斑马鱼在环境检测领域中的应用

斑马鱼易饲养、易管理,体外受精和体外发育,可常年产卵、孵化,因此早期被作为模型动物广泛用于生物学研究中.近年来,随着环境问题日益突出,迫切需要有效、全面的环境监测手段和方法.斑马鱼或其转基因品种就是非常好的环境监测首选生物.因其对许多环境污染物十分敏感,可实时检测进入水环境的污染物.对斑马鱼在水体中重金属毒性、环境激素...     

2种典型碳纳米管低浓度暴露诱发锦鲫组织损伤与肝脏氧化损伤效应研究

采用半静态染毒方法，研究了单壁碳纳米管（SWCNT）和羟基化多壁碳纳米管（MCWNT-OH）对锦鲫抗氧化防御系统的影响。 结果表明，锦鲫经28d不同质量浓度的SWCNT和MWCNT-OH（0，10，100和1000μg/L）暴露后，暴露组14d鳃组织切片检查发现出现鳃动脉瘤、鳃细胞水肿、畸形生长等病理症状；然而在2种碳纳米管低浓度暴露下，锦鲫的肝脏切片没有观察到损伤，高浓度时肝脏有轻微空泡损伤。暴露期间锦鲫没有死亡，随着暴露天数的增加，2种碳纳米管都能对SOD和CAT酶产生抑制作用，高浓度组抑制明显，肝脏抗氧化系统受到损伤。指出，虽然碳纳米管的毒性较低，但其长期暴露对鱼类的影响仍需进一步关注。     

BDE-47在土壤矿物质与有机质上的吸附解吸特征

以多溴联苯醚典型单体2，2′，4，4′?四溴联苯醚（BDE?47）为研究对象，阐明了其在土壤矿物质与有机质上的吸附解吸行为及特征。结果表明：土壤中无机矿物质对BDE?47的吸附贡献不大，而有机质是调控BDE?47在土壤中吸附行为的关键组分；有机质对BDE?47的吸附能力与其有机碳含量和物理化学特性相关；BDE?47在腐殖酸上的解吸存在显著的滞后现象。     

氯胺酮对水生生物的毒性效应及生态风险评估

通过检索在国内外期刊发表的文献中关于我国河流、湖泊中氯胺酮(KET)的数据，评估其在地表水中的暴露水平，利用风险商（RQ）初步分析KET在我国部分地表水环境中的生态风险。结果表明，我国地表水中KET的检出率为20%~100%，最高检出值为420 ng/L，基于发育、繁殖和行为等慢性毒性数据推导出的预测无效应浓度（PNEC）为1.36×10^-6mg/L；基于慢性毒性计算的风险商值为0.03~36.76，表明我国地表水中KET存在风险，其中台湾淡水河、金梅河和广东珠江具有高风险，而北方大部分河流潜在风险较低。     

离子色谱法同时测定水中的SeO_3~（2－）和SeO_4~（2－）

用抑制型离子色谱法探讨了ＳｅＯ３（２）和ＳｅＯ４（２－）等七种阴离子的洗脱行为，讨论了共存阴离子的干扰及其消除，建立了测定水中ｓｅＯ３（２－）和ＳｅＯ４（２－）等阴离子的方法．ＳｅＯ３（２－）和ＳｅＯ４（２－）的检测限分别为４０μｇ／Ｌ和５０μｇ／Ｌ．     

高效液相色谱法测定化妆品中二苯酮-2、二苯酮-3与甲氧基肉桂酸乙基己酯

采用高效液相色谱二极管阵列检测器同时测定化妆品中二苯酮-2、二苯酮-3与甲氧基肉桂酸乙基己酯,以乙腈和水为流动相梯度洗脱,335 nm为检测波长,以保留时间和紫外光谱特征定性,外标法定量。3种化合物在1.00 mg/L~150 mg/L范围内线性良好,最低检出质量分数均为0.015%,基质加标平均回收率为96.2%~117%,RSD为0.2%~1.0%。     

Monitoring of the atmospheric burdens of CH4, N2O,CO, CHCIF2 and CF2Cl2 above Central Europe during the last decade

Based on high spectral resolution infrared solar observations made at the International Scientific Station of the Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, total vertical column abundances of 18 atmospheric gases have been monitored routinely since 1984. The observed temporal evolutions in the columns of CH₄, N₂O, CO, CHClF₂ (HCFC-22) and CF₂Cl₂ (CFC-12) are reported here as typical examples of this monitoring effort which is conducted within the frame of Global Change and Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change programs.     

1,2,4,5-四氯苯 C 18 Empore TM 膜/水分配系数的研究

研究了1，2，4，5-四氯苯在C18膜／水相之间的分配规律。1，2，4，5-四氯苯在：25℃，80r／min条件下恒温震荡96h可达分配平衡，温度和盐度对1，2，4，5-四氯苯C18膜／水的分配过程影响很小，1，2，4，5-四氯苯C18膜／水分配平衡时间受溶液体积和容器容积的影响，但不受溶液中C18膜膜量的影响，推测脂溶性小于或接近1，2，4，5-四氯苯的有机污染物在恒温震荡条件下C18膜与水之间的分配96h可达到平衡。     

北京大气CH4、CO2、TOC日变化规律及垂直分布的自动连续观测

提出了一种能自动连续监测CH4、CO2、TOC日变化及垂直分布的系统,利用该系统监测了2002年冬季CH4、CO2、TOC垂直分布的日变化的变化趋势.结果发现,距地面高度增加,受湍流扩散的影响,CH4、CO2、TOC浓度降低.冬季CH4浓度的日变化呈现明显的单峰周期变化,CO2日变化呈双峰形分布,TOC日变化没有明显的特征,其日变化受机动车尾气排放的影响很大.根据2002年冬季CO2浓度与2000年以前的对比结果发现,北京市冬季燃煤排放的污染物已处于一个相对稳定期,而随着北京市机动车保有量迅速增加,尾气排放成为影响某些大气微量气体日变化的主要因素.     

Determination of CH4, CO2 and N2O in air samples and soil atmosphere by gas chromatography mass spectrometry, GC-MS

A method for determination of the climate gases CH4, CO2 and N2O in air samples and soil atmosphere was developed using GC-MS. The method uses straightforward gas chromatography (separation of the gases) with a mass spectrometric detector in single ion mode (specific determination). The gases were determined with high sensitivity and high sample throughput (18 samples h(-1)). The LOD (3sigma) for the gases were 0.10 micro L L(-1) for CH4, 20 microL L(-1) for CO2 and 0.02 microL L(-1) for N2O. The linear range (R2 = 0.999) was up to 500 microL L(-1) for CH4, 4000 microL L(-1) for CO2 and 80 microL L(-1) for N2O. The samples were collected in 10 mL vials and a 5 microL aliquot was injected on column. The method was tested against certified gas references, the analytical data gave an accuracy within +/-5% and a precision of +/-3%. The presence of < or = 10% by volume of C2H2 (often used experimentally to prevent N2 formation from N2O) did not interfere with detection for the targeted trace gases.     

Transfer of CO2, N2O and CH4 to butyl rubber (polyisobutylene) septa during storage

Greenhouse gases are more sampled than ever because of environmental interests. Gas samples are often inserted into vials with gas tight butyl rubber septa before concentration analysis. Little is known on the global transfer property of butyl rubber septa for CO2, N2O and CH4. Sorption kinetics were measured by injecting CO2, N2O or CH4 into glass vials with either one of four butyl rubber septa types and stored during 90 days. CO2 and N2O concentrations decreased during storage depending upon septa type and initial concentration, with the highest linear rate being 0.023 for CO2 and 0.0015 mg L(-3) day(-1) for N2O. When a low concentration was injected, CH4 concentration changes over time were small and did not differ between septa types. Sorption isotherms were measured using nine concentrations and stored during 45 days. CO2 sorption isotherms ranged from 0 to 3.7 x 10(-3) m(3) m(-2) and N2O from 0.3 to 1.4 x 10(-3) m(3) m(-2). Examples of errors associated with the use of these butyl rubber septa are given.     

Estimation of Model VII humic binding constants for Pd2+, Sn2+, U4+, NpO2(2+), Pu4+ and PuO2(2+)

Using previously established procedures that utilise linear free energy relationships, we estimated binding constants for the Windermere Humic Aqueous Model VII (WHAM/Model VII) for several radionuclide cations (Pd(2+), Sn(2+), U(4+), NpO(2)(2+), Pu(4+) and PuO(2)(2+)). This extends the number of cations that can be calculated with the model above the 40 included in the original Model VII work. When combined with equilibrium constants for inorganic species this allows the calculation of equilibrium distributions of chemical species under a wide range of conditions.     

2,4-二硝基苯肼衍生高效液相色谱法测定水中乙醛、丙烯醛

采用2,4-二硝基苯肼高效液相色谱法测定水中乙醛、丙烯醛,方法干扰少,精密度高,检出限达到1μg/L。     

Chemistry of Dissolved Organic Carbon at Bear Brook Watershed, Maine: Stream Water Response to (NH4)2SO4 Additions

This study was conducted to determine the response of stream water DOC and organic acidity to increased inputs of ammonium sulfate to a whole catchment. Precipitation, throughfall, soil solutions (from Spodosols) and stream waters were characterized for DOC concentrations and fractions (hydrophobic acids and neutrals, hydrophilic acids, bases, and neutrals) in both the control (East Bear) and the treatment (West Bear) catchments of Bear Brook Watershed, Maine (BBWM), a northern hardwood forest. In all solutions except precipitation, DOC was composed primarily of organic acids, with hydrophobic acids dominating (> 60% of DOC) in forest floor leachates (5000 mol C L-1), and a balance of hydrophobic and hydrophilic acids in deep B horizons and stream waters ( 150 mol C L-1). Stream waters had higher concentrations of DOC during storm or snowmelt events (high discharge), often reaching 300 to 400 mol C L-1. Forest floor leachate C was rapidly attenuated by the mineral soils under all flow conditions, indicating how important mineral soil sorption of DOC was in reducing the loss of C via surface water from BBWM. No differences occurred between control and treatment streams for concentration or composition of DOC due to treatment from 1989 through 1994. In 1995, West Bear Brook had much lower concentrations of DOC than East Bear for the first time. However, this occurred during a year of record low runoff, suggesting that hydrology may have affected export of C. Average annual export of DOC from the catchments was similar (1000 to 2000 mol C ha-1 yr-1). Organic anions in streamwaters increased slightly during high flow events (e.g., East Bear had means of 15 and 19 eq L-1 organic anions during base flow and high discharge in 1995). Treatment of West Bear caused a decrease in organic anions, both in concentration and contribution to overall anion composition (organic anions during high discharge as a percentage of total anions decreased from about 8 to 4% for 1987-89 and 1993-95 samples, respectively). This was probably due to decreased solution pH (greater protonation of organics) and higher concentrations of inorganic anions. Overall, there were no clear, detectable changes in stream water DOC, with only minor changes in organic anions, as a result of treatment with ammonium sulfate.     

高锰酸钾─硫酸─过硫酸钾消化冷原子荧光法测定总悬浮颗粒物中痕量汞

测定环境大气悬浮颗粒物中痕量汞，用４种消化液进行对比实验，其中高锰酸钾─硫酸─过硫酸钾混合液消化效果较好，用冷原子荧光测定操作简便，检测下限为０．０５μｇ／Ｌ，重复测定９个实际样品，相对标准偏差为１１．６％，变异系数为１０．４％，添加汞标准回收率为１０２％。