合肥市颗粒物和气象条件对大气能见度的影响研究

利用2019—2021年合肥市气象参数、颗粒物浓度、颗粒物化学组分、颗粒物散射系数、颗粒物粒径谱等的逐小时观测数据,分析了合肥市大气能见度变化趋势及其影响因素。结果表明,2019—2021年,合肥市能见度呈逐年上升的总体特征,并且在季节变化上呈现为夏高冬低,在日变化上呈现为午后最高、夜间最低。相关性分析结果显示,合肥市能见度与颗粒物浓度、相对湿度均呈显著负相关关系,且能见度与相对湿度的相关程度比与颗粒物浓度的相关程度高15.5%~219.2%。相对湿度是直接影响合肥市能见度的主要因素之一,而温度、风速对能见度的间接影响作用相对较小。能见度与颗粒物特性关系研究结果表明:能见度与水溶性离子的相关程度高于与碳质组分的相关程度;当能见度处于较低水平时,能见度与PM_2.5主要组分浓度的相关性明显减弱,相对湿度、超细颗粒物占比、水溶性离子含量和碳质组分含量等因素对能见度的影响逐渐凸显;在较高PM_2.5浓度环境条件下,颗粒物散射系数的显著变化是导致能见度降低的主要原因;小粒径颗粒物对合肥市大气能见度的影响程度相对较高,应优先大幅度降低PM_1.0浓度。     

青岛市区春夏季大气能见度与颗粒物的关系

利用青岛市灰霾综合观测站2012年3月2日-2012年6月7日期间的监测数据,分析了青岛市区大气能见度与不同粒径颗粒物质量浓度的日变化特征,比较了各级别大气能见度下不同粒径颗粒物质量浓度及所占比例的相关性,研究了相对湿度对大气能见度和颗粒物质量浓度相关性的影响.结果表明,监测时段大气能见度与颗粒物质量浓度呈现较好的负相关,每天大气能见度最低值出现在早晨07:00--09:00;剔除相对湿度高于90％的前提下,PM2.5是影响大气能见度的主要因子,随着其在PM1o中所占比例上升,大气能见度级别不断下降,相关系数为-0.84;不同相对湿度区间下,PM2.5对大气能见度的影响最明显,其中,相对湿度为60％ ～ 70％,大气能见度与颗粒物质量浓度之间的相关性最好.     

颗粒物质量浓度对大气能见度水平影响分析

通过观察不同天气条件下颗粒物质量浓度水平上升伴随大气能见度水平下降,对颗粒物质量浓度-大气能见度相关性分析,得到相关方程,根据颗粒物污染水平分析预测大气能见度,为灰霾预报提供依据.     

青岛市采暖期PM2．5与大气能见度的关系

利用青岛市大气综合观测站的研究性监测数据,分析了2011年采暖期PM2.5和能见度的相关性,结果表明：①能见度在≤3km时,对应的PM2.5浓度超出0．250mg／m^3,属于严重污染;②PM2.5浓度对能见度的影响存在一临界区域,当PM2.5浓度低于该临界区时能见度会随PM2.5浓度减少迅速改善,临界值大致位于PM2.5浓度为0．100mg／m^3处;③相对湿度小于85％时,能见度与PM2.5浓度呈显著负相关。其中,相对湿度在60％-70％时,能见度与PM2.5浓度之间的相关性最好,PM2.5对能见度的影响最直接。     

建德市大气SO2浓度与气象条件关系初探

利用实测资料分析了建德市大气ＳＯ２与风向、风速、气温、湿度、降水量、逆温气象因子间的关系，认为，冬季污染源下风向混合区ＳＯ２浓度出现最高值，在静风和微风情况下，城市污染水平基本上可代表城市的总体污染水平。     

灰霾天气条件下天津市环境空气中颗粒物污染特征分析

针对天津地区灰霾天气条件下环境空气中颗粒物的污染程度及变化特征进行分析。指出出现灰霾天气是污染加重的直观反映,将其发展成为一项环保指标,将对大气污染控制起到一定的积极作用。     

2009年广州能见度变化规律及主要影响因素分析

通过对2009年的广州大气能见度和影响因素的数据资料统计,结合定性分析、相关性计算及各时间尺度中物理量的相互作用过程研究,得出能见度的变化规律和各因素的相关性特征。结果表明,2009年整体能见度水平略有提高;24h的降雨量、气温差值较大时,该日的能见度小时均值波动较大;风速、相对湿度与中尺度(24h)能见度的相关性较强;降雨量、气温对小尺度(1h、5min)能见度影响显著;相对湿度水平能制约风速对能见度的改善作用。灰霾现象等与能见度水平密切相关。     

城市典型气象条件与大气颗粒物污染之间的关系

针对城市气象与城市气候特点,分析了典型气象条件下颗粒物的变化趋势,分析了由城市气候现象产生的城市效应问题,为研究空气中颗粒物来源、变化趋势奠定了基础.     

重庆市主城区PM10与能见度相关性研究

分析了2000年以来重庆市主城区能见度变化趋势及2006年PM10的污染现状,能见度和PM10质量浓度负相关,尤其采样期间的相关系数为-0．76。根据PM10源解析和PM10成分与能见度的相关性分析结果,提出应重点控制燃煤和机动车尾气污染。     

大气颗粒物采样器的设计与应用

自行开发设计大气颗粒物双通道采样器,通过更换粒径切割器实现对大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)、可吸入颗粒物(PM10)或细颗粒物(PM2.5)样品的采集。该仪器通过流量传感器、比例阀和流量控制板精确控制每个通道的采样流量,控制系统还可实时采集大气环境温度、压力、湿度、风速和风向5个气象参数,并根据环境温度、压力的变化对采样的体积流量进行补偿计算,以确保进样口体积流量恒定,保证粒径切割准确。在2011年深圳大学生运动会期间(8月12—23日)和后期(8月24日至9月4日),利用该仪器进行了大气环境野外观测实验,并对该仪器和Thermo2300采样器的结果进行了平行性分析和对比分析,其平行结果和对比结果相关系数均大于0.99。     

Motor Vehicle Contributions to Ambient PM10 and PM2.5 at Selected Urban Areas in the USA

A source apportionment study was carried out to estimate the contribution of motor vehicles to ambient particulate matter (PM) in selected urban areas in the USA. Measurements were performed at seven locations during the period September 7, 2000 through March 9, 2001. Measurements included integrated PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ concentrations and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Ambient PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were apportioned to their local sources using the chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model and compared with results obtained using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results indicate that PM_2.5 components were mainly from combustion sources, including motor vehicles, and secondary species (nitrates and sulfates). PM₁₀ consisted mainly of geological material, in addition to emissions from combustion sources. The fractional contributions of motor vehicles to ambient PM were estimated to be in the range from 20 to 76% and from 35 to 92% for PM_2.5 and PM₁₀, respectively.     

灰霾天气不同粒径的颗粒物污染特征分析

利用宁波市北仑区PM10、PM2.5和PM1的监测数据及与之对应的能见度监测结果,对影响灰霾天的颗粒物的污染特征进行了系统研究,结果表明,颗粒物粒径对灰霾天的形成和能见度的影响程度差异明显,且3种粒径的颗粒物质量浓度与能见度之间线性关系密切。     

Sources of PM10 and PM2.5 in Cairo’s ambient air

A source attribution study was performed to assess the contributions of specific pollutant source types to the observed particulate matter (PM) levels in the greater Cairo Area using the chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model. Three intensive ambient monitoring studies were carried out during the period of February 21–March 3, 1999, October 27–November 27, 1999, and June 8–June 26, 2002. PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured on a 24-h basis at six sampling stations during each of the intensive periods. The six intensive measurement sites represented background levels, mobile source impacts, industrial impacts, and residential exposure. Major contributors to PM₁₀ included geological material, mobile source emissions, and open burning. PM_2.5 tended to be dominated by mobile source emissions, open burning, and secondary species. This paper presents the results of the PM₁₀ and PM_2.5, source contribution estimates.     

Statistical Analysis of Air Pollutants and Meteorological Parameters in Afyon, Turkey

In this study, the relation between sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and particulate matter (PM) concentrations periodically measured in the city of Afyon’s atmosphere with meteorological factors such as precipitation, humidity, temperature, wind velocity, and inversion were investigated. The mean values of SO₂ and PM concentrations measured during the winter months of October–March 1990–1999 were correlated with the meteorological parameters of the same period. Simple and multiple linear regression analysis were utilized to evaluate the contribution of meteorological variables. The statistical results show that the pollutants, i.e., SO₂ and PM are dependent upon humidity, temperature, and inversion at the 1% significance level; while the dependence of both pollutants with temperature is negative when those of humidity and inversion are positive. Two models in which temperature and inversion are dependent with multiple variables are recommended for predicting the contribution of meteorological parameters on SO₂ and PM. In addition, the relationship between humidity, temperature, and inversion with pollutants is also determined using nonlinear (polynomial) models.     

Numerical Modeling of Particulate Matter Dispersion from Kerman Cement Plant, Iran

A three dimensional diffusion model has been developed for computing the concentration of PM10 from Kerman Cement Plant, Iran. This model incorporates source-related factors, meteorological factors, surface roughness, and settling particles to estimate pollutant concentration from continuous sources. The study focused on the local environmental impact of Kerman Cement Plant. The performance of the model was found to be in good agreement with measured data; the average absolute percent deviation is 25.53%. In addition, the result of this modeling shows that the PM10 concentration in the ambient air at distances of about 600–1,400 m from the stacks is higher than the WHO guidelines of an annual average of 260 μg/m³.     

商业步行街的环境空气污染

阐述了商业步行街的环境空气污染对人群健康造成危害的原因,通过在广州市北京路和下九路,以及周围交通街道模拟行人行走方式的采样和分析,得出在广州市商业步行街及其周围交通街道空气中,除了含有有毒有害的挥发性有机物、PM10、和CO等,芳香烃类等化合物的浓度水平也普遍较高,特别是苯和甲苯。另外,周围交通街道上的机动车尾气排放对商业步行街的环境空气质量也有影响。     

Air quality and respiratory health in Delhi

Delhi is an instructive location for studying the impact of air pollution since it is a rapidly expanding centre of government, trade commerce and industry. We have made an attempt to (1) determine the association between environmental pollution and respiratory morbidity in Delhi for the period 1998–2004, (2) assess the impact on hospital admission of the implementation of recent governmental regulations and (3) calculate the relative risk of hospitalization due to respiratory ailments caused by air pollutants. Seven hospitals from different parts of Delhi were selected. The pollution profiles of these areas were assessed and subsequently Poisson regression model was performed for the patient population. There was a remarkable decrease in monthly average concentration of sulphur dioxide (from 17.9 to 11.1 μg m⁻³) and increase in monthly average concentration of nitrogen dioxide (from 34.2 to 49.1 μg m⁻³) after the newly introduced regulations. Particulates were observed to have marginal fall in their concentration but still remained above the permissible limits. Gaseous pollutants, in spite of being at a level lower than the permissible level, showed more consistent significant association with respiratory admissions. The relative risks of hospitalization due to respiratory diseases were in the range of 1.07–2.82 in residential cum commercial areas. Comparative study of pre and post new stringent governmental regulation showed significant positive association of NO₂ with respiratory disorders in southern (RR: 1.10; CI: 1.09–1.12) and northern regions (RR: 1.33; CI: 1.27–1.39), both mixed use areas. In spite of the improvement in the air quality, the associated health effects were found to be substantial.     

Measurement of particle concentrations in a dental office

Particles in a dental office can be generated by a number of instruments, such as air-turbine handpieces, low-speed handpieces, ultrasonic scalers, bicarbonate polishers, polishing cups, as well as drilling and air sprays inside the oral cavity. This study examined the generation of particles during dental drilling and measured particle size, mass, and trace elements. The air sampling techniques included both continuous and integrated methods. The following particle continuous measurements were taken every minute: (1) size-selective particle number concentration (Climet); (2) total particle number concentration (PTRAK), and; (3) particle mass concentration (DustTrak). Integrated particle samples were collected for about 5 h on each of five sampling days, using a PM_2.5 sampler (ChemComb) for elemental/organic carbon analysis, and a PM₁₀ sampler (Harvard Impactor) for mass and elemental analyses. There was strong evidence that these procedures result in particle concentrations above background. The dental procedures produced number concentrations of relatively small particles (<0.5 μm) that were much higher than concentrations produced for the relatively larger particles (>0.5 μm). Also, these dental procedures caused significant elevation above background of certain trace elements (measured by X-ray fluorescence) but did not cause any elevation of elemental carbon (measured by thermal optical reflectance). Dental drilling procedures aerosolize saliva and products of drilling, producing particles small enough to penetrate deep into the lungs. The potential health impacts of the exposure of dental personnel to such particles need to be evaluated. Increased ventilation and personal breathing protection could be used to minimize harmful effects.