南京市典型臭氧污染过程的激光雷达垂直观测解析

利用臭氧激光雷达对南京市一次典型臭氧污染过程连续观测,分析该典型臭氧污染过程中近地面和高空臭氧的变化规律、污染的发生过程与成因。结果表明:在夏季高温、风速低、冷空气影响锋前的静稳天气下,近地面臭氧的循环生成和夜间高空残留的臭氧在湍流作用下混合并积累造成该污染过程;近地面和低层臭氧浓度具有明显的日变化趋势,单峰型特征,而高空臭氧浓度无明显日变化特征,夜间维持高值;边界层高度上下始终存在臭氧高值带,厚度达数百米;正午至午后时段,各垂直高度上臭氧浓度混合均匀,随高度基本无梯度变化,达到近地面至高空1.5 km的臭氧高污染层覆盖。     

长江南京段不同径流 潮汐动力作用下突发污染事故对饮用水水源地的影响研究

长江南京段水动力条件复杂,突发污染事故对下游饮用水水源地影响难以预测。基于构建的长江南京段二维水动力水质耦合数学模型,对不同径流潮汐动力作用下的突发污染事故进行模拟,分析其对长江水源地的影响。结果表明:洪季径流作用较强,污染团扩散速度受潮汐影响较弱,各水源地受污染团的影响时长基本接近,约为2.5~3.5 h。枯季径流作用减弱,污染团扩散速度受潮汐影响增强,越下游处受潮汐影响越大,各水源地受污染团的影响时长依次为:长江江浦水源地<燕子矶水源地<龙潭水源地。枯季污染物传播时的浓度大于洪季,洪季污染物传播浓度呈现随距离增大浓度减小的趋势。枯季流速受到潮汐影响,径流稀释作用减弱,使得污染物经八卦洲分流后的浓度略小于传播向下游的浓度。     

乌鲁木齐市汽车尾气污染状况调查

对乌鲁木齐市主要街道受汽车尾气污染的调查和综合分析得到CO、NOx、HC的污染规律,主要街道路中心空气中CO、NOx日均值已超出国家大气环境质量二级标准,市区主要街道的人行道空气中NOx含量已超出二级标准,Ⅱ、Ⅲ类道路人行道空气中CO含量已超标;在三类街道中,Ⅰ类街道车流量最大,Ⅱ类次之,Ⅲ类最少,而汽车排放尾气对街道空气污染状况为Ⅲ类最重、Ⅱ类次之、Ⅰ类最轻。     

中山市2013年污染天气形势和气象要素特征分析

利用2013年中山市空气质量监测资料、气象观测资料、韩国气象厅天气图资料和WRF数值模式模拟分析了中山市全年大气污染的基本特征,总结了易于造成大气污染的典型天气形势和气象要素条件。结果表明:2013年中山市空气污染主要发生在秋季和冬季,首要污染物类型为PM_2.5和O₃,全年共发生12次持续污染事件;当中山市位于我国大陆冷高压底部(冷锋前部)副热带高压脊线北部或台风外围地区时有利于污染发生;中山市的弱(风速1~2 m/s)偏北风或偏东风、合适的相对湿度(40%~60%)和温度(秋季20~25℃,冬季10~15℃)均可能造成秋冬季的大气污染,而高温(大于30℃)是造成夏季大气污染的主要原因。1月PM_2.5重污染期间的WRF数值模拟结果表明:此次PM_2.5污染是小风(风速小于2 m/s)、地面增暖(增温2℃)、增湿(增湿5%以上)综合作用的结果,而大风(风速大于4 m/s)的强扩散作用对PM_2.5的清除效果显著。     

MATLAB在液化天然气储罐泄漏扩散研究中的应用

以高斯烟羽模型为基础,利用MATLAB编程软件,模拟液化天然气(LNG)泄漏的动态过程,并通过分析泄漏后气体浓度空间分布图、俯视图及等浓度线来研究LNG泄漏源有效高度、风速对气体扩散的影响。结果表明:随着泄漏源有效高度的增大,危害范围逐渐减小;随着风速的逐渐增大,危害区域也是逐渐减小;在风速一定的情况下,泄漏源有效高度与泄漏源有效高度的最高点浓度呈反比;在泄漏源有效高度不变的情况下,风速与泄漏源有效高度的最高点浓度也成呈反比。     

大气污染排放窗口机制研究

以2种典型的污染排放源(点污染源和线污染源)为基础,提出排污窗口的概念,通过参数转换分解源强对污染扩散进行研究。首先在高斯污染扩散模型的基础上,对非持续性污染源强建模,然后以某烟囱的周期性排污分析,检验排污窗口设置的合理性。对于单双号限行的窗口性质的污染排放研究中,首先对交通流建立线污染扩散模型,然后融合元胞自动机(9元胞互影响)模拟区域多角度污染的扩散平衡,最后对"单双号限行"下北京市不同区域空气质量指标进行分析与仿真。分析结果表明,合理的排污窗口能够减轻污染程度及对人们日常生活的影响。     

室内空气污染监测用氨标准样品研究

根据中国对室内空气污染监测的实际需要,介绍了室内空气污染监测用氨标准样品的研制方法,包括试剂的验证、均匀性和稳定性检验、分析定值和测定数据的统计检验等方面。氨标准样品采用重量法制备,用纳氏试剂分光光度法对样品进行均匀性和稳定性研究,并进行不确定度评估。研究结果表明,氨标准样品的均匀性良好,室温条件下可稳定18个月以上;在全面分析不确定度来源的基础上,定值结果为0.494 mg/L,不确定度小于3%。与美国同类标准物质进行比对分析,结果具有可比性。可用于氨测定的质量控制、分析方法评价以及实验室能力验证等方面。     

长三角城市群污染输送相互影响的敏感性试验

利用WRF-Chem模式,对2013年11月29日至12月11日长江三角洲地区的严重空气污染事件进行数值模拟,研究长三角核心区不同污染物本地源和外来输送所占比重。分析长三角核心区排放源对本地不同污染物浓度的污染贡献。结果表明,在2013年12月的这一次污染事件中,颗粒物平均本地贡献与外来输送基本比重相当;而SO_2、CO、NH_3、NO_x这4种气体污染物则以本地贡献为主,本地贡献的差异与气体的化学反应活性有关,活性越强本地贡献比重越大。污染过程中12月7日至12月9日00:00为污染最严重的时段,污染物的本地贡献有明显上升。区域间输送的方向和强度与地面风向、风速有紧密的联系。在边界层高度范围内,大部分污染物越往高空本地排放源的贡献越弱,外来输送主导作用增强,而硝酸盐在地面、1 km和1.5 km的本地贡献差异远小于其他污染物。     

成都气象要素等级对大气污染的改善作用研究

为找到对成都空气质量有改善作用的气象要素等级，量化成都气象条件对大气污染物的影响，对2015—2018年成都环境监测站空气质量监测数据和温江国家气候观象台同时段的气象观测资料进行了研究分析。结果表明：(1)成都中部地区的空气质量污染较为严重，全年主要以PM_2.5和O₃污染为主，占比达75%,2015—2018年成都的PM_2.5污染呈下降趋势，而O₃污染虽有所波动但没有显著改善。(2)PM_2.5持续重污染过程中，过去12 h降水量和过去24 h降水量均大于1 mm,均为有效降水，大于2.5 mm对PM_2.5污染的改善作用显著增强；相对湿度低于70%对中度及以上PM_2.5污染的改善作用同步增加，低于40%对轻度PM_2.5污染的改善作用较为明显，优良天气的发生概率显著增加；风速大于1 m/s时PM_2.5浓度随风速的增大而减小，大于2 m/s对PM_2.5浓度的改善作用显著加强。...     

典型铅蓄电池场地土壤污染识别与调查研究

以成都平原某废弃铅蓄电池污染场地为例,调查识别典型工业场地主要污染物空间分布特征和剖面迁移特征。结果表明:场地主要潜在Pb污染源有建筑垃圾、土壤及残留废水,潜在污染途径为大气降尘、含Pb废水排放;建筑垃圾中Pb、Cd、As等污染严重;场地内酸液暂存池和清洗池地表水中Pb、Cd超标严重,均为劣Ⅴ类;场地内及周边环境地下水中Cd、Cr污染较重;区内表层土壤中Pb、Cd污染严重,且呈面源性,距循环水池及酸液暂存池1.2 m处土壤中Pb含量远高于周边区域。     

A Numerical Study of Airflow and Pollutant Dispersion Inside an Urban Street Canyon Containing an Elevated Expressway

The goal of this study is to investigate numerically the wind flow and pollutant dispersion within an urban street canyon containing an elevated expressway and reveal the impacts of elevated expressway on the atmospheric environment in the canyon. A two-dimensional numerical model for simulating airflow and pollutant dispersion inside urban street canyons is first developed based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations coupled with the standard k???ε turbulence model and the convection–diffusion equation for passive species transport, and then it is validated against a wind tunnel experiment. It was found that the model-predicted results agree well with the experimental data. Having established this, the wind fields and pollutant distributions in the canyon containing an elevated expressway are evaluated. The numerical results show that the expressway height above the street floor and the gap distance between the expressway and the building wall have considerable influence on airflow and pollutant level inside a canyon: (1) the vortical flow structure in the canyon varies with the expressway height for a constant gap distance, under certain expressway heights, only one main clockwise vortex is formed, while under others one main vortex as well as one or two secondary vortices above and below the expressway are created; (2) the pollutant level within the canyon increases when an expressway is placed in the canyon, especially when the expressway height equals the building height the flow velocities in the canyon are drastically reduced and air exchange in and above the canyon is seriously impeded by the expressway, which leads to a much higher pollution level in the canyon; and (3) the wider gap distance is favorable to pollutant removal from the canyon.     

OSPM - A Parameterised Street Pollution Model

For many practical applications, as e.g. in support of air pollution management, numerical models based on solution of the basic flow and dispersion equations are still too complex. Alternative are models that are basically parameterised semi-empirical models making use of a priori assumptions about the flow and dispersion conditions. However, these models must, be thoroughly tested and their performance and limitations carefully documented. The Danish Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM) belongs to this category of parameterised models. In the OSPM, concentrations of exhaust gases are calculated using a combination of a plume model for the direct contribution and a box model for the recirculating part of the pollutants in the street. Parameterisation of flow and dispersion conditions in street canyons was deduced from extensive analysis of experimental data and model tests. Results of these tests were used to further improve the model performance, especially with regard to different street configurations and a variety of meteorological conditions.     

Effect of Building Orientations on Gaseous Dispersion in Street Canyon: a Numerical Study

This paper studies the effects of building orientations on the gaseous pollutant dispersion released from vehicles exhaust in street canyons through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulations using three k–ε turbulence models. Four building orientations of the street canyon were examined in the atmospheric boundary layer. The numerical results were validated against wind-tunnel results to optimize the turbulence models. The numerical results agreed well with the wind-tunnel results. The simulation demonstrated that the minimum concentration at the human respiration height in the street canyon was on the windward side for the building orientations θ?=?112.5°, 135°, and 157.5°. The pollutant concentration level decreases as the building orientation increases from θ?=?90°. The concentration in the cavity region for the building orientation θ?=?90° was higher than for the wind directions θ?=?112.5°, 135°, and 157.5°. The wind velocity and turbulence energy increase as the building orientation increases. The finding from this work can be used to help urban designers and policy-makers in several aspects.     

Flow and Pollutant Dispersion in Street Canyons using FLUENT and ADMS-Urban

This paper is devoted to the study of flow within a small building arrangement and pollutant dispersion in street canyons starting from the simplest case of dispersion from a simple traffic source. Flow results from the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code FLUENT are validated against wind tunnel data (CEDVAL). Dispersion results from FLUENT are analysed using the well-validated atmos pheric dispersion model ADMS-Urban. The k − ε turbulence model and the advection-diffusion (AD) method are used for the CFD simulations. Sensitivity of dispersion results to wind direction within street canyons of aspect ratio equal to 1 is investigated. The analysis shows that the CFD model well reproduces the wind tunnel flow measurements and compares adequately with ADMS-Urban dispersion predictions for a simple traffic source by using a slightly modified k − ε model. It is found that a Schmidt number of 0.4 is the most appropriate number for the simulation of a simple traffic source and in street canyons except for the case when the wind direction is perpendicular to the street canyon axis. For this last case a Schmidt number equal to 0.04 gives the best agreement with ADMS-Urban. Overall the modified k − ε turbulence model may be accurate for the simulation of pollutant dispersion in street canyons provided that an appropriate choice for coefficients in the turbulence model and the Schmidt number in the diffusion model are made.     

Numerical simulation on pollutant dispersion from vehicle exhaust in street configurations

The impact of the street configurations on pollutants dispersion from vehicles exhausts within urban canyons was numerically investigated using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. Three-dimensional flow and dispersion of gaseous pollutants were modeled using standard kappa - epsilon turbulence model, which was numerically solved based on Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations by the commercial CFD code FLUENT. The concentration fields in the urban canyons were examined in three cases of street configurations: (1) a regular-shaped intersection, (2) a T-shaped intersection and (3) a Skew-shaped crossing intersection. Vehicle emissions were simulated as double line sources along the street. The numerical model was validated against wind tunnel results in order to optimize the turbulence model. Numerical predictions agreed reasonably well with wind tunnel results. The results obtained indicate that the mean horizontal velocity was very small in the center near the lower region of street canyon. The lowest turbulent kinetic energy was found at the separation and reattachment points associated with the corner of the down part of the upwind and downwind buildings in the street canyon. The pollutant concentration at the upwind side in the regular-shaped street intersection was higher than that in the T-shaped and Skew-shaped street intersections. Moreover, the results reveal that the street intersections are important factors to predict the flow patterns and pollutant dispersion in street canyon.     

Flow Field and Pollution Dispersion in a Central London Street

Urban pollution due to roadways is perceived as a major obstacle to implementing low-energy ventilation design strategies in urban non-domestic buildings. As part of a project to evaluate the use of a computational fluid flow model as an environmental design tool for urban buildings, this paper seeks to address the impact of pollution from roadways on buildings in areas of restricted topography and assess dominant influencing factors and other requirements for testing the flow model predictions. Vertical profiles of carbon monoxide (CO) and temperature at the facade of a building in a Central London street, in addition to above-roof wind speed and direction, were measured over a period of three months. The street has a height-to-width (h/W) ratio of 0.6 and is of asymmetric horizontal alignment. The air flows in the area surrounding the building were modelled using a computational fluid flow model for two orthogonal wind directions. CO concentrations were calculated from the steady-state flow field in order to place point measurements in the context of the flow field, identify persistent features in the measured data attributable to the flow structure and, by comparison with measurements, identify further testing requirements.Some qualitative and quantitative agreement between measured and modelled data was obtained. Measured CO levels at the building facade and vertical variations of CO were small, as predicted by the model. A wake-interference type flow was predicted by the model for wind speeds >2ms-1 with formation of a vortex cell occurring for roof-level wind speeds >5ms-1 for the cross-wind direction, which was reflected in the measured CO levels and facade gradients. A direction-dependent inverse relationship was noted, both in the model and measurements, between above-roof wind speed and facade CO levels although statistical correlations in the time series were poor. CO concentrations at the facade were found to increase with height frequently, as well as decrease, especially for parallel winds. It is expected that mechanical turbulence due to vehicles was largely responsible. In comparison, thermal stratification appeared to play only a minor role in controlling vertical mixing in the street, under low wind speed conditions.     

Experimental and Numerical Verification of Similarity Concept for Dispersion of Car Exhaust Gases in Urban Street Canyons

In urban conditions, car exhaust gases are often emitted inside poorly ventilated street canyons. One may suppose however that moving cars can themselves produce a certain ventilation effect in addition to natural air motions. Such ventilation mechanism is not sufficiently studied so far. A similarity criterion relating the vehicle- and wind-induced components of turbulent motion in an urban street canyon was proposed in 1982 by E. J. Plate for wind tunnel modelling purposes. The present study aims at further evaluation of the criterion and its applicability for a variety of wind and traffic conditions. This is accomplished by joint analyses of data from numerical simulations and wind tunnel measurements.     

Extending the use of air quality indices to reflect effective population exposure

Although there are tendencies to develop a single common index which would describe an overall air quality status within an area, constructed from a choice of measurements of individual pollutants, indices describing individual pollutants themselves have several potentials which can be used in ways which are not possible with pollutant concentrations. On the case of Belgrade, Serbia, we investigated possibilities of using such indices for comparisons between pollutants, characterization of monitoring sites, and extending their use to include elements of population exposure. A methodology of adjusting the results obtained at monitoring stations located in severe pollution conditions, like street canyons, is proposed and used.     

Distribution of vehicular pollutants in street canyons of Varanasi, India: a different case

In present study horizontal and vertical distribution of traffic-related pollutants (CO and SO(2)) within the street canyons in (CO and SO(2)) Varanasi, India was monitored. The results showed that average horizontal profiles of traffic-related pollutant concentrations within street canyon at leeward side were approximately same as that of windward side. However, the vertical concentration of both the pollutants decreases with height above the ground and study indicated that CO and SO(2) concentrations at different heights below the roof showed clear vertical self-gradient. CO and SO(2) concentration decreased with height and the minimum value occurred at the roof. It was concluded from the observed results that pollutants from vehicular exhaust emissions in the street canyon of Varanasi were evenly distributed. This result may be due to the fact that wind vortices are not formed. Therefore, urban planners can use this type of streets so that there is proper ventilation and dispersal of pollutants.     

Influence of Building Density and Roof Shape on the Wind and Dispersion Characteristics in an Urban Area: A Numerical Study

The Computational Fluid Dynamics code CFX-TASCflow is used for simulating the wind flow and pollutant concentration patterns in two-dimensional wind-tunnel models of an urban area. Several two-dimensional multiple street canyon configurations are studied corresponding to different areal densities and roof shapes. A line source of a tracer gas is placed at the bottom of one street canyon for modelling street-level traffic emissions. The flow fields resulting from the simulations correspond to the patterns observed in street canyons. In particular and in good agreement with observations, a dual vortex system is predicted for a deep flat-roof street canyon configuration, while an even more complex vortex system is evidenced in the case of slanted-roof square street canyons. In agreement with measurement data, high pollutant concentration levels are predicted either on the leeward or the windward side of the street canyon, depending on the geometrical details of the surrounding buildings.