典型钢铁企业汞排放水平及排放特征研究

以某典型钢铁企业为研究对象,测定企业废气、废水、固废汞排放水平,并分析汞排放特征。研究表明,球团、烧结、高炉工艺废气排口烟尘中汞排放浓度和排放速率明显低于烟气;汞主要以气态形式排放,烧结工艺排口废气汞最高浓度分别是其他2个排口的7倍和3倍。球团、烧结、高炉、电炉四工艺环节中,烧结汞排放速率占四工艺汞排放速率总和的87%。半干法脱硫、氨法脱硫、石灰石石膏脱硫对废气中汞的去除效率分别为90.0%、78.7%和29.9%。企业废水排放未检出汞,脱硫产生固废汞含量明显高于除尘产生固废汞含量,脱硫灰汞含量是脱硫石膏的15倍。     

典型因素对含锌废盐酸制备磷酸锌的影响机制研究

以含锌废盐酸为原料制备磷酸锌［Zn3(PO4)2］,探讨含锌废盐酸中Zn、Fe、Cr、Ni等重金属质量分数、TOC质量浓度、磷酸体积分数和反应时间等典型因素对Zn3(PO4)2纯度及化学组成结构的影响,并用XRD及SEM表征Zn3(PO4)2的物相结构。结果表明,含锌废盐酸可制备纯度较高、结构较为稳定的Zn3(PO4)2产品,制备过程中废盐酸中的Fe对Zn3(PO4)2产出纯度的影响较大;Zn3(PO4)2的产出纯度随TOC质量浓度的升高而下降;当磷酸体积分数低于85%时,对Zn3(PO4)2产出纯度总体呈正相关趋势,而高于85%后,产出纯度则有所降低;反应时间为5 h时制备Zn3(PO4)2的效率最高。     

石化污水处理场排放废气中有机污染的分析与评价

采用预浓缩、气相色谱-质谱联用及脉冲火焰光度检测的方法对石化污水处理场排放的废气污染物进行了定性与定量分析,并采用相应的污染物排放标准及其人体感知嗅阈值进行了污染程度评价.结果表明,污水处理场在各个采样点位均有挥发性有机污染物和恶臭污染物检出,其中以污水进口最为严重.从检出物的浓度水平而言,苯系物和恶臭污染物均存在超标现象,而且检出的恶臭污染物浓度水平远高于人体感知嗅阈值.     

用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定海水中的锡及三取代有机锡化合物

业已建立了一种基于采用可放大信号的介质的石墨炉原子分光光度法的分析方法,来测定海水中的无机锡和两种三取代有机衍生物.采用捕集于石墨化碳黑上的富集法(富集因子高达8×10~4)和在小硅胶交换柱上的分离法,可分别测定2×10~(-12)和2.8×10~(-12)mol/L的三苯基锡和三丁基锡化合物.未吸附在石墨化碳黑上的无机锡,利用其吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸盐络合物的液一液萃取法,使其进入二氯甲烷,而从基体液中分离出来.本法测定ng/L级含量时的回收率高(≥95%),精密度好(≤5%).     

原子荧光光谱法测定环境水样中的锡

AFS-9700双道原子荧光光度计测定环境水样中的锡,选择最佳的仪器条件:负高压300V,原子化器高度8mm,灯电流80mA,载气流量400ml/min,屏蔽气流量900ml/min。在最佳酸碱比例-体积分数为4.0%的硝酸介质与20g/L硼氢化钾中,锡荧光强度与其质量浓度在1.00~10.0ug/L成线性关系,方法检出限为0.010ug/L,加标回收率为94.4%~105%,RSD(n=7)<2.3%。此方法更为简便,快速,灵敏度高,适用于环境水样中锡的测定。     

有机污染物的分析及其评价方法

1.概述现代医学证明:环境中毒性的有机污染物是致癌的主要因素.在过去100年间,全球化学品的浓度很多已从稍大于0增加到1ppb.而痕量水平的毒性有机物足以对人类健康和生态平衡构成严重的威胁.以往人们较重视无机污染物,但对有机污染尚未有足够的认识.近年来化学毒物对环境的污染及其控制才逐步引起人们的高度重视.     

环境中有机污染物与其监测分析

环境优先物筛选工作,是一个主要针对有机污染物的牵涉面广、工作量大而又细致的研究工作.这是因为无机污染物品种较少,组成简单,生产量较大(或浓度较高),用经典的化学分析方法一般都能监测,其毒理也较易确定,对人体健康的危害早已为人们熟知,并在各国早期地面水水质等控制标准中得到了充分的反映.但是对有机污染物,由于其种类和同分异构体繁多,成分复杂,在环境中大多数又是痕量,分离、鉴定技术十分困难,经     

武汉市社会经济发展与生态环境变化趋势分析

基于2011-2020年武汉市社会经济发展、环境质量和污染源排放数据,采用相关性分析、秩排序和主成分分析等方法,分析经济指标与环境状况指标的变化趋势和相互关系。结果表明:武汉市社会经济发展呈现持续健康发展态势,工业废水、废气和固废排放量年均变化率为-6.7%~1.5%,工业主要污染物排放总量显著下降,年均变化率为-24%~-16%,与主要社会经济指标显著负相关。环境质量整体状况持续好转,空气质量综合指数、河流综合污染指数显著下降,年均变化率为-9.0%和-6.3%。主要环境质量指标浓度均显著下降,但河流中化学需氧量浓度下降趋势不显著。新冠肺炎疫情期间环境质量显著好转,其中环境空气改善水平高于地表水。主成分分析结果显示:武汉市环境空气质量与社会经济发展的关系处于良性促进、持续好转的阶段,但地表水环境质量好转趋势相对平缓,改善过程中有波动,改善难度相对更大。     

上海汽车制造业涂装废气VOCs排放特征

于2015年10月对上海市嘉定区4家(A、B、C、D)汽车制造企业涂装废气ρ(VOCs)和组成特征进行了调查分析。结果表明,A、B、C、D厂涂装废气排放口ρ(VOCs)总为0. 743～6. 11 mg/m~3,主要检出物和最高检出值分别为:A厂二甲苯2. 06 mg/m~3、B厂二甲苯0. 578 mg/m~3、C厂甲苯2. 59 mg/m~3、D厂庚烷0. 274 mg/m~3;芳香烃类是A、B、C厂排放比例最高的VOCs组分,烷烃类是D厂排放比例最高的VOCs组分。指出,原、辅料种类影响排放物的主要成分,废气处理工艺类型影响排放物主要成分和浓度。     

大气痕量有机硫化物的光电离色谱法测定及硫酸铵在湿浸土壤中释放有机硫化物的研究

采用国产光电离色谱仪(GC-PID)对有机硫化物:乙基硫醇,二甲基硫,二甲基二硫进行了分离分析,其最小检知量在亚微克/升级,并对北京郊区的某些天然源环境样品进行了有机硫化物浓度的测定,实验数据证实,在鸡场,猪场,水稻田与塑料蔬菜大棚等环境大气中含有机硫化物。研究了硫酸铵作为氮肥加入到水浸土壤中后,由于缺氧而生成有机硫化物的现象,观察了其对有机硫化物的释放规律及硫酸铵与葡萄糖分别作为硫源与碳源对有机硫化物生成的影响,实验结果认为:硫酸铵在五种不同类型的水浸土壤中(环境温度25℃),均可解离释放出有机硫化物,随其在土壤中加入量的增多,释放气中的有机硫浓度增加,二甲基硫的释放量最大。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

一起河流砷污染事故的处置与监测分析

介绍了大沙河砷污染事故的处置和监测分析。多介质排查监测摸清了污染的范围和程度,为治理工作提供了科学依据,污染治理措施有效控制了污染的扩散;监测数据表明,治理措施将水中砷污染物沉降至河床使污染水质达标排放。吸附了大量砷化合物的底泥被清理并进一步处置,多介质跟踪监测应持续进行直至不存在潜在危害。     

核应急辐射环境监测的准备和响应

日本核泄漏事故引发的核危机为人类安全和平地利用核能又一次敲响了警钟.核事故应急工作作为减小核电站危害环境和公众安全的最后屏障,将起到重要的作用,必须做好相关的准备和响应工作.核应急辐射环境监测工作是核应急工作的重要组成部分,在对核应急辐射环境监测进行准备和响应时主要遵循实用性、适用性和适度性并兼顾常规和应急监测的“平战...