生活垃圾焚烧发电厂周边环境二噁英污染水平及人群暴露评估

选取某典型生活垃圾焚烧发电厂为研究对象,监测其周边环境空气、土壤、地下水、农作物等环境介质中二噁英的浓度水平,初步评估周边人群二噁英暴露水平。研究结果表明,该厂周边环境空气、土壤、地下水中二噁英测定值分别为0. 236 pg TEQ/m3～0. 331 pg TEQ/m3、1. 94 ng TEQ/kg～2. 71 ng TEQ/kg、0. 17 pg TEQ/L～0. 26 pg TEQ/L,企业排放的二噁英对周边环境影响较小;成人和儿童在暴露介质中摄入二噁英总量分别为0. 959 pg TEQ/(kg·d)和1. 59 pg TEQ/(kg·d),均低于4 pg TEQ/(kg·d)的标准,经大米和面粉摄入二噁英的量超过总暴露量的90%,提示食物是人群二噁英暴露的主要介质。     

生活垃圾焚烧炉烟气新标准可达性分析

对《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》(GB 18485—2001)和《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》(GB 18485—2014)中各项指标的排放限值作比较,并探讨了二噁英、重金属、酸性气体、烟尘、碳氧化物等烟气污染物的控制措施。结合2010—2014年浙江省部分生活垃圾焚烧厂"三同时"验收废气监测数据,对排放指标的达标情况作分析,结果表明,采用"3T+E"焚烧工艺+SNCR脱硝+半干法脱酸+活性炭喷射+布袋除尘器除尘的烟气污染控制技术,可以同时满足脱氮、脱酸、除尘,以及去除重金属和二噁英的要求。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰中二噁英类的研究概况

随着垃圾焚烧技术的推广应用,焚烧产生的污染越来越受关注,本文介绍了二噁英的检测方法、垃圾焚烧飞灰中二噁英的分布、影响因素及飞灰的处置和综合利用技术研究概况。     

生活垃圾与危险废物焚烧二噁英类排放特征研究

对某省52家焚烧企业(21家生活垃圾和31家危险废物)排放烟气数据进行了分析,结果表明,两类焚烧企业二噁英类17种单体分布有所不同,生活垃圾焚烧烟气中浓度较高的是O8CDD和O8CDF;危险废物焚烧烟气中较大的是2,3,4,7,8-P5CDF、2,3,7,8-T4CDD和1,2,3,7,8-P5CDD;两类焚烧企业二噁英类单体对I-TEQ贡献最高的都是2,3,4,7,8-P5CDF,贡献率分别为0. 7%～45%和10%～67%;两者的17种二噁英类与I-TEQ的相关性分析表明,1,2,3,7,8-P5CDF在2类焚烧炉中与I-TEQ均存在较高的相关性,其相关系数分别0. 932和0. 927,可以作为潜在的测定指示物。     

某化工企业厂界内及周边土壤中二噁英健康风险评估

在某化工企业厂界内及周边布设9个土壤点位,对其二噁英进行检测与分析,依据《污染场地风险评估技术导则》对土壤中二噁英进行健康风险评估。结果表明,9个土壤点位二噁英毒性当量浓度为3.72~20.3 pg/g,均值为9.1 pg/g,均处于安全水平;在经口摄入、皮肤接触和吸入土壤颗粒物3种暴露途径下,只有4#点位具有较低的致癌风险;4#点位代表的场地区域为风险不可接受的污染区域,基于致癌效应的土壤风险控制值为1.84×10-5mg/kg。提出,应尽快研究并制定土壤中二噁英的标准限值。     

污染源废气中二噁英监测采样应注意的几个问题

解析废气中二噁英监测采样的现状及不足,针对生活垃圾焚烧炉(炉排炉)、蓄热式焚烧炉(RTO)和危险废物焚烧炉(回转窑)3种不同类型焚烧炉,考察了采样过程中烟道类型、采样时间和采样时间间隔不同对二噁英监测的影响。结果表明,在水平烟道和垂直烟道采样测得二噁英排放浓度水平相当,有垂直烟道时,优先在垂直烟道采样;间隔采样和连续采样二噁英测定结果基本一致,为了便于操作,建议均采用连续采样方式;采样时间上,生活垃圾焚烧炉应保证超过1 h,蓄热式焚烧炉以2 h左右为宜;间歇投料危险废物焚烧炉应尽量满足2 h以上,条件不许可时,可通过增加采样流量缩短采样时间保证采样量,并在危险废物完全燃烧前结束采样工作。     

重点区域生活垃圾焚烧行业实施大气污染物超低排放的可行性技术路线研究

随着中国城镇化建设进程的不断加快，生活垃圾焚烧行业迅猛发展。在钢铁、焦化以及燃煤电厂等行业已实施超低排放的情况下，推行生活垃圾焚烧行业超低排放，对进一步改善大气环境具有积极意义。国内一些省份和城市已经或者正在制定生活垃圾焚烧行业地方标准，积极推动行业污染物超低排放。笔者结合各地经验，探讨了4种不同技术方式、不同运行成本的超低排放可行性技术路线，为重点区域垃圾焚烧实施超低排放提供参考和依据。     

排放源烟道气二噁英空间分布对监测结果的影响

针对生活垃圾焚烧企业烟气排放烟囱6个断面单点采样的试验结果,分析按照《固定污染源排气中颗粒物测定与气态污染物采样方法》(GB/T 16157—1996)多断面点采样与单一固定断面点采样对监测结果的影响。试验表明,烟道气在不同断面点质量浓度分布差异较大,相对于样品实际监测值,各断面点二噁英毒性当量浓度最大正偏差达到+306%,最大负偏差达到-96%,测定的18个断面点样品,只有2个样品与实际样品监测值相近。     

新疆二噁英类POPs排放现状调查及分析

在对新疆二噁英类POPs排放调查的基础上，归纳了新疆二噁英类污染物的主要来源和分布情况，分析了新疆二噁英类POPs排放源在环境监管中存在的问题，并提出了相应的建议，对今后新疆二噁英类POPs排放的管理、控制和削减有重要意义。     

生活垃圾焚烧炉烟气中二噁英排放水平及控制措施

对浙江省14家企业32台生活垃圾焚烧炉开展验收监测,结果表明,其烟气二噁英的排放值均能达到现行标准的限值要求(0.013 ng TEQ/m~3~0.100 ng TEQ/m~3,平均值为0.059 ng TEQ/m~3),焚烧每吨生活垃圾二噁英的排放量为248.1 ng。分析了二噁英的主要生成途径与控制措施,提出了做好垃圾分类与预处理,加强人员培训,运营管理公开、透明、规范化等进一步降低二噁英排放水平的建议。     

某典型生活垃圾焚烧企业烟气中二噁英类变化特征

本文选取了1家典型的生活垃圾焚烧企业作为研究对象,分别采集了净化前和净化后的烟气,结果表明:净化后的烟气中二噁英毒性当量浓度均低于0.1 ng TEQ/Nm 3,去除效率为98.3%;净化前二噁英主要以“从头合成”为主,净化后变化成“前驱物合成”为主;无论是烟气净化前还是净化后,O 8CDD、1,2,3,4,6,7,8-H 7CDD和1,2,3,4,6,7,8-H 7CDF,占比都是最大的;通过相关性分析,1,2,3,4,7,8-H 6CDF质量浓度与I-TEQ相关性最高,可作为二噁英潜在的测定指示物。通过对比研究净化前后的烟气,初步掌握了二噁英工艺流程中变化特征,为企业焚烧控制技术和环境管理提供了数据支持。     

染料中二噁英类化合物的分析方法研究进展

综述了染料中二噁英类化合物的研究进展,指出染料基质复杂,化学结构差异较大,其中二噁英的预处理和检测需根据染料的性质选择最佳的方法;染料中二噁英含量较高,对环境和人体健康影响较大,而原料中的氯醌类物质是其主要污染源。     

A new method for municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash inertization, based on colloidal silica

Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is a straightforward way to manage waste, however the disposal of process byproducts, mainly bottom and fly ash, is still a problem, because of their hazardous contents. Fly ash is a byproduct of many other processes that involve combustion to produce energy. In this paper we present and discuss a new method for MSWI fly ash inertization, mainly based on the use of colloidal silica as a stabilization agent for metals. In the patented procedure, fly ash of different provenance can be used to produce an inert and non-hazardous material, that can be reused. In fact to make the recovery process more efficient, landfilling should be totally avoided. For this reason, to enhance the possibility of reuse, a washing process, for salts recovery, is proposed as a final step of the inertization procedure. The obtained inert material is called COSMOS (COlloidal Silica Medium to Obtain Safe inert), and it is composed of calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, silicon oxide and a wide quantity of non-soluble amorphous compounds. COSMOS does not contain any corrosive salts. This makes it extremely interesting for cement industry applications with several other advantages, and environmental benefits. The new proposed inertization procedure appears very promising, because it allows MSWI fly ash to be considered a valuable resource. Thanks to the obtained results, a demonstration project, in the frame of LIFE+, has been funded by the European Commission (LIFE+ 2008 project ENV/IT/000434, ).     

Exploring the “not in my backyard” effect in the construction of waste incineration power plants - based on a survey in metropolises of China

Waste incineration power plants have become the best option in face of the increasing amount of garbage in China's cities. However, constructing waste incineration power plants will cause “not in my backyard” (NIMBY) effect in the public. To identify variables causing this effect and measure the effect quantitatively, we designed and carried out a random survey in four metropolises in China. Of the 3133 questionnaires distributed, 3066 are thought to be effective. Males, persons with higher educational levels, or with higher income, or having underaged children in their families, or thinking their neighborhoods are upscale ones are willing to pay more to avoid the construction of waste incineration power plants in their surroundings than others. In addition, provided that the respondents deem that the construction of waste incineration power plants would have an impact on their lives, they are willing to pay more no matter they own their departments or not. Finally, the estimated willingness to pay (WTP) to avoid the waste incineration power plants is 105 yuan to 133 yuan per month. Hence, the government should treat the NIMBY syndrome well in the construction of waste incineration power plants, with WTP being one perspective to persuade the public.     

城市环境铅污染及其对人体健康的影响

综述了城市土壤和大气环境中铅的污染特征及食品和饮水中的铅污染水平,探讨了人体铅暴露的途径及城市环境铅污染对儿童健康的危害.提出应加强城市环境铅污染的调查研究,开展人体铅暴露的潜在风险评价,为保证城市居民健康安全提供科学依据.     

The release of engineered nanomaterials to the environment

There is scientific agreement that engineered nanomaterial (ENM) production, use and disposal lead to environmental release of ENM. However, very little is known on emissions of ENM to the environment. Currently, techniques are lacking to quantitatively monitor ENM emissions to and concentrations in the environment, and hence data on emissions and environmental concentrations are scarce. One of the few available studies reports the detection of nano-TiO(2) in water leaching from exterior facades. Some experimental evidence is available on the release of nanosized materials from commercial textiles during washing. A handful of modeling studies have investigated ENM release to the environment. These studies modeled either the release of ENMs to the environment from ENM containing products during the consumer usage, or the release throughout the whole life cycle of ENM and ENM-containing products. Sewage sludge, wastewater, and waste incineration of products containing ENM were shown to be the major flows through which ENMs end up in the environment. However, reliable data are particularly lacking on release during ENM production and on the application amounts and empirical information on release coefficients for all life cycle stages and environmental compartments. Quantitative data linking occupational exposure measurements and ENM emission flows into the environment are almost completely missing. Besides knowing the amounts of ENM released into the environment, it is equally important to investigate in what form ENMs are released. First results show that much of the ENM released from products is present in matrix-bound form, but that also some fraction is released as single, dispersed nanoparticles.