concentrations of ²³⁴U (0.844 ± 0.804 Bq/kg) and ²³⁸U (0.730 ± 0.646) than the other species (both isotopes are naturally occurring). There were no differences in actinide concentrations between Amchitka and Kiska. In general, radionuclides in invertebrates from Amchitka were similar to those from uncontaminated sites in the Northern Hemisphere, and below those from the contaminated Irish Sea. There is a clear research need for authors to report the concentrations of radionuclides by species, rather than simply as ‘shellfish’, for comparative purposes in determining geographical patterns, understanding possible effects, and for estimating risk to humans from consuming different biota.     

Effect of heavy metal contaminated shooting range soils on mycorrhizal colonization of roots and metal uptake by leek

We grew leek (Allium porrum) in soils of two shooting ranges heavily contaminated with heavy metals in the towns of Zuchwil and Oberuzwil in Switzerland as a bioassay to test theactivity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in these soils.Soil samples were taken from (1) front of the shooting house(HOUSE), (2) the area between house and target (FIELD) and (3) the berm (BACKSTOP). Samples of Ribwort plantain (Plantagolanceolata) growing naturally within the shooting ranges werealso collected and the colonization of its roots by mycorrhizalfungi was measured. The number of AM spores in the soils wassignificantly reduced concomitant with the increase in thedegree of soil contamination with metals. In Zuchwil,mycorrhizal fungi equally colonized roots of Ribwort plantainsampled from BACKSTOP and HOUSE. In Oberuzwil, however, plantsfrom BACKSTOP had lower colonization when compared with thosesampled from HOUSE. Colonization of leek was strongly reducedin the BACKSTOP soil of Zuchwil and slightly reduced in theBACKSTOP soil of Oberuzwil when compared with plants grown inrespective HOUSE soil. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb andZn in the leaves of leek grown in the BACKSTOP soil was withinthe range considered toxic for human consumption. This pointsto the high degree of bio-availability of these metal in thesesoils. Significant decrease in the number of mycorrhizal sporesin the BACKSTOP soils in Zuchwil and the low colonization ofleek roots grown in these soils point to possible changes inthe species diversity of mycorrhizal fungi in these soils.     

Kelp as a Bioindicator: Does it Matter Which Part of 5 M Long Plant is Used for Metal Analysis?

Kelp may be useful as a bioindicator because they are primary producers that are eaten by higher trophic level organisms, including people and livestock. Often when kelp or other algae species are used as bioindicators, the whole organism is homogenized. However, some kelp can be over 25 m long from their holdfast to the tip of the blade, making it important to understand how contaminant levels vary throughout the plant. We compared the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury and selenium in five different parts of the kelp Alaria nana to examine the variability of metal distribution. To be useful as a bioindicator, it is critical to know whether levels are constant throughout the kelp, or which part is the highest accumulator. Kelp were collected on Adak Island in the Aleutian Chain of Alaska from the Adak Harbor and Clam Cove, which opens onto the Bering Sea. In addition to determining if the levels differ in different parts of the kelp, we wanted to determine whether there were locational or size-related differences. Regression models indicated that between 14% and 43% of the variation in the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, manganese, mercury, and selenium was explained by total length, part of the plant, and location (but not for lead). The main contributors to variability were length (for arsenic and selenium), location (mercury), and part of the plant (for arsenic, cadmium, chromium and manganese). The higher levels of selenium occurred at Clam Cove, while mercury was higher at the harbor. Where there was a significant difference among parts, the holdfast had the highest levels, although the differences were not great. These data indicate that consistency should be applied in selecting the part of kelp (and the length) to be used as a bioindicator. While any part of Alaria could be collected for some metals, for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and manganese a conversion should be made among parts. In the Aleutians the holdfast can be perennial while the blade, whipped to pieces by winter wave action, is regrown each year. Thus the holdfast may be used for longer-term exposure for arsenic, cadmium, chromium and manganese, while the blade can be used for short-term exposure for all metals. Cadmium, lead and selenium were at levels that suggest that predators, including people, may be at risk from consuming Alaria. More attention should be devoted to heavy metal levels in kelp and other algae from Adak, particularly where they may play a role in a subsistence diets.     

Assessing Potential for Recovery of Biotic Richness and Indicator Species due to Changes in Acidic Deposition and Lake ph in Five Areas of Southeastern Canada

Biological damage to sensitive aquatic ecosystems is among the most recognisable, deleterious effects of acidic deposition. We compiled a large spatial database of over 2000 waterbodies across southeastern Canada from various federal, provincial and academic sources. Data for zooplankton, fish, macroinvertebrate (benthos) and loon species richness and occurrence were used to construct statistical models for lakes with varying pH, dissolved organic carbon content and lake size. pH changes, as described and predicted using the Integrated Assessment Model (Lam et al., 1998; Jeffries et al., 2000), were based on the range of emission reductions set forth in the Canada/US Air Quality Agreement (AQA). The scenarios tested include 1983, 1990, 1994 and 2010 sulphate deposition levels. Biotic models were developed for five regions in southeastern Canada (Algoma, Muskoka, and Sudbury, Ontario, southcentral Québec, and Kejimkujik, Nova Scotia) using regression tree, multiple linear regression and logistic regression analyses to make predictions about recovery after emission reductions. The analyses produced different indicator species in different regions, although some species showed consistent trends across regions. Generally, the greatest predicted recovery occurred during the final phase of emission reductions between 1994 and 2010 across all taxonomic groups and regions. The Ontario regions, on average, were predicted to recover to a greater extent than either southcentral Québec or the Kejimkujik area of Nova Scotia. Our results reconfirm that pH 5.5–6.0 is an important threshold below which damage to aquatic biota will remain a major local and regional environmental problem. This damage to biodiversity across trophic levels will persist well into the future if no further reductions in sulphate deposition are implemented.     

Nitrogen Content of Letharia vulpina Tissue from Forests of the Sierra Nevada, California: Geographic Patterns and Relationships to Ammonia Estimates and Climate

Nitrogen (N) pollution is a growing concern in forests of the greater Sierra Nevada, which lie downwind of the highly populated and agricultural Central Valley. Nitrogen content of Letharia vulpina tissue was analyzed from 38 sites using total Kjeldahl analysis to provide a preliminary assessment of N deposition patterns. Collections were co-located with plots where epiphytic macrolichen communities are used for estimating ammonia (NH₃) deposition. Tissue N ranged from 0.6% to 2.11% with the highest values occurring in the southwestern Sierra Nevada (range: 1.38 to 2.11). Tissue N at 17 plots was elevated, as defined by a threshold concentration of 1.03%. Stepwise regression was used to determine the best predictors of tissue N from among a variety of environmental variables. The best model consisted only of longitude (r ² = 0.64), which was reflected in the geographic distribution of tissue values: the southwestern Sierra Nevada, the high Sierras near the Tahoe Basin, and the Modoc Plateau, are three apparent N hotspots arranged along the tilted north–south axis of the study area. Withholding longitude and latitude, the best regression model suggested that NH₃ estimates and annual number of wetdays interactively affect N accumulation (r ² = 0.61; % N ∼ NH₃ + wetdays + (NH₃ × wetdays)). We did not expect perfect correspondence between tissue values and NH₃ estimates since other N pollutants also accumulate in the lichen thallus. Additionally, other factors potentially affecting N content, such as growth rate and leaching, were not given full account.     

Spatial Relationships Between Water Quality and Pesticide Application Rates in Agricultural Watersheds

Pesticide applications to agricultural lands in California, USA, are reported to a central data base, while data on water and sediment quality are collected by a number of monitoring programs. Data from both sources are geo-referenced, allowing spatial analysis of relationships between pesticide application rates and the chemical and biological condition of water bodies. This study collected data from 12 watersheds, selected to represent a range of pesticide usage. Water quality parameters were measured during six surveys of stream sites receiving runoff from the selected watershed areas. This study had three objectives: to evaluate the usefulness of pesticide application data in selecting regional monitoring sites, to provide information for generating and testing hypotheses about pesticide fate and effects, and to determine whether in-stream nitrate concentration was a useful surrogate indicator for regional monitoring of toxic substances. Significant correlations were observed between pesticide application rates and in-stream pesticide concentrations (p < 0.05) and toxicity (p < 0.10). In-stream nitrate concentrations were not significantly correlated with either the amount of pesticides applied, in-stream pesticide concentrations, or in-stream toxicity (all p > 0.30). Neither total watershed area nor the area in which pesticide usage was reported correlated significantly with the amount of pesticides applied, in-stream pesticide concentrations, or in-stream toxicity (all p > 0.14). In-stream pesticide concentrations and effects were more closely related to the intensity of pesticide use than to the area under cultivation.     

Heavy Metals and Selenium in Herring Gulls (LARUS ARGENTATUS) NESTING IN COLONIES FROM EASTERN LONG ISLAND TO VIRGINIA

With increasing interest in assessing the health or well-being ofcommunities and ecosystems, birds are being used asbioindicators. Coloniallynesting species breed mainly in coastal areas that are alsopreferred for humandevelopment, exposing the birds to various pollutants. Inthis paper concentrations of heavy metal and selenium in the feathers ofHerring Gulls(Larus argentatus) nesting in several colonies fromMassachusetts toDelaware are reported. There were significant differencesamong colonies forall metals, with metal concentrations being two to nearly fivetimes higher atsome colonies than others. Selenium showed the leastdifference, and cadmium showed the greatest difference among sites. Concentrations of lead werehighest at Pralls Island; mercury was highest at Shinnecock,Huckleberry andHarvey, and manganese was highest at Captree.