电化厂搬离场地污染调查与健康风险评估实例

以江阴某电化厂搬离时,对遗留场地开展的污染调查与健康风险评估为实例,通过对研究场地的生产历史和未来规划的分析,制定污染场地的布点采样和监测方案,对土壤和地下水中相关污染物浓度进行了监测和风险分析;并对后续场地再开发利用提出合理建议。     

地表水采样技术探讨

地表水现场采样是环境监测的重要环节,文章从现场采样技术角度全面分析地表水基本项目采样布点、采集方法、样品保存和运输中容易出现的问题和解决方法,从完善现场监测入手,加强监测队伍建设和提高监测技术,以满足和适应环保新形势对环境监测现场工作的要求。     

我国场地调查土壤中污染物监测分析方法标准的思考

结合重点行业企业用地调查工作实践,分析了我国场地调查土壤中污染物监测分析方法标准现状和存在的问题,包括缺少一些行业特征污染物、重金属形态分析和现场快速检测技术标准,以及部分方法的可比性和适用性较差等,提出了结合污染场地环境调查土壤基质的特点及风险评估与治理修复的需求,加快制定缺失的行业特征污染物和重金属形态分析方法标准,及时修订和完善现行分析方法体系,增强标准的可比性、适用性和可操作性等建议.     

桑蚕氟污染事故的监测

针对桑蚕污染事故的特点和监测中存在的问题,阐述了现场调查,布点采样,分析测试及结果评价等环节的技术要点和注意事项,并就与之密切相关的几个问题展开了讨论,为桑蚕污染事故的监测节一定的参考依据。     

膜界面探测器在工业污染场地调查中的应用

膜界面探测器是一项采用直接推进技术,可实时提供场地地下挥发性有机物近乎连续分布信息的直接感测工具。以某历史上从事有机氯农药生产的废弃工业场地为例,运用该技术,配置土壤电导率传感器、电子捕获检测器以及氢火焰离子化检测器,对该场地中潜在污染区域进行快速筛选调查,初步确定了土壤和地下水中挥发性有机物污染的热点区域及其三维分布和地层信息,为后续进一步调查方案优化、场地概念模型建立及后续修复方案设计等提供了重要的信息。     

Surfer软件和AutoCAD在污染场地调查及风险评估中的应用

在场地调查和风险评估报告中需要描述污染物分布和确定土壤修复区域和范围，目前对此无统一的技术要求，不同案例使用的技术方法不同。今提出将 Surfer软件和 AutoCAD结合使用生成等值线图件，以及据此确定污染土壤修复范围的方法，并基于某搬迁化工厂初步土壤调查及风险评估的案例介绍了操作步骤。旨在介绍2个专业软件联用的新功能的开发和使用技巧，为编制场地调查和风险评估报告提供一种便捷、易操作的工作方法。     

土壤污染状况调查普查区点位布设技术初探

土壤布点是土壤污染普查前期工作的一个重要技术部分.为了以最省时、最省力的办法布设采样点,本文结合新疆的实例,介绍了在普查区ARCGIS软件不同模块综合利用进行布点的方法,利用此法能够宏观、准确和快速完成布点,既可节省人力、物力和财力,又可提高工作效率和调查精度.     

基于精准调查的污染场地模型研究

以天津某污染场地为对象，开展了污染识别、初步采样及补充分层监测，依次构建了初步场地概念模型、污染表征概念模型、地下水流-溶质运移数值模型，更新优化的场地概念模型能够直观地展示污染空间分布与地层结构，明确污染成因。结果表明，该场地以氯代烃类污染为主，污染物以独立污染源为中心向四周扩散，且多积聚在浅层潜水层，粉质黏土层有效阻滞了其垂向迁移。数值模型污染预测结果表明，污染区域范围内的污染物质量浓度随时间的延长而降低，对流弥散作用对其影响较小。基于精准调查建立的场地概念模型与数值模型相结合的方法，可为掌握场地实际污染状况及后期管理决策提供数据支撑。     

第三方检测机构在污染场地修复管理中的重要作用和积极影响

文章概述了第三方检测机构在场地环境调查、土壤修复、监理和验收环节中的重要作用,以及确保检测数据准确性和权威性的质控措施,更好地为场地修复管理提供强有力的技术保障。当前土壤检测方面存在的主要问题是未知污染物定性难度大、样品基质复杂、污染物标准方法缺乏、场地历史遗留问题多、检测周期较长等。文章通过实例和数据论证如何克服当前局限条件,解决污染场地农药、染料等有机污染物的问题,为我国场地环境调查、土壤修复中发挥了重要作用和积极影响。     

挥发性有机物污染土壤样品采样方法比较

以苯系物污染土壤样品的采集为例,比较了4种不同采样方法导致样品检测结果的差异。其中,方法 1将样品装填至广口瓶内并压实密封,方法2采用非扰动采样器采集10 g样品后转移至加有10 mL甲醇保护剂的Vial瓶中密封,方法 3用非扰动采样器采集10 g样品后直接将其密封于采样器内,方法 4用Encore采样器采样后将其密封于采样器内。结果表明,方法 2采集样品的检出率最高,其余3种方法的差异不明显,方法 2采集样品的检出结果 71%以上都大于其余3种方法。而且,对于挥发性较强的苯与甲苯,以方法 2采集的样品91%以上都大于其余3种方法,最大及平均检出浓度高出2~3个数量级。5种不同土质样品检测结果表明,对于有机质含量较低的细砂,方法2的最高及平均检出浓度均高于其余3种方法 1~3个数量级,差异随土壤有机质含量的升高而降低。可见,对于苯系物及挥发性强于苯系物的其他挥发性有机物污染土壤样品的采集,方法 2效果最优,可指定为VOCs污染场地土壤样品的采样方法。     

我国污染场地土壤石油烃环境质量标准体系的现状与趋势

石油烃污染场地已经成为国内外重点关注的工业污染场地类型之一。国内基于人体健康风险的污染场地管理模式及分层次评估方法已经展现雏形,为风险管理者提供了基于人体健康的土壤石油烃风险筛选值和管制值,也为污染场地的防治与修复工作提供了决策支持。在前人研究的基础上,梳理了国内土壤环境质量标准体系的建立与发展历程,分析了石油烃类污染物检测方法的现状与未来发展趋势,并着重对比与分析了各标准制订的石油烃及其指示化合物的风险评估筛选值。目前面临的关键问题:①完善石油烃监测指标体系及分析方法是精准获得风险评估结果的前提。现有石油烃馏分指标划分较为宽泛,有必要参考国外先进标准体系,逐渐完善石油烃馏分指标划分及其配套的定量分析方法。②新颁布的国家建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准在前期场地调查中具有一定的普遍适用性,但是考虑到地域建筑物参数、人群暴露参数等的差异性,在后期场地调查中还需要因地制宜地制定适合污染场地的具体修复目标值,并针对关键性参数作定量化解析。     

土壤中有机磷农药分析过程中不确定度的来源及评定

土壤中有机磷农药分析过程中的不确定度主要来源于样品采集、运输和保存、前处理及分析这四个环节。以土壤中马拉硫磷的测定为例,分别评定了各个环节产生不确定度的大小。结果表明,样品前处理产生的不确定度对总不确定度的贡献最大。     

高分辨率遥感影像在土壤环境质量监测点位布设中的应用

在土壤环境质量监测点位布设工作中,利用高分辨率遥感影像等数据和资料,可以增强点位布设结果的规范性和合理性。基于环境保护部和中国环境监测总站下发的土壤环境质量监测点位布设技术方案,分别介绍了基础点位、风险点位和背景点位的总体布设方式和布设要求,以及高分辨率遥感影像在各类点位理论布设中的具体应用方法。     

三点比较式臭袋法测定环境中臭气浓度

就三点比较式臭袋法在测定环境空气臭气浓度时应注意的现场踏勘、采样点的选择、采样次数、配气、嗅辨过程,以及臭气浓度计算等问题进行探讨,使该方法更加完善、简便.     

电阻率CPTU的环境污染场地评价研究现状

简述了当前静力触探的现状与发展。介绍了国际最新研制的RCPTU(电阻率孔压静力触探)探头和多功能静力触探技术在污染场地评价、地下水污染和垃圾填埋场地下水位高度评估等环境领域的应用及工程实例。指出了多功能静力触探测试技术研究中存在的问题,展望了其应用前景。     

Assessing soil lead contamination in Dallas Texas

During the summer of 1982, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency conducted a comprehensive multimedia environmental monitoring program in the vicinity of two secondary lead smelters and at one reference site in Dallas, Texas. This monitoring program included a major soils investigation with the collection and analysis of over 2700 soil samples. In addition, approximately 1000 blood and 840 house dust samples were collected and analyzed for their lead content.Utilizing geostatistics and the data obtained from a portion of the soil samples, isopleths of constant soil lead concentrations within each of the three monitoring sites were identified. Presented are the soil monitoring strategy and the geostatistical techniques selected for identifying the distributions of soil lead patterns at each of the three monitoring sites. In addition, the soil sampling and analytical methods used, the sample handling and preparation procedures, and the geostatistical results obtained are identified.     

Spatial contaminant heterogeneity: quantification with scale of measurement at contrasting sites

Material within the terrestrial environment is rarely homogeneously distributed, either spatially or temporally. One consequence of heterogeneity is that uncertainty is usually generated in measurements that are taken with the aim of characterising the environment. For example, a measurement of analyte concentration within soil taken from one sampling location on contaminated land can vary substantially when compared against another sample taken at effectively the same nominal location. The measurement uncertainty arising from the heterogeneity can substantially limit the reliability of the interpretations made upon environmental investigations. The sampling uncertainty usually outweighs the analytical uncertainty from the laboratory, often by a factor of 20 or more. One approach to reducing the uncertainty is to design a more suitable sampling strategy. This might be achieved by predicting the degree of heterogeneity prior to the investigation, but this is often difficult to achieve accurately. Another approach, which was investigated here, is to actually characterise the heterogeneity prior to the main investigation using rapid and inexpensive technology, such as in situ measurement techniques. In situ portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) and X-ray microprobe (XMP) techniques were employed to test the feasibility of this approach. Two contrasting contaminated land sites were chosen to characterise the two-dimensional spatial heterogeneity of heavy metal contamination in topsoil at a range of scales (50 m to 0.001 m). The spatial heterogeneity of contaminants, expressed as relative standard deviations, was found to differ between the two sites by a factor of two, largely due to the mode of deposition of pollution. The study also indicated that the heterogeneity did not change systematically with the scale of measurement between sampling locations at either site.     

Optimization of sampling for the determination of mean radium-226 concentration in surface soil

There are thousands of properties in the United States on which the soil has been contaminated to some degree with uranium mill tailings. An effort is now underway by the United States Department of Energy to identify sites contaminated with tailings and to perform remedial action when ²²⁶Ra levels exceed current guidelines. Because of the large number of sites involved, it is imperative that sample collection be performed in a cost-effective manner. In this paper we describe the results of a study in which we compared the efficiencies of different methods of sample collection in order to determine an optimal method for estimating the mean ²²⁶Ra concentration in soil. The study involved a field experiment in which extensive sampling was performed on sites known to be contaminated with uranium tailings. The experiment was designed to identify the advantages and limitations of composite sampling, the relative merits of random and uniformly spaced sample collection, the use of field gamma measurements for supplementing and reducing soil sample collection, and practical levels of accuracy and precision that can be obtained. Conclusions regarding gamma measurements are unique to ²²⁶Ra contamination. On the other hand, conclusions concerning composite sampling and random versus uniformly spaced sampling may depend primarily on the way the contamination was spread by man and hence may not be unique to ²²⁶Ra.Research sponsored by the Department of Remedial Action Projects, Office of Terminal Waste Disposal, U. S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-84OR21400 with the Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc.ORNL—Grand Junction Office, Grand Junction, Colorado.     

场地污染土壤调查及评估探讨

提出场地土壤污染控制应从源头抓起,应控制搬迁企业移交土地后先拆迁平整,后进行土地利用性质变更的做法.在场地污染土壤调查中应重视对原址企业的历史沿革、平面布局、生产工艺等调查.指出多环境要素调查的重要性,以及调查过程要注意的事项.对土壤评估标准及引用的选择进行了探讨.