呼伦湖不同季节水质现状评价及主要影响因子分析

通过2014—2015年期间4次对呼伦湖水质进行监测,评价不同季节水体中TN、TP和Chla的时空分布特征及水体的富营养化状态,并分析影响水质变化的主要因素。结果表明,4个季节中呼伦湖水体中TN、TP质量浓度超标较严重,Chla质量浓度随季节变化明显。空间分布规律为TN由湖四周向湖心扩散再到四周;TP春、夏季基本保持稳定,秋—冬季由湖心向四周转移;Chla呈现由南—北—东—东北的变化趋势。呼伦湖春、夏、秋季呈现轻度富营养化,冬季呈现中营养化。水体主要受富营养化、盐化和有机物污染控制。     

基于常规给水处理工艺COD和TOC相关性研究

本文通过对平山头自来水厂中各处理单元中水体有机物的COD与TOC监测数据的研究,建立两者之间的线性回归方程,结果表明两者存在良好的线性关系,为平山头自来水厂水体中有机物的TOC监测代替COD监测提供了依据。     

洞庭湖水体叶绿素a时空分布及与环境因子的相关性

2013年6月至2014年5月逐月对洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度和主要环境因子进行测定,分析洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度的时空分布特征,探讨洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度与环境因子的相关性。结果表明,洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度为0.11~8.62 mg/m~3,年均值为(1.89±1.23)mg/m~3,属贫营养;叶绿素a质量浓度随季节变化明显,总体呈现夏、秋季明显大于冬、春季的规律;在空间上,总体表现为西洞庭湖和东洞庭湖明显大于南洞庭湖。全湖叶绿素a质量浓度与水温、电导率、COD和TP呈极显著正相关,与DO、NH3-N、TN和TN/TP呈极显著负相关,与NO-3-N呈显著负相关,与p H和透明度无显著相关性。全湖TN/TP的年均值为28.5,磷可能是洞庭湖水体浮游植物生长的限制性营养盐。     

我国COD监测方法进展及其优缺点

化学需氧量（COD）监测值的精密度和准确度直接反应水体受污染的程度，因此COD监测方法的优化和改进对准确掌握水体污染显得极为重要。通过对回流时间、冷凝方法、消解方法等环节的改善，可以提高COD监测值的准确度，而且便于操作，二次污染小。     

镇江合流制管网受纳水体现状分析与评价

为了研究镇江合流制管网受纳水体污染状况,对古运河市区段5个主要断面进行监测,在水环境评价预测的基础上,利用单因子评价法,以对水体环境质量影响较大的CODCr、BOD5、TP、NH3-N作为评价因子,以地表水环境质量标准为依据,研究受纳水体污染程度,对地表水环境质量予以分级。结果显示,镇江市古运河监测断面在平水期、丰水期和枯水期水体均为V类,主要污染物为CODCr、BOD5、TP和NH3-N。     

化学需氧量和总有机碳在水质在线监测中的比较

化学需氧量（COD）和总有机碳（TOC）是定量表示水体受有机物污染的2个重要代表性指标。传统的COD在线监测方法在监测有机污染物方面存在一定的挑战，系统比较了COD和TOC在线监测方法在特殊水质中的应用。结果显示：TOC对难氧化有机物的氧化效率高达98%，高氯离子和无机还原性离子对TOC测量误差影响分别约为10%和7%。TOC可更直接、更准确地反映出水体受有机物污染的情况，最后对TOC指标在水质在线监测中的推广应用提出建议。     

厦门水库水体颗粒物分布特征及其与环境因子的关系研究

研究了厦门湖边水库、石兜-坂头水库水体颗粒物的分布特征及其与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明:(1)水体颗粒物平均含量以坂头库区最高,石兜库区次之,湖边水库最低,平均含量分别为31.9、27.7和23.1mg/L;在空间分布上,不同水库或库区、不同采样站位间,由于水体颗粒物的来源成因不同,其分布规律呈现出明显的差异。(2)从水体颗粒物与环境因子的关联度分析,湖边水库及石兜-坂头水库两个库区的水体颗粒物与总氮和总磷都有较大关联性。(3)利用Pearson积矩相关系数(两尾)进行检验,湖边水库及石兜-坂头水库两个库区的水体颗粒物均与总氮呈显著或极显著相关,与透明度呈显著负相关,与叶绿素a均呈负相关,与其它因子的相关规律性不明显。(4)水体颗粒物与环境因子的逐步回归分析表明,在不同的水库或库区,对水体颗粒物有显著影响的环境因子各不相同,湖边水库是高锰酸盐指数和总氮,石兜库区是高锰酸盐指数、总氮和总磷,坂头库区是pH、溶解氧和总磷。     

万峰湖水体浮游植物调查及富营养化评价

通过2016年枯水期和丰水期对万峰湖水库浮游植物及水质理化指标采样分析,并应用综合营养状态指数对其水质营养状态进行评价。结果表明,万峰湖枯水期主要以硅藻为主,丰水期以绿藻和甲藻占优势;水体水质处于中营养化状态。相关性分析表明,浮游植物丰度在枯水期与各理化指标相关性不显著,在丰水期与DO、TP呈正相关,与IMn、Chla呈显著正相关。典范对应分析(CCA)表明,TN、SD和pH值是影响该水域浮游植物分布格局的重要因子,且CCA排序图较好显示了浮游植物分布和环境因子之间的关系。     

江阴地区主要内河叶绿素a动态特征及其与环境因子的相关分析

根据江阴市四条主要内河锡澄运河、白屈港河、张家港河及横河的监测数据，分析叶绿素?a（Chla）的动态变化及其与理化水质因子的相关关系，并建立逐步回归多元线性模型，筛选与Chla显著相关的水质因子。结果表明，四条河道Chla存在明显的时间变化和空间分异。不同河道对Chla有显著影响的水质因子各不相同。总体来说，锡澄运河、白屈港河及张家港河Chla的主要影响因子为水温和外源输入，而横河除了这两个因子外，还受P和NH3-N影响。     

四川邛海滨湖公路路面径流污染及其生态风险研究

通过在雨季和旱季各2次典型降雨期间对邛海滨湖公路路面径流连续采样监测,结果表明,该路面径流的主要污染因子为SS、COD、TP、TN和Pb,旱季的径流污染程度较雨季重,主干路的路面径流污染最严重。因子分析表明,路面径流的主要污染因子为重金属和营养盐,其方差贡献率分别为64. 546%和13. 596%。潜在生态风险评估表明,路面径流中重金属平均潜在生态风险处于轻微级别,6种重金属中除Pb在主干路达到中等风险外,其余均为轻微风险。     

洪泽湖藻类与环境因子逐步回归统计和蓝藻水华初步预测

以洪泽湖2008—2010年的连续监测资料为基础,运用多元逐步回归统计方法,选择水温等12项环境因子与藻类叶绿素a等5项生物因子进行逐步回归分析,找出与生物因子显著相关的因子,建立多元逐步回归方程,预测洪泽湖藻类密度的变化情况,初步进行了洪泽湖蓝藻水华的预测预报。结果显示,总磷、总氮、氨氮和水深为洪泽湖藻类密度的显著相关因子,透明度、水温、水深为蓝藻密度的显著相关因子。     

细菌在近海污染监测及评价中的应用研究

通过对天津渤海湾的三个河流入海口(青静黄排水河、独流减河和海河),不同季节实地采集的水样中微生物数量及理化因子如温度、盐度、溶解氧(DO)、化学需氧量(COD)、无机氮等的研究,发现细菌指标与理化指标对污染指示结果有一定的相似性,都指示青静黄排水河河口污染较严重.利用SPSS软件的相关性分析方法对实验结果进行分析,发现水环境中细菌指标与理化因子具有一定的相关性.其中异养菌数与COD呈显著正相关性(P<0.05),与DO呈负相关性(P=0.051);大肠菌群数与理化因子DO呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.01),与COD呈正相关关系(P=0.061),与NO3-N,盐度呈负相关性(P>0.05).其他细菌指标与各理化因子也存在一定的相关性,但不明显.     

Modelling vegetation greenness responses to climate variability in a Mediterranean terrestrial ecosystem

Accurate knowledge of the quality and environmental impact of the highway runoff in Pear River Delta, South China is required to assess this important non-point pollution source. This paper presents the quality characterization and environmental impact assessment of rainfall runoff from highways in urban and rural area of Guangzhou, the largest city of Pear River Delta over 1 year’s investigation. Multiple regression and Pearson correlation analysis were used to determine influence of the rainfall characteristics on water quality and correlations among the constituents in highway runoff. The results and analysis indicates that the runoff water is nearly neutral with low biodegradability. Oil and grease (O&G), suspended solids (SS) and heavy metals are the dominant pollutants in contrast to the low level of nutrient constituents in runoff. Quality of highway runoff at rural site is better than that of at urban site for most constituents. Depth and antecedent dry period are the main rainfall factors influencing quality of highway runoff. The correlation patterns among constituents in highway runoff at urban site are consistent with their dominant phases in water. Strong correlations (r ≥ 0.80) are found among chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus, Cu and Zn as well as conductivity, nitrate nitrogen and total nitrogen. O&G, COD, SS and Pb in highway runoff at urban site substantially exceed their concentrations in receiving water of Pear River. The soil directly discharged by highway runoff at rural site has contaminated seriously by heavy metals in surface layer accompanying with pH conversion from original acidic to alkaline at present.     

滇池东南岸农业和富磷区入湖河流地表径流及污染特征

应用聚类分析与因子分析方法,通过8次常规监测,对滇池东南岸10条以农业面源和受磷矿开采区影响的入湖河流的地表径流及其水质污染特征进行了分析,并探讨了其空间差异性。在南岸选取降雨过程相同的3条河流,开展暴雨径流监测,探讨污染物在降雨过程中的流失特征。结果表明,新宝象河的平均流量为2.6 m3/s,占总入湖流量的26.5%;总氮、总磷、化学需氧量、悬浮物是滇池的主要污染指标,许多河流均已严重超标。河流水质在空间上可分为3类,具有明显的空间差异性。总氮、总磷、溶解磷、硝态氮对水质污染的贡献率达到了53.636%,氮、磷含量是河流水质污染的主要贡献因子。降雨条件下化学需氧量、悬浮物浓度增长迅速,流量、悬浮物与大多数水质指标均有相关性,磷矿开采对河流水质的影响在降雨条件下更加明显,其悬浮物浓度在降雨条件下比只受农业面源影响的河流最高高出1.9倍。     

Assessing the feasibility of wastewater recycling and treatment efficiency of wastewater treatment units

Wastewater reuse can significantly reduce environmental pollution and save the water sources. The study selected Cheng-Ching Lake water treatment plant in southern Taiwan to discuss the feasibility of wastewater recycling and treatment efficiency of wastewater treatment units. The treatment units of this plant include wastewater basin, sedimentation basin, sludge thickener and sludge dewatering facility. In this study, the treatment efficiency of SS and turbidity were 48.35–99.68% and 24.15–99.36%, respectively, showing the significant removal efficiency of the wastewater process. However, the removal efficiencies of NH₃–N, total organic carbon (TOC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) are limited by wastewater treatment processes. Because NH₃–N, TOC and COD of the mixing supernatant and raw water are regulated raw water quality standards, supernatant reuse is feasible and workable during wastewater processes at this plant. Overall, analytical results indicated that supernatant reuse is feasible.     

河口混合区划定及营养盐标准限值构建

河口是河流和海洋生态系统的过渡带,目前中国缺乏河口区划界和水质评价标准,河口区及其附近海域环境质量评价直接使用《海水水质标准》(GB 3097—1997)对标评价的方式,评价结果往往与实际不符,对河口地区开发建设和管理保护不利。笔者系统分析了中国河口区划分及水质评价的现状和存在问题,以北部湾主要入海河口钦州湾为例比较了河口区营养盐背景值与海洋营养盐背景值,两者差异显著,认为使用《海水水质标准》(GB 3097—1997)对河口区进行评价不能很好地反映环境质量。因此依据现行的《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)、《海水水质标准》(GB 3097—1997)和《近岸海域环境功能区管理办法》,提出使用盐度等数据探讨河口混合区划定及建立河口混合区水质营养盐标准限值的方法。在钦州湾的应用案例中,河口混合区的划定和河口区营养盐标准限值确定,都具有科学性和可操作性。使用河口混合区营养盐标准进行评价的结果比直接使用《海水水质标准》(GB 3097—1997)评价能更准确地反映环境质量,可为河口区划界及水质评价提供方法参考。     

舟山近岸海域赤潮优势种中肋骨条藻的生长模型

中肋骨条藻是舟山近岸海域的赤潮优势种,常有大小不等的中肋骨条藻赤潮发生.本文采用多元线性回归模拟春秋两季非赤潮期中肋骨条藻的生长趋势,以探讨影响此种藻类生长的重要因子.结果表明,春季影响中肋骨条藻生长的重要因子包括盐度、无机氮、悬浮物、水温和pH;秋季影响中肋骨条藻生长的重要因子包括溶解氧、活性磷酸盐、悬浮物、硅酸盐、COD和盐度.并与前人的研究结果相比较,从而发现赤潮期和非赤潮期共同的或不同的影响骨条藻生长的因素.     

Using Landsat image time series to study a small water body in Northern Spain

Ramsar Convention and EU Water Framework Directive are two international agreements focused on the conservation and achievement of good ecological and chemical status of wetlands. Wetlands are important ecosystems holding many plant and animal communities. Their environmental status can be characterised by the quality of their water bodies. Water quality can be assessed from biophysical parameters (such as Chlorophyll-a concentration ([Chla]), water surface temperature and transparency) in the deeper or lacustrine zone, or from bioindicators (as submerged aquatic vegetation) in the shallow or palustrine zone. This paper proves the use of Landsat time series to measure the evolution of water quality parameters and the environmental dynamics of a small water body (6.57 ha) in a Ramsar wetland (Arreo Lake in the North of Spain). Our results show that Landsat TM images can be used to describe periodic behaviours such as the water surface temperature or the phenologic state of the submerged vegetation (through normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI) and thus detect anomalous events. We also show how [Chla] and transparency can be measured in the lacustrine zone using Landsat TM images and an algorithm adjusted for mesotrophic Spanish lakes, and the resulting values vary in time in accordance with field measurements (although these were not synchronous with the images). The availability of this algorithm also highlights anomalies in the field data series that are found to be related with the concentration of suspended matter. All this potential of Landsat imagery to monitor small water bodies in wetlands can be used for hindcasting of past evolution of these wetlands (dating back to 1970s) and will be also useful in the future thanks to the Landsat continuity mission and the Operational Land Imager.     

Estimation of chlorophyll a content in inland turbidity waters using WorldView-2 imagery: a case study of the Guanting Reservoir,Beijing, China

Complex optical properties, such as non-pigment suspension and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), make it difficult to achieve accurate estimations of remotely sensed chlorophyll a (Chla) content of inland turbidity. Recent attempts have been made to estimate Chla based on red and near-infrared regions where non-pigment suspension and CDOM have little effect on water reflectance. The objective of this study is to validate the applicability of WV-2 imagery with existing effective estimation methods from MERIS when estimating Chla content in inland turbidity waters. The correlation analysis of measured Chla content and WV-2 imagery bands shows that the Chla sensitive bands of WV-2 are red edge, NIR 1, and NIR 2. The coastal band is designed for seawater Chla detection. However, the high correlation with turbidity data and low correlation with Chla made coastal band unsuitable for estimating Chla in inland waters. The high-resolution water body images were extracted by combining the spectral products (NDWI) with the spatial morphological products (sobel edge detection). The estimation results show that the accuracy of the single band and NDCI is not as good as the two-band method, three-band method, stepwise regression algorithm (SRA) and support vector machines (SVM). The SVM estimation accuracy was the highest with an R², RMSE, and URMSE of 0.8387, 0.4714, and 19.11%, respectively. This study demonstrates that the two-band and three-band methods are effective for estimating Chla in inland water for WV-2 imagery. As a high-precision estimation method, SVM has great potential for inland turbidity water Chla estimation.     

洋河水库蓝藻水华爆发预测影响因子研究

为了预测洋河水库富营养化变化趋势和蓝藻水华爆发的风险,对洋河水库水体进行采样,分析其环境质量。研究结果表明,近年来洋河水库叶绿素a含量处于高位,氮、磷含量不断上升,特别是总氮质量浓度在5 mg/L左右,主要以硝态氮的形式存在,富营养化程度不断加剧,具有大规模爆发蓝藻水华的风险。对洋河水库藻华爆发的环境条件进行分析,提出了蓝藻水华爆发的主要水质参数和关键的水文、气象要素,研究表明洋河水库近期爆发鱼腥藻水华的可能性较低,爆发微囊藻水华的可能性依然存在。通过对洋河水库藻华爆发风险进行预测,可以为减轻藻华爆发所引发的生态灾害提供技术支持。