儿童呼吸系统疾病对肺功能影响的探讨

通过 1 995～ 1 996年 3次肺功能测量和家庭健康问卷调查发现 ,患过感冒咳嗽、咳痰、气喘、哮喘和支气管炎的儿童中 FEV1 / FVC、FEV1 /预测值以及 FVC/预测值的异常率比未患过这 5种疾病的儿童都高 ,且前者达到显著性水平。FVC/预测值、FEV1 /预测值有部分疾病异常率达到显著水平。患过呼吸系统疾病 ,且肺功能测量异常的儿童比未患过呼吸系统疾病 ,且肺功能测量正常儿童的 FVC调整预测值下降 3 4 5～ 4 1 8ml,FEV1 调整预测值下降 3 56～ 4 75ml,FEV1 /FVC平均下降 1 4 .2 %～ 1 9.4 %。说明曾患过呼吸系统疾病儿童的肺功能已受到了一定程度的影响     

儿童肺功能指标测量方法比较及异常值的探讨

比较了儿童肺功能机读数据与人工手测数据 ,并应用统计学原理探讨了适合于研究空气污染暴露与儿童肺功能健康关系的 FVC实测值 /预计值 (% )、FEV1 实测值 /预计值 (% )、FEV1 /FVC(% )这三种肺功能指标的异常值分界线。得出 FVC或 FEV1 实测值 /预计值 (% )的异常值范围为 <85% ,FEV1 /FVC(% )的异常值范围为 <80 %     

重庆大气污染与儿童肺功能横截面研究

1995年 ,在重庆市城区及远郊区进行了儿童家庭问卷调查、气溶胶 (PM1 0 、PM2 .5 )及 SO2 的测试 ,并在两个点 (城区华新小学 ,远郊北碚红岩小学 )进行二次儿童肺功能的测定。通过城区和郊区 3 53 6例 (其中男性 1 74 4例 ,女性 1 792例 )儿童肺功能数据的比较 ,说明重庆大气污染 ,特别是气溶胶的污染已影响到儿童肺功能。与美国比较 ,重庆儿童较美国的儿童肺功能 (FVC,FEV1 )要低 9%～ 1 4 %。同时得到青春前期 (7～ 1 4岁 )儿童肺功能 (FVC,FEV1 )的参考值的计算公式     

大气污染与儿童肺功能的典型相关分析

在 1 994～ 1 996年间 ,对污染点和对照点 (相对清洁点 )同时进行了大气污染 (气溶胶 ,二氧化硫等 )和儿童肺功能 (FVC,FEV1 ,FEF2 5～ 75 等 )的测定。对它们之间的关系进行了典型相关分析 ,其结果是肺功能指标和大气污染物呈负相关。统计分析提示污染点与对照点儿童肺功能的差别主要是由于大气污染 (气溶胶 )造成的 ,特别是 PM2 .5 的细粒子造成的。     

重庆大气环境质量与儿童肺功能的前瞻性研究

在两年半期间内 ,对污染程度不同的两地进行了 5次青春期前期儿童 (7～ 1 2岁 ) 4 57例肺功能 (FVC,FEV1 ,PEFR,FEF2 5～ 75 )生长速率的观测及生长状况的比较分析得出 ,两地儿童身高和体重的生长曲线无明显差异 ,而肺功能的生长速率则有明显的差异 ,勿论男女、同年龄的儿童肺功能增长速率污染区要低于对照区     

学龄儿童肺功能水平影响因素的研究

用逐步回归分析方法对与室内、外空气污染和机体状况等有关的因素对广州市学龄儿童肺功能 (FVC、FEV1 、PEFR和 FEF2 5～ 75 )水平的影响进行研究。结果提示 ,影响肺功能水平的主要因素是内因 ,身高的影响最明显 ,呼吸系统疾病或症状发生与肺功能水平下降有关 ;室外空气污染使肺功能水平下降 ,SO2 、NOx 和 PM2 .5 的影响明显 ,PM2 .5 的影响明显大于 PM1 0 和 TSP;居室或厨房通风不良、家庭烹饪用不洁燃料对儿童肺功能的生长不利 ;被动吸烟对女性儿童肺功能有不利影响。对各种影响因素 ,PEFR和 FEF2 5～ 75 比 FVC和 FEV1 更为敏感     

学龄儿童肺功能的影响因素分析

以武汉市污染区和对照区 50 0多名学龄儿童为研究对象 ,通过问卷调查和为期四年的肺功能连续测定 ,运用逐步回归模型对儿童肺功能的影响因素进行多元分析。结果表明 ,儿童肺功能生长发育水平与机体生理因素 ,尤其是身高的关系最密切。室内外空气污染对儿童肺功能的生长发育有不同程度的抑制作用 ,小气道对各环境因素的影响较大气道敏感 ,女性较男性敏感。影响儿童肺功能最主要的环境因素是大气 TSP,其次为 SO2 、家庭燃煤和 NOx,被动吸烟的影响较轻。TSP与 FEF2 5 %～ 75 % 有着密切的统计学联系 ,是影响小气道功能的主要污染物     

兰州市空气污染物的变化规律与特征

论述了兰州市 1 993～ 1 996年间 ,室内外空气污染物 ,特别是一些非常规监测指标 ,如 PM1 0 、PM2 .5～ 1 0 和 PM2 .5 的污染规律和分布特征。结果表明兰州市仍以尘污染为主 ,PM1 0 在 TSP中平均占 3 3 %左右 ,而 PM2 .5 占了 PM1 0 的大部分     

吐鲁番市空气微生物浓度状况

对吐鲁番市空气微生物进行了初步测定。结果表明，室外平均空气细菌(B)、真菌(F)、总菌(T)的浓度及F／T分别为33106．3、0、33106．3CFU／m3及0，说明室外空气处于中度微生物污染状态．一些室外测点的空气已受到微生物的严重污染。室内平均空气细菌浓度为9982．2 CFU／m3，说明室内空气污染较重。室内外均未测到空气真菌。本文对吐鲁番市空气微生物浓度指标的时空分布状态作了分析。     

杭州市大气颗粒物上苯并[a]芘的污染现状

1单位 TSP上 Ba P含量工业区高于居住区(夏季差异不明显 ) ,但单位体积中含量却相反。这与居住区人口密度大、交通繁忙、地面扬尘多有关。 2 Ba P含量范围为 2 .1 4ng/m3 ～ 4 2 .0 1 ng/m3(标 )。冬季 ( 1月份 ) TSP中 Ba P浓度是夏季 ( 7月份 )的 4～ 5倍。 3交通枢纽点位的 Ba P浓度最高 ,说明燃油车辆的尾气排放已成为空气中 Ba P的主要来源。 4 Ba P平均值夏季各点均低于0 .0 1μg/m3 (标 )浓度限值 ,冬季则超出。杭州市大气颗粒物上苯并[a]芘的污染现状@史坚$杭州市环境监测站!浙江杭州310007 @徐鸿$杭州市环境监测站!浙江…     

儿童的形态发育和肺功能生长

根据中国 4城市 8所小学儿童的调查研究结果 ,报告了在不同环境条件下 ,儿童体格和肺功能发育的基本情况 ,并试图从营养条件和空气污染两个方面对儿童肺功能发育情况进行解释。研究指出营养条件和空气污染对儿童肺功能的影响作用相反。两种相反的作用互相抵消了一部分影响 ,可能是造成了儿童肺功能波动的原因。空气污染严重、营养条件较差 ,二者均可使肺功能指标下降。有一定的空气污染、营养条件又好 ,肺功能指标可能相对较高 ,因此营养条件可能是研究空气污染对儿童肺功能影响的一个较为重要的混杂因子     

Indoor air in schools and lung function of Austrian school children

The Children's Environment and Health Action Plan for Europe (CEHAPE) of WHO focuses (inter alia) on improving indoor environments where children spend most of their time. At present, only little is known about air pollution in schools and its effect on the lung function of school children. Our project was set up as an Austrian contribution to CEHAPE. In a cross-sectional approach, differences in indoor pollution in nine elementary all-day schools were assessed and 34 of these pollutants were analyzed for a relationship with respiratory health determined by spirometry using a linear regression model. Overall 596 children (aged 6-10 years) were eligible for the study. Spirometry was performed in 433 children. Socio-economic status, area of living (urban/rural), and smoking at home were included in the model as potential confounders with school-related average concentration of air pollutants as the variable of primary interest. A negative association with flow volumes (MEF(75)) was found for formaldehyde in air samples, benzylbutylphthalate and the sum of polybrominated diphenylethers in school dust. FVC and FEV(1) were negatively associated with ethylbenzene and xylenes in air samples and tris(1,3-dichlor-2-propyl)-phosphate on particulates. Although, in general, the quality of school indoor air was not worse than that reported for homes, effects on the respiratory health of children cannot be excluded. A multi-faceted strategy to improve the school environment is needed.     

兰州市空气污染对儿童肺功能影响的前瞻性研究

从不同的角度阐述了室内外空气污染对儿童肺功能 ,特别是小气道功能的影响及其影响程度的前瞻性研究结果。并通过多因素、多指标的综合分析 ,揭示了一些影响儿童肺功能的主要因素。指出了从保护人体健康的角度来说 ,好的环境空气质量和良好的室内空气质量同样重要     

南京市机动车排气污染控制和管理对策

简述了南京市机动车排气污染控制和管理对策。对新机动车排气控制实施了新车上牌的环保注册登记目录制，鼓励生产厂家采用先进的排放控制技术，达到国家制定的排放控制目标和排放标准；对在用机动车排气控制实施检测／维护(I／M)制度，对尾气排放不达标车辆进行正常的维修和保养，保证其发动机处于正常技术状况；对高排放污染机动车辆，安装尾气净化装置，以改善机动车排放水平。定期检测中各类型车辆维护前后排气污染物削减结果表明，85％的高排放污染车辆能达标，且CO的削减率最高，达50％左右；定期检测中各类型车辆安装机内净化器前后排气污染物削减结果表明，二次补气机内净化器对CO的净化率为22．5％～30．0％，对HC的净化率为9．7％～30．0％；高能电子点火机内净化器对CO的净化率为5．4％～22．2％，对HC的净化率为17．2％～30．8％。不定期检测中，一些高排放污染车辆安装三元催化反应器后，其净化率可达80％～90％。     

Particulate matter concentration in ambient air and its effects on lung functions among residents in the National Capital Region, India

The World Health Organization has estimated that air pollution is responsible for 1.4 % of all deaths and 0.8 % of disability-adjusted life years. NOIDA, located at the National Capital Region, India, was declared as one of the critically air-polluted areas by the Central Pollution Control Board of the Government of India. Studies on the relationship of reduction in lung functions of residents living in areas with higher concentrations of particulate matter (PM) in ambient air were inconclusive since the subjects of most of the studies are hospital admission cases. Very few studies, including one from India, have shown the relationship of PM concentration and its effects of lung functions in the same location. Hence, a cross-sectional study was undertaken to study the effect of particulate matter concentration in ambient air on the lung functions of residents living in a critically air-polluted area in India. PM concentrations in ambient air (PM_1, PM_2.5) were monitored at residential locations and identified locations with higher (NOIDA) and lower concentrations (Gurgaon). Lung function tests (FEV₁, PEFR) were conducted using a spirometer in 757 residents. Both air monitoring and lung function tests were conducted on the same day. Significant negative linear relationship exists between higher concentrations of PM₁ with reduced FEV₁ and increased concentrations of PM_2.5 with reduced PEFR and FEV₁. The study shows that reductions in lung functions (PEFR and FEV₁) can be attributed to higher particulate matter concentrations in ambient air. Decline in airflow obstruction in subjects exposed to high PM concentrations can be attributed to the fibrogenic response and associated airway wall remodeling. The study suggests the intervention of policy makers and stake holders to take necessary steps to reduce the emissions of PM concentrations, especially PM_1, PM_2.5, which can lead to serious respiratory health concerns in residents.     

室内燃煤取暖与烟雾程度对呼吸道健康的影响研究

在儿童家庭调查问卷的基础上 ,报告室内燃煤取暖与烟雾污染程度对呼吸系统病症的影响。结果表明家庭燃煤取暖与否、室内空气烟雾程度对儿童及其父母的呼吸系统健康有不利的影响     

Exploring the effect of air pollution on settlement intentions from migrants: Evidence from China

Based on the China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS) from 2015 to 2017, this paper uses IV-Probit model to investigate the effects of air pollution on migrants' settlement intentions in China. The results show that: First, air pollution has a significant and negative effect on intentions in settling down of the migrants. Specifically, when the concentration of PM_2.5 increases by 1 μg/m³, the probability of migrants settling down in the city which they have moved to for work or business will significantly decrease by 1.89%. Second, there is heterogeneity in the effects of air pollution on migrants' settlement intentions. In detail, the sensitivity to air pollution is higher among female groups, who have higher education levels and prefer better air quality in the living place to settle down, and there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between age and settlement intentions. On the one hand, the conclusion of this paper enriches the relevant theoretical achievements of air pollution and migration. On the other hand, it also has a high reference value for developing more reasonable policies related to urban environmental governance and labor mobility.