不同污水处理工艺中全氟和多氟烷基物质的来源、去除效率及生态风险

使用固相萃取-超高效液相色谱串联质谱法,测定广西3个污水处理厂（P1、P2、P3）中17种全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFASs）。结果显示,共检测出10种PFASs,检出率为33.3%～100%。进、出水中PFASs质量浓度分别为32.0～86.4和23.0～39.6 ng/L。全氟丁烷磺酸（PFBA）、全氟戊酸（PFPeA）和全氟辛酸（PFOA）是进、出水中的主要污染物。厌氧-缺氧-好氧（AAO）工艺对PFASs的去除率为49.0%;改良型序批反应器（MSBR）工艺对PFASs的去除率为72.2%,氧化沟工艺对PFASs的去除率为25.0%。P1和P3进水中的PFASs主要来源于生活污水,P2进水中的PFASs来源包括生活污水和工业废水。P1出水中的全氟十二烷酸（PFDoDA）对纳污河流的鱼类和水蚤构成高生态风险,对藻类构成中等生态风险,P2和P3出水对纳污河流构成的生态风险较低。     

基于双指标多等级的土壤重金属生态风险评价

采用土壤中重金属的全量和有效态双重指标,建立基于多等级综合评估的土壤中重金属生态风险评价模型,将联合概率曲线法引入土壤评价模型,分析重金属暴露浓度与毒性数据的概率分布,考察重金属对土壤生物的毒害程度,从而确定土壤中重金属对于生态系统的风险。建立从简单到复杂的多等级综合评价方法,表征重金属的污染等级、浓度效应、多种重金属污染物的协同效应、不同重金属的毒性效应和土壤对不同重金属污染物的敏感性。选择典型地区采集有代表性的土壤样品,测定不同重金属的总量和有效态,验证评价模型的实用性和评价分级的合理性。旨在解决土壤重金属风险评价的方法学问题,为土壤环境质量管理提供支持。     

上海市黄浦江表层沉积物重金属污染评价

用沉积物富集系数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险评估法对上海市黄浦江表层沉积物重金属含量进行了评价。结果显示,沉积物中Cd、As和Pb含量富集程度较低,Hg和Cu含量富集程度较高;其分布特征为上游段含量相对较轻,到中游段有所上升,至下游段含量又有所下降,整体呈钟型分布,重金属含量分布规律可能与苏州河对黄浦江下游沉积物的影响和黄浦江中游段有工业污染排放输入有关;河口与内陆河流沉积物中重金属含量存在差异性,河口重金属含量明显下降;调查区37.5%的断面Hg含量潜在生态危害为中等;沉积物富集系数法可用来评价重金属累积程度,而潜在生态风险指数则突出对生物有很强毒性的重金属作用。     

长江流域饮用水水源地及国控断面邻苯二甲酸酯赋存状况调查及生态风险评估

于2022年9月，对长江流域饮用水水源地及重要国控断面共37个点位的16种邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）残留开展了监测调查及生态风险评估。结果显示，长江流域饮用水水源地和国控断面中检出的PAEs质量浓度为0.499~6.018 μg/L，其中，邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯（DIBP）、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯（DBP）和邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）为主要检出物质。不同地区的PAEs赋存水平呈现差异，其中湖南省饮用水水源地的PAEs检出浓度最高。此外，PAEs质量浓度与监测点位所在地区的人口数量和国内生产总值（GDP）存在一定的正相关性。生态风险评估结果表明，DBP处于低风险等级，DIBP对鱼类具有中、高风险影响；而DEHP生态风险水平最高，对藻类、甲壳类和鱼类均表现出中、高风险水平。已有文献研究比对分析发现，2009—2022年长江流域大部分地区的PAEs残留浓度随时间呈下降趋势，且饮用水水源地的PAEs质量浓度比地表水环境更低。研究结果可为长江流域饮用水水源地保护和地表水环境改善提供决策依据。     

天津滨海新区黑潴河下游沉积物多环芳烃风险评价及环境基准值的比较

对黑潴河下游表层沉积物中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染现状进行了调查研究。结果表明,表层沉积物中PAHs总量变化范围为41.2～129.3ng/g(平均值为83.7ng/g),PAHs的组成以5～6环PAHs组分为主。黑潴河下游沉积物中PAHs主要来源于周边地区化石燃料的高温燃烧。比较了基于不同方法建立的沉积物中PAHs环境基准值的差异,分析产生差异的原因,选择生态效应区间法对黑潴河沉积物中的PAHs进行了生态风险评价。黑潴河下游PAHs生态风险较小,属PAHs低生态风险河道。     

酚类抗氧化剂及其代谢产物对鱼类的毒性研究进展

简述了水环境中合成酚类抗氧化剂(SPAs)及其代谢产物，SPAs对鱼类的急性毒性效应、发育毒性效应及机制、内分泌干扰毒性效应和机制，以及代谢过程和产物毒性预测。指出，为准确实现对SPAs及其代谢物的化学品管理及生态风险评估，未来研究应聚焦于对合成酚类抗氧化剂及其代谢物在水生生物体内的分布及浓度检测，为该类化合物的生物富集和生物转化研究提供更多的背景资料；开展对SPAs潜在毒性分子机制的研究，并建立起分子水平上的毒理学效应与个体乃至种群水平上的不良后果之间的联系；探究并完善SPAs的代谢机制，并对现已明确的代谢产物（如BHT-Q）开展毒性效应评价。     

基于生物导向的水生态健康监测及评估概述

环境监测是水生态健康监测与评估的重要环节,基于物理、化学监测的传统水质监测通常仅能提供独立的数据信息,不能全面、直观地反映水环境状况。基于生物等生命体导向的水生态监测通过生物对环境的响应,能够直接反应复杂水体状况,在水环境健康监测与评估中占据重要地位。基于病原微生物、指示生物介绍了生物监测中的常规生物指标,总结了包括藻类、无脊椎动物和鱼类在内的常见指示生物在不同类型污染水体中的环境指示作用。从生物毒性效应出发介绍了常用的毒性效应测试方法、分析了污染物在不同生物学水平的响应,从而指明生物毒性效应在水环境健康评估中的发展优势。再从生态完整性角度阐述了生态完整性评价的一般方法和新兴分子生物学技术在水生态健康评估中的应用。重点指出环境毒理学和分子生物学在水环境监测的优势,以期为更加科学精确地进行水生态健康监测预警提供支撑。     

全球地表水中全氟和多氟烷基化合物污染特征演替

综述了全氟和多氟烷基化合物（PFASs）在国内外地表水环境中的空间分布及污染特征,总结归纳了PFASs的来源和特征变化趋势。针对地表水中PFASs的监测种类、监测技术及风险评估等方面存在的问题,提出未来需加强日常监测,重点加强对水环境中新型PFASs的关注;针对流域中不同种类PFASs建立高特异性、高灵敏度监测新技术;筛选适合的水生生物作为环境污染指示物以应用于新污染物的评估等建议。为今后我国地表水环境 PFASs污染的现状调查及治理工作提供确实可行的科学参考。     

黄河、海河和辽河水体中3种常用除草剂的分布特征

系统研究了黄河、海河和辽河中3种常用除草剂 MCPA、2，4-D 和 Bentazone 的分布特征及其来源。结果表明，3种除草剂除 Bentazone在黄河水体中未检出外，其余均有检出。季节和空间分析表明，大部分目标物丰水期质量浓度高于枯水期，可能与夏季农作物除草剂使用量较大有关；从上游到下游化合物质量浓度逐渐升高，可能是河岸面源污染引起。水生态风险初步分析显示，3种除草剂对研究水体中的水生生物均为低风险。     

氯胺酮对水生生物的毒性效应及生态风险评估

通过检索在国内外期刊发表的文献中关于我国河流、湖泊中氯胺酮(KET)的数据，评估其在地表水中的暴露水平，利用风险商（RQ）初步分析KET在我国部分地表水环境中的生态风险。结果表明，我国地表水中KET的检出率为20%~100%，最高检出值为420 ng/L，基于发育、繁殖和行为等慢性毒性数据推导出的预测无效应浓度（PNEC）为1.36×10^-6mg/L；基于慢性毒性计算的风险商值为0.03~36.76，表明我国地表水中KET存在风险，其中台湾淡水河、金梅河和广东珠江具有高风险，而北方大部分河流潜在风险较低。     

Vertical profile,contamination assessment of mercury and arsenic in sediment cores from typical intertidal zones of China

The vertical profiles, contamination levels, and potential ecological risks of mercury and arsenic were studied from the sediment cores of seven typical intertidal zones, including the Liaohe River Estuary, the Jianhe River Estuary, the Dagu River Estuary, Yancheng Shoal, the Dongtan Yangtze River Estuary, Hangzhou Bay, and the Pearl River Estuary. Marine sediment quality standards, the threshold effect level (TEL), and the probable effect level (PEL) were used as guidelines to evaluate sediment quality. In addition, the geo-accumulation index (I_geo) and potential ecological risk index (\( {E}_r^i \)) were used to assess contamination and potential ecological risks from mercury and arsenic. The results showed that the Pearl River Estuary was moderately polluted by mercury and represented a high potential ecological risk, while other areas were uncontaminated or mildly contaminated with low or moderate potential ecological risks. The Pearl River Estuary was mildly polluted by arsenic and represented a mild potential ecological risk, while other areas were unpolluted and also posed a mild potential ecological risk.     

Environmental contaminants in freshwater fish and their risk to piscivorous wildlife based on a national monitoring program

Organochlorine chemical residues and elemental concentrations were measured in piscivorous and benthivorous fish at 111 sites from large U.S. river basins. Potential contaminant sources such as urban and agricultural runoff, industrial discharges, mine drainage, and irrigation varied among the sampling sites. Our objectives were to provide summary statistics for chemical contaminants and to determine if contaminant concentrations in the fish were a risk to wildlife that forage at these sites. Concentrations of dieldrin, total DDT, total PCBs, toxaphene, TCDD-EQ, cadmium, chromium, mercury, lead, selenium, and zinc exceeded toxicity thresholds to protect fish and piscivorous wildlife in samples from at least one site; most exceedences were for total PCBs, mercury, and zinc. Chemical concentrations in fish from the Mississippi River Basin exceeded the greatest number of toxicity thresholds. Screening level wildlife risk analysis models were developed for bald eagle and mink using no adverse effect levels (NOAELs), which were derived from adult dietary exposure or tissue concentration studies and based primarily on reproductive endpoints. No effect hazard concentrations (NEHC) were calculated by comparing the NOAEL to the food ingestion rate (dietary-based NOAEL) or biomagnification factor (tissue-based NOAEL) of each receptor. Piscivorous wildlife may be at risk from a contaminant if the measured concentration in fish exceeds the NEHC. Concentrations of most organochlorine residues and elemental contaminants represented no to low risk to bald eagle and mink at most sites. The risk associated with pentachloroanisole, aldrin, Dacthal, methoxychlor, mirex, and toxaphene was unknown because NOAELs for these contaminants were not available for bald eagle or mink. Risk differed among modeled species and sites. Our screening level analysis indicates that the greatest risk to piscivorous wildlife was from total DDT, total PCBs, TCDD-EQ, mercury, and selenium. Bald eagles were at greater risk to total DDT and total PCBs than mink, whereas risks of TCDD-EQ, mercury, and selenium were greater to mink than bald eagle.     

长江南京段新兴污染物污染特征及风险评估

在长江南京段上游至下游依次布设6个采样点采集水样,使用固相萃取和LC-MS/MS相结合的方法对5种选定药物的质量浓度进行测定,并采用风险熵模型评估其生态风险。结果表明,6个采样点均检测到药物存在。其中,四环素、红霉素、罗红霉素和氯霉素的检出率为100%,最高检出值为10.29 ng/L(氯霉素)。与国内外其他地表水相比,长江南京段水中的药物质量浓度较低。生态风险评估结果表明,长江南京段水中5种药物的风险熵值均低于1,对水生生物不存在高风险。     

Application of network method as a tool for integrating biodiversity values in Environmental Impact Assessment

Highway construction or expansion projects are among major activities of economic development especially in developing countries. However, road development consistently can lead to major damages to the environment, including habitat fragmentation and ecological instabilities and a considerable threat to fauna and flora. At this point, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in road developments is needed to address and evaluate the ecological issues in decision-making. The object of this study is to strengthen the consideration of ecological issues, i.e., biodiversity in the existing EIA tools. This paper regards a network method as a means to make informed planning decisions by the lessons from a case study. The results indicate that network method is well suited to be applied in ecological impacts assessment. However, some limitations such as complexity and time consumed make casual networks unpopular. Also, impact of traffic noise on acoustic communication (wildlife and human) was performed. It has been shown that sound level for human is much higher than admissible standards. Finally, the study expresses some mitigation measures to improve the acquisition for environmental impact assessment process.     

Assessment of heavy metals in sediments from a typical catchment of the Yangtze River, China

An intensive investigation was conducted to study the accumulation, speciation, and distribution of various heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in sediments from the Yangtze River catchment of Wuhan, China. The potential ecological risks posed by these heavy metals also were estimated. The median concentrations of most heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were higher than the background values of soils in Wuhan and were beyond the threshold effect level (TEL), implying heavy metal contamination of the sediments. Carbonate-bound Cd and exchangeable Cd, both of which had high bioavailability, were 40.2% and 30.5% of the total for Cd, respectively, demonstrating that Cd poses a high ecological risk in the sediments. The coefficients of the relationship among Pb, Hg, and Cu were greater than 0.797 using correlation analysis, indicating the highly positive correlation among these three elements. Besides, total organic carbon content played an important role in determining the behaviors of heavy metals in sediments. Principal component analysis was used to study the distribution and potential origin of heavy metals. The result suggested three principal components controlling their variability in sediments, which accounted for 36.72% (factor 1: Hg, Cu, and Pb), 28.69% (factor 2: Cr, Zn, and Ni), and 19.45% (factor 3: As and Cd) of the total variance. Overall, 75% of the studied sediment samples afforded relatively low potential ecological risk despite the fact that generally higher concentrations of heavy metals relative to TEL were detected in the sediments.     

Land classification and ecosystem classification

Earth, the ecosphere, is a unified functional ecosystem. Ecological land classification (ELC) and regionalization divides and categorizes this unity into similar and dissimilar pieces-sectoral ecosystems - at various scales, in the interests of admiration and understanding. The recognition of land/water ecosystems in a hierarchy of sizes provides a rational base for the many-scaled problems of protection and careful exploitation in the fields of agriculture, forestry, wildlife and recreation. In forested terrain the protection of biodiversity, old growth forests, watersheds and wildlife habitat depends on spatial-temporal planning of forestry operations to maintain a preferred mosaic structure of local ecosystems within each ecological region. Without ecological understanding and a good ELC, this is impossible. Conceiving the world as comprising nested land/water ecosystems that are the source of life, elevates the role of Earth-as-context, an antidote to destructive anthropocentrism.     

长江流域下游水体中药品和个人护理品赋存、分布、溯源及风险评估研究进展

药品和个人护理品（PPCPs）作为一类新污染物,种类繁多,且广泛存在于自然水体中。长江流域下游地区由于人口稠密,产业发达,PPCPs对于水体的污染问题尤为突出。简述了2010—2021年长江流域下游水体中PPCPs的赋存状况、时空分布及溯源分析情况,并对PPCPs的生态环境风险评估研究进展进行总结,揭示了近10年来长江流域下游水体中PPCPs的污染状况及变化态势,提出了未来PPCPs监测、溯源和风险评估的发展趋势,以期为水环境中PPCPs污染物的预警和管控提供参考依据。     

An ecological framework for resource management in British Columbia

British Columbia's landmass encompasses a complex diversity of ecosystems as a result of its diverse physiography, geology and climate. Resource planners and managers, depending upon their management objectives, use ecological information at different scales, from the very broad regional level to the local or site-specific level. The Ecoregion Classification and the Biogeoclimatic Ecosystem Classification systems provide the means for resource managers and others in British Columbia concerned with the environment to understand, manage, and communicate about the diverse ecosystems of the province.This paper outlines this multi-level regional ecological classification and describes how it is being applied by resource managers from various resource agencies and organizations responsible for forest, wildlife and habitat management in British Columbia.     

珠海码头内铜污染现状及生态风险分析

以珠海码头作为调查船舶防污漆使用影响的对象,分析了珠海周边海域码头内表层沉积物与海水中的重金属含量,以Cu元素为讨论重点,对其进行污染程度与潜在生态危害的评估。结果表明,码头内表层沉积物中Cu含量明显高于码头外沉积物,离市区较近的香洲码头和金沙滩码头内沉积物受到中等至较高程度的Cu污染,海岛东澳岛码头海水易流通,因此受污染程度较低。使用Hakanson生态危害指数法对沉积物进行评估的结果为低潜在生态危害,但码头内海水中Cu元素含量已高于生态安全限值。