室外空气净化设备的设计与试验研究

针对目前我国出现大范围雾霾天气的状况,提出将静电除尘技术与光触媒催化技术相结合,设计了一种室外空气净化设备。经过CFD理论和能耗分析,论证了方法的可行性。通过对比实验证明该设备对空气污染物的处理效果明显,10 m测试范围的处理效率最大达90%,100 m测试范围的处理效率最大为50%,即该设备在方圆100 m范围内具有快速、有效改善大气环境的作用。     

连续排放监测系统性能检验第二部分 EPA 检验方法

为了认可或确保连续排放监测系统的质量 ,美国ＥＰＡ要求检验连续排放监测系统的性能技术指标。通过检验 ,评价系统在工厂现有条件下的运行状况。进行校准漂移检验或相对准确度检验时 ,实际上也检查了系统采集烟气的能力、系统对线路电压波动时的响应和系统对管道振动以及环境温度、环境大气压变化的敏感程度。系统的性能技术指标检验 ,不是在实验室的控制条件下对系统的性能进行评价 ,而是在工厂运行条件下的现场对系统的性能进行评价。出于竞争的目的 ,连续排放监测系统的销售商必须要保证安装的系统能满足技术条件的要求 ,因为性能技术指…     

锅炉烟尘测试中锅炉运行负荷计算方法探讨

我国ＧＢ５４６８９１《锅炉烟尘测试方法》中规定,锅炉烟尘排放浓度测试必须在锅炉设计出力７０％以上的情况下进行,并按锅炉运行三年内和锅炉运行三年以上两种情况,将不同出力下实测的烟尘排放浓度乘以表１中出力影响系数Ｋ,作为该锅炉额定出力情况下的烟尘排放浓...     

列车车厢内装材料VOCs释放特性研究

列车车厢内的空气质量对乘客的健康和乘坐舒适度有明显影响.密闭车厢的内装材料所释放的挥发性有机物(VOCs)是影响车厢内环境空气质量的主要污染物.为研究25G型客车车厢内空气VOCs浓度的分布机理及扩散规律,采用环境测试舱法和扫描电镜(SEM)表征,对车厢主要内装材料(座椅坐垫、PVC地板、墙板等)的VOCs释放速率进行...     

COD测试废液中银汞的回收与回用

化学需氧量(COD)常用重铬酸钾回流法测定.在测定过程中,需加硫酸银,若将其测试废液任意排放,不仅会造成环境污染,而且也使大量的银、汞等贵金属白白流失.因此,COD废液中银、汞的回收与回用近年来已愈来愈引起人们的重视.一、COD测试废液的组成COD的测定是在50%沸硫酸介质中进行,用重铬酸钾将水样中的还原性物质(主要是有机物)氧化,过量的重铬酸钾以试亚铁灵作指示剂,用硫酸亚铁铵标准溶液回滴.COD测试废液的化学组成可由其检验步骤估算,     

空气微生物污染的监测及研究进展

空气微生物不但与环境空气质量、空气污染和人体健康密切相关,并且还与自然生态平衡及许多生命现象直接相关,在自然界的物质循环中起着非常重要的作用。文章从空气微生物的污染现状、采样方法、粒度分布、分离鉴定、微生物评价、时空分布等方面对空气微生物的研究现状进行了综述,并对空气微生物在环境监测中的研究和前景进行了展望,建议空气微生物污染监测应常态化,应控制和开展对大气细颗粒或超细颗粒物对人体健康的影响研究。     

锅炉烟尘(气)测试中应注意的若干问题

就锅炉监测中遇到的一些实际问题,如锅炉工况变化大、不易测定,空气过剩系数较大、影响排放浓度的准确性等进行了分析,并介绍了测试锅炉负荷的几种方法,对空气过剩系数谈了几点认识与体会,探讨了一些特殊采样位置的设置,根据多年的现场测试经验对烟尘测试的质量控制进行了分析与总结。     

合理控制参数,保持活性污泥系统稳定运行

独山子石化总厂乙烯厂工业水车间是独山子地区第一个环保“三同时”项目,采用的污水处理工艺虽然还是工业废水处理的“老三套”,即隔油、气浮、生化处理,但生化系统采用了较先进的纯氧曝气法,生物缺氧接触氧化工艺。纯氧曝气池因安全问题未使用纯氧进行曝气,而是用空气曝气,因生化系统的运行参数是按纯氧曝气法设计的,实际运行时只能作参考。１９９８年５月大检修后,对生化系统的运行参数进行了定量化,生化处理效果有明显的改善,本文就其运行参数进行了探讨分析。１　影响生化系统运行主要因素的控制生化处理是整个污水处理流程中…     

青岛市空气自动监测系统运营模式介绍和相关探讨

以青岛市环境空气自动监测系统的运行管理为实例,从管理、技术的角度分析了空气自动监测网络运行特点、管理模式,重点探讨了新型的市场化运营管理模式,力求为今后城市自动监测网络长期、连续、高效的运行提供参考。     

锅炉烟尘测试中过剩空气系数的应用

α系数是锅炉烟尘测试工作中的一项重要指标,它对锅炉的正常运行及排尘浓度都有很大的影响。本文结合工作实践,就此谈几点体会。１　α系数计算公式的应用条件计算α系数时,为了简便,我们一般采用以下公式,即α＝２１２１－ＶＯ２,但该公式是假定：空气的组成为２１％的氧气和７９％的氮气;烟气中的ＮＯｘ、ＳＯ２及其它气体产生量可忽略不计;燃料燃烧是完全的,过剩空气中的氧仅能以Ｏ２的形式存在。但在实际情况下,以上条件是达不到的,如燃烧不完全产生ＣＯ,燃料中硫分较高,产生大量的ＳＯ２等,这时我们应该对以上公式进行校…     

Air quality and ventilation fan control based on aerosol measurement in the bi-directional undersea Bømlafjord tunnel

Aerosol, NO and CO concentration, temperature, air humidity, air flow and number of running ventilation fans were measured by continuous analysers every minute for a whole week for six different one-week periods spread over ten months in 2001 and 2002 at measuring stations in the 7860 m long tunnel. The ventilation control system was mainly based on aerosol measurements taken by optical scatter sensors. The ventilation turned out to be satisfactory according to Norwegian air quality standards for road tunnels; however, there was some uncertainty concerning the NO2 levels. The air humidity and temperature inside the tunnel were highly influenced by the outside metrological conditions. Statistical models for NO concentration were developed and tested; correlations between predicted and measured NO were 0.81 for a partial least squares regression (PLS1) model based on CO and aerosol, and 0.77 for a linear regression model based only on aerosol. Hence, the ventilation control system should not solely be based on aerosol measurements. Since NO2 is the hazardous polluter, modelling NO2 concentration rather than NO should be preferred in any further optimising of the ventilation control.     

舰艇舱室环境中的恶臭污染和优先控制策略

介绍了恶臭物质对人体健康的影响，分析了舰艇舱室内常见恶臭物质的分类、气味性质及来源，比对了国内外恶臭污染控制的相关标准。通过分析恶臭污染物的检出频次、毒性效应、气味安全级别、综合分值和艇内危害等级等指标，提出了舰艇舱室环境中24种恶臭物质的优先控制名单，指出舰艇的通风设计和硬件设备改进对于控制恶臭污染也很重要。     

空气质量预报在世界互联网大会中的应用

为支持世界互联网大会期间大气污染管控工作，利用人工结合数值模式预报的方式在第二届到第五届世界互联网大会期间开展空气质量预报工作。多模式系统中WRF-CMAQ对乌镇及浙北区域大气污染变化的趋势模拟最好，2016—2018年对AQI日均值模拟的平均分数偏差（MFB）和平均分数误差（MFE）分别为-1.3%~1.6%和24.3%~28.3%。会前48 h、72 h和96 h空气质量等级预报准确率分别为37.5%~83.3%、33.3%~90.0%和0~89.9%。会议期间乌镇的AQI日均值48 h预报准确率为33.3%~100%，等级预报准确率为66.7%~100%。与日常空气质量预报不同，会议期间预报还应重点关注大气污染过程，如有污染可能性，需要给出污染过程的起始时间、持续范围和浓度峰值等情况及其关键时间节点，有针对性地提出大气污染管控的措施建议，为会议期间空气质量保障提供技术支撑。     

Development of a method for bacteria and virus recovery from heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) filters

The aim of the work presented here is to study the effectiveness of building air handling units (AHUs) in serving as high volume sampling devices for airborne bacteria and viruses. An HVAC test facility constructed according to ASHRAE Standard 52.2-1999 was used for the controlled loading of HVAC filter media with aerosolized bacteria and virus. Nonpathogenic Bacillus subtilis var. niger was chosen as a surrogate for Bacillus anthracis. Three animal viruses; transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), avian pneumovirus (APV), and fowlpox virus were chosen as surrogates for three human viruses; SARS coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and smallpox virus; respectively. These bacteria and viruses were nebulized in separate tests and injected into the test duct of the test facility upstream of a MERV 14 filter. SKC Biosamplers upstream and downstream of the test filter served as reference samplers. The collection efficiency of the filter media was calculated to be 96.5 +/- 1.5% for B. subtilis, however no collection efficiency was measured for the viruses as no live virus was ever recovered from the downstream samplers. Filter samples were cut from the test filter and eluted by hand-shaking. An extraction efficiency of 105 +/- 19% was calculated for B. subtilis. The viruses were extracted at much lower efficiencies (0.7-20%). Our results indicate that the airborne concentration of spore-forming bacteria in building AHUs may be determined by analyzing the material collected on HVAC filter media, however culture-based analytical techniques are impractical for virus recovery. Molecular-based identification techniques such as PCR could be used.     

Personal air sampling and analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and other bromine containing compounds at an electronic recycling facility in Sweden

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been used extensively and are considered ubiquitous contaminants. To evaluate exposure to brominated flame retardants within an electronic recycling facility personal air monitoring was done during a two year period. A total of 22 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 2 other bromine containing organic compounds have been analysed and evaluated in 17 personal air samples. The most abundant congeners of PBDE was #209 (<0.7-61 ng m(-3)), #183 (<0.1-32 ng m(-3)) indicating the use of the commercial octaBDE mixture, followed by PBDE #99 and #47 (<1.3-25 and <0.9-16 ng m(-3), respectively). The second most abundant peak in the chromatogram from all samples was identified as 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenyxy)ethane (BTBPE) in the concentration range <0.6-39 ng m(-3) (semi-quantitatively calculated against PBDE #191). A second bromine containing compound was also detected, structurally similar to decabromodiphenyl ethane (DeBDethane), however no definite identification could be made. The air samples were also evaluated on a work exposure category basis. The workers represented three different categories: dismantlers, other workers and unexposed. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05 with the Mann-Whitney test) among the dismantlers and the unexposed categories for PBDE congeners #47, #100, #99, #154; #153, #183, #209 and BTBPE. Another observation was that the air concentrations of PBDEs and BTBPE in the breathing zone were negatively correlated (p < 0.05) to the amount of recycled material (in kg). The present work shows that the exposure to brominated flame retardants varied within the electronic facility and that further research is needed to evaluate how the exposure differs with different products being dismantled as well as how the bioavailability of the different BFRs to humans is related to particle exposure.     

江苏省区域空气质量多模式预报预警系统研究与设计

围绕江苏省大气污染日益严峻的形势,设计了江苏省区域空气质量多模式预报预警系统,系统主要由数据中心、计算中心、分析展示中心、预报中心4个部分构成,运用了多模式集合预报、数据仓储联机分析处理、数据挖掘及智能关联等关键技术。系统的建成将为江苏省各级政府和相关单位决策层制定区域联动的大气污染防控措施,采取针对性的应急处置措施提供科学、及时的技术支撑。     

Documentation of the endotoxins present in the ambient air of cotton fiber textile mills in Québec

Cotton workers are recognized as being at risk of developing occupational lung diseases. Some researchers have identified endotoxins as being a potential etiologic agent for some of the respiratory problems. This study wants to document the concentration of endotoxins found in the ambient air of textile mills where cotton fibers are handled and to identify the processing steps where the highest endotoxins concentrations in the air were found and the one where the relative limit values (RLVs) are exceeded. The 4 mills studied process cotton fibers. All the air samples were analyzed using the chromogenic Limulus Amoebocytes lysate LAL method using a kinetic detection principle based on the IRSST's standard method. In this study, a large variability in the concentrations of endotoxins in the air was observed, depending on the mill, the processing step, and the time. Despite these variations, some processes can be identified as being major generators of endotoxins in the ambient air of the mills. The highest concentrations were measured in the weaving and drawing processes and reached 10,000 EU m(-3) of air. The opening, cleaning, carding, spinning and drawing processes are the other major endotoxins generating processes with concentrations from 24 to 8,700 EU m(-3) of air. The endotoxins concentrations exceeded the RLVs for 55% of the workstations in this project. This study demonstrated that endotoxins levels in the cotton industry are high and appropriate control measures are needed.     

环境空气自动监测的质量保证问题探讨

简要介绍了江苏省环境空气自动监测系统的发展现状，结合环境空气自动监测站日常工作中的质控措施，重点就子站运行、中心站数据处理、人员岗位、管理制度4个方面论述了环境空气自动监测系统的管理和质量保证。     

环境空气质量新旧评价体系及评价结果差异

在分析环境空气质量评价体系的变化的基础上,通过分析实际监测数据说明评价体系变化对评价结果的影响。结果表明:由于NO2和PM10的年平均二级浓度限值收严,用新标准评价全国325个地级以上城市2012年的达标情况,将有164个城市由达标变为不达标;参照《环境空气质量评价技术规范(试行)》评价2012年度地级以上城市的达标情况,达标率由91.4%降为41.8%;不同时段O3的1 h平均浓度值对计算其8 h滑动平均浓度值的贡献不同,可能引起8 h滑动平均浓度值计算结果的差异;由于在计算实时空气质量指数时PM10和PM2.5使用24 h滑动平均浓度值,当空气质量突变时会出现评价结果与实际污染状况不符的情况。     

Determination of technical grade isocyanates used in the production of polyurethane plastics

A method for determination of technical grade isocyanates used in the production of polyurethane (PUR) is presented. The isocyanates in technical grade products were characterised as di-n-butylamine (DBA) derivatives using LC-MS and LC-chemiluminescent nitrogen detection (CLND) and the total isocyanate content was compared to a titration assay. For collection of isocyanates in air, an impinger-filter sampling technique with DBA as derivatisation reagent was used. Characterised DBA and nonadeuterium labelled DBA derivatives of isocyanates in technical products were used as calibration standards and internal standards, respectively, in the analysis of air samples. Three workplaces were studied where PUR products were produced either by spraying or by moulding. In both technical products and in air samples, a number of monomeric, oligomeric and prepolymeric isocyanates of e.g. methylenebisphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) were characterised. Several of these have not previously been described in workplace atmospheres. In the technical isocyanate products, between 69 and 102% of the NCO content determined by titration was accounted for by LC-CLND. Quantifications of a wide range of isocyanates in air samples were performed with correlation coefficients in the range 0.988-0.999 (n= 8) and the instrumental detection limits were 0.7-25 pg. At the two workplaces where MDI- and HDI isocyanurate-based products were sprayed, the isocyanate composition in the air reflected the composition in the technical product. At the workplace where a MDI-based product was used in a moulding process, only the monomeric isocyanates were found in the air. The advantage of using characterised technical grade isocyanates as analytical standards was clearly demonstrated and the possibility of using index compounds when monitoring isocyanate exposure is discussed.