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1.
以石家庄市黄壁庄水库和岗南水库及上游河流为研究对象,对1 700余种典型特征污染物开展定量或半定量分析,获得了27 000余个检测数据,共筛选出98种特征污染物,建立了石家庄市饮用水水源地的污染源排放数据库。利用美国环境保护署推荐的环境健康风险评价模型,对筛查出的化学污染物、生物毒性和病原微生物等污染因子进行健康风险评价。结果显示,各采样点污染物的非致癌风险值(HQ)均小于阈值1,不会对暴露人群的身体健康造成明显的非致癌危害。各采样点污染物的致癌风险值(LCR)均在10-6数量级以下,对人体的致癌风险较弱。  相似文献   

2.
为了解山西省运城市大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)中重金属的污染特征和来源及其健康风险,于2020年10月15日—2021年2月14日对运城市大气PM2.5样品进行连续采集,使用微波消解-电感耦合等离子质谱法(ICP-MS)分析了样品中的铬(Cr)、锰(Mn)、镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、砷(As)、镉(Cd)和铅(Pb)等8种重金属元素的质量浓度。结果表明,采样期间,ρ(PM2.5)平均值为78.96μg/m3,采暖季ρ(PM2.5)为(79.84±43.79)μg/m3,高于非采暖季(76.54±23.97)μg/m3,采暖季和非采暖季ρ(PM2.5)均值均超过《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)中的二级标准。富集因子法分析表明,Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb的富集因子均高于10,其中Cd元素的富集因子平均值达到1.089,表明受人为污染影响严重。主成分分析结果表明,运城市区秋冬季大气中重金属主要有3个来源,分别为混合燃烧源、机动车尾气源、工业排放源。健康风险评价结果显示,经手口摄入暴露强度最大,呼吸吸入暴露强度最小,皮肤接触暴露强度居中;儿童在3种暴露途径的总暴露剂量高于成人,儿童重金属暴露风险高于成人。各途径的非致癌风险强度叠加值<1,表明非致癌风险较小;但As、Pb的非致癌风险相对较高。4种重金属的呼吸吸入途径致癌风险程度排序为:As>Cr>Cd>Ni,单种重金属的致癌风险(TR)值以及重金属的总致癌风险(R)值均<10-6,表明本研究中重金属不具有致癌风险。  相似文献   

3.
为了探究南京市细颗粒物(PM2.5)中金属元素的污染特征及健康风险,利用在线多金属分析仪采集并分析了2022年南京市PM2.5中10种金属元素的质量浓度,利用正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型进行金属元素的来源解析,并采用健康风险评价方法对其中5种重金属元素进行健康危害评估。结果表明,10种金属元素总的年均质量浓度为941.3 ng/m3,占PM2.5年均质量浓度的3.4%;其中,铁(Fe)、钾(K)、锌(Zn)3种金属年均质量浓度占比为91.2%。来源解析结果表明,污染物主要来源于土壤尘、燃煤、秸秆焚烧及烟花爆竹燃放、机动车尾气排放及机械磨损。健康风险评价结果表明,锰(Mn)、钒(V)、镍(Ni)、砷(As)4种重金属元素的危害商(HQ)均<1,均不存在非致癌风险;Ni、铅(Pb)的致癌风险(ECR)均<10-6,风险可控;As的致癌风险介于10-6 ~ 10-4之间,存在一定致癌风险。  相似文献   

4.
3种大环内酯类抗生素对海洋发光菌的毒性作用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
以海洋发光菌为受试生物,研究了红霉素、罗红霉素、乙酰螺旋霉素3种抗生素的单一和联合毒性作用。基于常见的3种联合作用评价方法,对混合体系的联合毒性作用进行了评价研究。结果表明,3种抗生素对发光菌单独作用的半最大效应浓度(EC50)分别为:0.725 9×10-3,1.207 8×10-3和0.633×10-3mol/L;二元联合体系对发光菌的毒性强弱为:红霉素+乙酰螺旋霉素>罗红霉素+红霉素>罗红霉素+乙酰螺旋霉素。3种抗生素联合体系作用类型的不同与每种抗生素不同取代基对微生物生理生化过程的影响有关。在选择的联合研究体系中,以毒性单位法获得参数的数值较大,灵敏度较高。研究大环内酯类抗生素对发光菌的毒性作用可为环境风险评价提供基础数据。  相似文献   

5.
为调查四川省地表水体中放射性物质铀(U)的含量,评价居民摄入地表水体中U导致的健康风险,在四川省主要地表水系中共设置23个监测断面,于2016—2021年检测了U的放射性水平,并根据健康风险评价模型对居民的健康风险进行评估。结果表明:四川省地表水体中U的质量浓度为0.16~3.6 μg/L,参照《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2022),均合格;不同年份、不同地表水体中U的放射性水平间的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);不同水期U的放射性水平间的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。各年龄组通过饮水、水体浸没途径摄入U所致总年均待积有效剂量均<0.1mSv;对各年龄段居民的总致癌风险为4.18×10-9 ~2.24×10-8 ,均低于世界卫生组织(WHO)和国际放射防护委员会(ICRP)发布的最严格控制限值。全省主要地表水体中U对各年龄组都是安全的。  相似文献   

6.
于2021年10月对辽宁省生态清洁小流域抗生素的赋存浓度、分布特征进行了调查。采用风险商值法对小流域的抗生素生态风险进行评价。结果表明,辽宁省生态清洁小流域中8种抗生素均有不同程度检出,检出总质量浓度范围为0013~0.313 μg/L,平均值为0.072 μg/L;小流域中抗生素质量浓度均低于我国大部分河流和流域。不同类型抗生素空间分布规律差异明显,检测出的抗生素中,质量浓度最高的是罗红霉素(ROX),检出率最高的是磺胺甲噁唑(SMX);各监测点位抗生素组分的占比排序为:SMX>ROX>替米考星(TIC)>氟苯尼考(FFC);抗生素主要来源是畜禽养殖和生活污水。生态风险评价结果显示,ROX、脱水红霉素(ERY-H2O)、诺氟沙星(NOR)和SMX存在高风险,其余种类呈现中、低风险。生态清洁小流域水体中暴露出的抗生素生态风险不容忽视,亟待进一步探究环境风险并采取有效的防治措施。  相似文献   

7.
重氮偶合分光光度法是测定环境水体中亚硝酸盐氮的标准方法,但所用偶合试剂有较高的毒性,若实验人员在实验过程中出现失误,可能会对自身及环境造成一定的危害。为此以对氨基苯磺酰胺(即磺胺)为重氮试剂,以α-氨基β-咪唑基丙酸(即L-组氨酸)为偶合试剂,对环境水体中亚硝酸盐氮进行测定,可有效避免实验中有毒物质的使用,同时优化了实验条件。实验结果表明:该方法摩尔吸光系数为2.20×104 L/(mol·cm),线性范围为0~0.200 mg/L,检出限可达到0.002 mg/L,加标回收率为98.5%~101%,通过与《水质 亚硝酸盐氮的测定 分光光度法》(GB 7493—1987)比对发现,该方法无显著性差异,且具有安全环保、操作简便、成本低廉、准确度高、灵敏度高等优点。该方法可用于环境监测中常见的地表水、地下水、海水、废水中亚硝酸盐氮的测定。  相似文献   

8.
为了获取上海环境大气中二噁英类化合物(PCDD/Fs)的浓度水平、季节和空间变化,评估上海地区人群PCDD/Fs呼吸暴露风险,选取上海16个行政区域中44个市级环境大气监控点作为采样点位,利用被动采样技术采集2019年夏、冬季大气样品共83个,分析了其中17种2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs的浓度。结果表明:(1)2019年上海大气中PCDD/Fs的质量浓度为136~3 939 fg/m3,对应的毒性当量浓度为11.84~94.9 fg WHO2005-TEQ/m3;(2)上海冬季大气中PCDD/Fs毒性当量浓度(13.3~94.9 fg WHO2005-TEQ/m3)高于夏季(11.84~78.52 fg WHO2005-TEQ/m3)。上海郊区由于受工业生产影响,PCDD/Fs平均毒性当量浓度(夏季: 40.7 fg WHO2005- TEQ/m3; 冬季:57.4 fg WHO2005-TEQ/m3)高于中心城区(夏季: 28.5 fg WHO2005-TEQ/m3; 冬季:38.6 fg WHO2005-TEQ/m3);(3)中心城区人群PCDD/Fs呼吸暴露量[成人:6.82 fg WHO2005-TEQ/(kg·d);儿童:13.7 fg WHO2005-TEQ/(kg·d)]小于郊区[成人:19.17 fg WHO2005-TEQ/(kg·d);儿童:18.4 fg WHO2005-TEQ/(kg·d)]。儿童呼吸暴露量高于成人。经对比,上海城市背景区域居民PCDD/Fs呼吸暴露风险低于上海垃圾焚烧厂周边居民,且都远低于人体PCDD/Fs每日耐受量[4 pg WHO2005-TEQ/(kg·d)]的10%,表明上海地区居民PCDD/Fs呼吸暴露风险处于可接受水平。  相似文献   

9.
利用固相萃取-高效液相色谱串联质谱法(SPE-HPLC-MS/MS)对广西九洲江地区的6个污水处理厂的进水和出水中的喹诺酮类抗生素(QNs)进行检测,分析不同处理工艺对QNs的去除情况,并对检出的QNs进行冗余分析,探究其与环境变量之间的相关性。结果表明,污水处理厂进水中诺氟沙星(NFX)检出浓度最高,其次是环丙沙星(CPX)、氧氟沙星(OFX)和恩诺沙星(EFX),QNs在进水和出水时的质量浓度分别为252.1~1 374.9 ng/L和44.4~147.1 ng/L;污水中QNs的总去除率为66.6%~92.5%;Na+、K+和总有机碳(TOC)与多数QNs呈正相关关系,Ca2+、Mg2+、pH值与多数QNs呈负相关关系。  相似文献   

10.
对粤北某离子吸附型稀土矿24个土壤样品中的As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn和Hg,以及15个地表水样品中的As、Cd、Cu、Hg、Mn、Pb和Zn进行了检测,并以多元统计分析与土壤潜在生态风险指数法、地表水健康风险评价模型相结合的方式,研究了重金属的分布特征及风险水平。结果表明:在土壤中,Mn、Zn、Cd和Pb的平均含量均超过了背景值;Mn、Cr、Ni、Cu、Cd和Zn在采区有较明显集聚,As、Pb和Hg的高含量分布相对均匀;Cr、Ni、Cu和Pb含量主要受区域背景影响,Zn、As、Cd和Hg含量与矿区人类活动关系密切,Mn含量受自然和人为因素共同控制;重金属造成的土壤潜在生态风险整体处于轻微水平,Ⅱ采区和Ⅶ采区生态风险较高;Cd和Hg是造成土壤生态危害的主要重金属元素。在地表水中,Mn的平均浓度超过了《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)规定的限值,其余重金属的含量均满足该标准中的Ⅲ类水质要求;重金属浓度在靠近采区及位于河流中下游的位置偏高;Mn、Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu浓度受稀土开采影响较大,As、Hg浓度主要受自然因素影响;重金属产生的健康总风险(9.39×10-7~1.01×10-6 a-1)低于国际辐射防护委员会推荐的参考标准(5×10-5 a-1),但儿童通过饮水途径受到的健康风险(1.01×10-6 a-1)略超过部分机构的推荐限值;Cd和As是地表水中产生健康风险的主要重金属元素。综上,研究区重金属污染风险管理的主要对象是Cd和Mn。  相似文献   

11.
Concentrations in surface waters (including particulate phase) of the River Chenab ranged from 27-1100 ng L(-1) and 25-1200 ng L(-1) for OCPs and 7.7-110 ng L(-1) and 13-99 ng L(-1) for PCBs during summer and winter, respectively from 2007-2009. DDTs exhibited the highest concentration, followed by HCHs > chlordane > ∑(24)PCBs > ∑other OCPs. Different indicative ratios for organochlorines suggest that current use, long range transport and also past application of these chemicals contribute to the total burden. Statistical analysis highlighted agricultural and industrial activities and municipal waste disposal as main sources of OCPs and PCBs in the riverine ecosystem of the River Chenab. Risk Quotients (RQ(CCCs)) > 10 for DDTs and PCBs levels in collected water samples from the River Chenab suggest that risk from DDTs and PCBs is moderate to severe and fluxes calculated for OCPs and PCBs from the River Chenab to the Indus River were 7.5 tons per year and 1.0 tons per year, respectively.  相似文献   

12.
Nitroaromatic compounds are known to be hazardous to ecological and human health. To assess the status of nitroaromatic compounds contamination in the main rivers in the important industrial bases of the northeastern China, we collected water, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediment samples from 28 sites in the Daliao River watershed and analysed them for eight nitroaromatic compounds by gas chromatography. The total concentrations of eight nitrobenzenes in the water column including aqueous and SPM phases ranged from 740 to 15,828 ng L???1, with a mean concentration of 3,460 ng L???1. The total concentrations of eight nitrobenzenes in the sediment were 7.47 to 8,185.76 ng g???1, with a mean concentration of 921.98 ng g???1, and several times higher than those found from the Yellow River in China. 4-Nitrotoluene was the predominant contaminant in the water and sediment of the three rivers of the Daliao River watershed. 2,6-Dichloro-4-nitroaniline was generally dominant in the SPM. The levels of nitroaromatic compounds were different among different sites in the Daliao River watershed, mainly caused by the distribution of pollution sources. No obvious correlation was found between the total concentrations of eight nitrobenzenes concentrations and TOC or the slit-clay content of the sediments.  相似文献   

13.
Estrogenic activity risks in the Pearl River system (Liuxi River, Zhujiang River and Shijing River) in South China were assessed by combined chemical analysis and recombinant yeast estrogen screen (YES) bioassay for surface waters and sediments collected in both dry and wet seasons. The xenoestrogens 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol and bisphenol A were detected at almost every sampling site at concentrations of several ng L(-1) (ng g(-1)) to tens of μg L(-1) (μg g(-1)) in surface waters (and sediments). The estrogens estrone and 17β-estradiol were also detected in most of the samples with concentrations from several ng L(-1) (ng g(-1)) to tens of ng L(-1) (ng g(-1)) in surface waters (and sediments). However, synthetic estrogens diethylstilbestrol and 17α-ethinylestradiol were only detected at a few sites. The 17β-estradiol equivalents (EEQ) screened by the YES bioassay were in the range of 0.23-324 ng L(-1) in surface waters and from not detected to 101 ng g(-1) in sediments. Shijing River displayed one to two orders of magnitude higher levels for both measured chemical concentrations and estrogenic activities than the Zhujiang River and the Liuxi River. A risk assessment for the surface waters showed high risks for the downstream reaches of the Liuxi River and the upstream to midstream reaches of the Zhujiang River and the Shijing River. Higher estrogenic risks were observed in the wet season than in the dry season for surface waters, probably due to the input of runoff and direct overflow of small urban streams during heavy rain events. Only small variations in estrogenic risk were found for the sediments between the two seasons, suggesting that sediments are a sink for these estrogenic compounds in the rivers.  相似文献   

14.
利用重组双杂交酵母快速检测技术分析了东江下游两个污水厂、8个工业废水排放口和6条受纳河流水体共16个样品中的雌激素效应物质浓度,并按照雌二醇当量(EEQ)计算了水中雌激素效应水平。在被检测废水样品中,排水的EEQ值处于0.3~2.8ng/L之间,其中造纸厂与纸制品厂排水具有明显雌激素效应。采自河涌的6个样品有4个样品检出雌激素活性,雌激素效应水平在1.9~8.8ng EEQ/L之间。结果表明,东江下游行业废水处理厂出水中的EEQ浓度应与河涌水体中的EEQ在相同数量级, 与国内报道的其他地区河流及工厂排水污染水平类似。污染较为严重的河涌水体雌激素水平明显高于污水处理厂及工厂排水,推断污染河涌水体中的雌激素效应物质应来自未经处理的污染源。  相似文献   

15.
中国表层水体沉积物中多环芳烃源解析及评价   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1  
采用索氏提取气相色谱-质谱法测定中国6个重点水体表层沉积物中16种多环芳烃的含量。各化合物含量范围分别为长江6.20~163 ng/g、淮河7.90~249 ng/g、海河12.1~401 ng/g、松花江5.75~152 ng/g、太湖29.1~2 810 ng/g和滇池19.1~795ng/g;16种多环芳烃的总量分别为:长江1 147 ng/g、淮河1 723 ng/g、海河2 595 ng/g、松花江793 ng/g、太湖12472 ng/g、滇池3 714 ng/g,属中等污染水平。利用特征分子比值法分析结果表明6条水体表层沉积物中PAHs均可能以燃料(包括柴油、汽油、煤、木材)燃烧以及焦化污染为主。淮河和滇池还可能存在轻微石油泄漏污染。利用沉积物质量基准法(SQGs)和沉积物质量标准法分别对6条水体表层沉积物中多环芳烃的风险评估表明严重的多环芳烃生态风险在这些水体表层沉积物中不存在,但长江、淮河、松花江、海河均可能存在一定的潜在风险,负面生物毒性效应会偶尔发生,风险主要来源于荧蒽和菲。太湖和滇池水体中存在的潜在多环芳烃风险种类较多,风险主要来源于菲、荧蒽、芘、苯并(a)蒽、苊和蒽,对水生生物毒性效应较高,有必要进行更深入细致的调查研究高风险区域底栖生物的受损状况、污染来源和途径,以制定合理的污染控制对策。  相似文献   

16.
The seasonal variations and spatial distributions of 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), 4-nonylphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA) in surface waters, suspended solids and surface sediments in the Huangpu River and its tributaries (Suzhou River and Yunzao Brook) were firstly investigated. The mean concentrations of OP, NP and BPA in the three rivers were 10.59, 120.96 and 22.93 ng L?1 in surface waters, 199.87, 2,300.87 and 84.11 ng g?1 in suspended solids and 9.49, 119.44 and 7.13 ng g?1 dry weight in surface sediments, respectively. The concentrations of NP and OP were higher in summer than in winter in the suspended solids and surface sediments, while the reverse was true in surface waters. Similarly, the levels of BPA were lower in summer than in winter in surface sediments, while the opposite was true in surface waters and suspended solids. These seasonal variations might be attributed to temperature and stream flows. High levels of OP, NP and BPA were found in surrounding river intersections, residential and industrial areas. Their concentrations decreased gradually with increasing distance from those areas, while the lowest levels were measured in near less urbanized and agricultural areas. These phenomena might indicate that the stream current and pollutant source were the major factors that affect the spatial distributions of OP, NP and BPA in the three rivers. Ecological risk assessment indicated that NP was the only one of the three pollutants with the potential to influence local aquatic organisms. The results of this study provide scientific support for control of these pollutants.  相似文献   

17.
The distribution, source, ecological risk and ecotoxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of sediments from 7 sampling sites, named as Xinyang (XY), Huainan (HN), Bengbu (BB), Xuyi (XuY), Fuyang (FY), Mengcheng (MC) and Zhengzhou (ZZ), in the Huaihe River basin, China, have been investigated. The total concentrations of 16 USEPA priority PAHs ranged from 62.9 to 2232.4 ng g?1 dry weight (d.w.) with a mean concentration of 1056.8 ng g?1 d.w. Through the assessment of ecological risk, we found that the levels of PAHs in the Huaihe River should not exert adverse biological effects. The total benzo[a]pyrene toxicity equivalent (TEQ) values calculated for samples varied from 0.01 to 194.1 ng g?1 d.w., with an average of 65.9 ng g?1. The toxicity data were accordant with the chemical analysis results in this study. HN, BB and ZZ showed the greatest pollution extent both in the chemical analysis and the study of ecotoxicological effects.  相似文献   

18.
To study the status and source of aluminum (Al) contamination, a total of 21 sampling sites along six rivers near Xi’an City (Shaanxi province, China) were investigated during 2008–2010. The results indicated that the average concentration of total Al (Alt) in the six rivers increased by 1.6 times from 2008 to 2010. The spatial distribution of Alt concentrations in the rivers near Xi’an City was significantly different, ranged from 367 μg/L (Bahe River) to 1,978 μg/L (Taiping River). The Alt concentration was highest near an industrial area for pulp and paper-making (2,773 μg/L), where the Al level greatly exceeded the water quality criteria of both the USA (Criterion Continuous Concentration, 87 μg/L) and Canada (100 μg/L). The average concentration of inorganic monometric aluminum (Alim) was 72 μg/L which would pose threats to fishes and other aquatic lives in the rivers. The concentrations of exchangeable Al (Alex) in the sediment of the Taiping River sampled were relatively high, making it to be an alternative explanation of increasing Al concentrations in the rivers near Xi’an City. Furthermore, an increasing Al level has been detected in the upstream watershed near Xi’an City in recent years, which might indicate another notable pollution source of Al.  相似文献   

19.
Screening-level ecological risk assessments of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) for aquatic organisms in Japan were conducted using estimated statistical values based on surface water and sediment monitoring data and effect threshold values based on a large aquatic toxicity database. An alternative method is proposed to handle monitoring data that contain nondetects including multiple detection limits and to determine the statistical values of DEHP concentrations in Japanese surface waters. The No-Observed-Effect-Concentration (NOECwater) of DEHP for aquatic life of 77 μ g/L was determined giving equal importance to both physical effects probably caused by undissolved DEHP and to the intrinsic toxicity potentially caused by DEHP. The NOECsediment of 615,000 μg/kg was determined by the Equilibrium Partitioning (EqP) theory, conservatively assuming a threshold effect level in the water column as the water solubility of 3 μ g/L. The potential risks of DEHP in Japanese water environments were characterized simply by comparing the margin of exposure (MOE) with a specified uncertainty multiplier (UM). The MOE is expressed as the ratio of NOECwater or NOECsediment to the expected environmental concentrations such as the 95th percentiles of the estimated DEHP concentration distributions for surface water or sediment. The results of risk characterization show that all MOE values calculated using the statistical values of DEHP concentrations in Japanese surface waters and sediments are above 10, indicating minimal risk. Although the DEHP concentrations of some surface water samples showed MOE values of less than 10, considering environmental chemistry such as bioavailable fractions and the form of existence of DEHP in a water environment, we conclude that the current levels of DEHP are of little concern to aquatic life in the majority of Japanese surface waters and sediments.  相似文献   

20.
The residues of 13 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in surface water and HCHs and DDTs in suspended particulate matter (SPM) from rivers and lakes in Yangtze River catchment of Wuhan, China, were investigated. The concentration of total OCPs in surface water varied from 1.01 to 46.49 ng l−1 (mean 10.55 ng l−1). The levels of total HCHs (ΣHCH) and total DDTs (ΣDDT) in surface water were in the range of 0.55–28.07 ng l−1 and lower than detection limit to 16.71 ng l−1, respectively, which was lower than Chinese standards on the whole. For OCPs residues in SPM, the mean levels varying from 0.20 to 34.72 ng l−1 and 0.46 to 2.72 ng l−1 for ΣHCH and ΣDDT, respectively, which ranked the relatively higher levels among Chinese studied rivers. Results from this investigation showed that previous excessive usage of technical OCPs was the main reason for the residues of HCHs and DDTs both in surface water and SPM, although some new sources were likely to occurred in the region. Apart from the OCPs in SPM originated from upstream in flood season, one of the important sources of OCP residues both in water and SPM in Yangtze River was supposed to be the inputs of its tributaries. Additionally, in situ water-SPM phase distributions of OCPs indicated that HCHs tended totransport with water as well as DDTs was prone to combine with SPM in Yangtze River catchment of Wuhan.  相似文献   

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