1992—2012年浙江省酸雨变化特征及成因分析

为了解20世纪90年代以来，浙江地区酸雨污染的演变特征及成因，以杭州地区为代表，结合全省酸雨监测数据，揭示1992—2012年浙江省酸雨变化特征及成因。结果表明：1992—2012年，浙江地区酸雨的污染大致经历了3个阶段：1992—1999年为酸雨改善期；2000—2004年酸雨污染再次出现了恶化；2005—2012年为酸雨再次改善期。SO₂排放减少是近年来浙江地区酸雨污染出现好转的重要原因，但NO_x对酸雨的贡献有增加的趋势，酸雨污染类型逐渐由"硫酸型"为主转变为"硫酸硝酸混合型"，机动车排放对浙江地区酸雨污染的贡献已不容忽视。全省强酸雨区主要分布在浙北、浙中和东部沿海等经济发达地区，经济相对落后的浙西南地区酸雨污染较轻，酸雨污染与地区经济发展密切相关，控制本地污染排放对于防治和减轻当地酸雨污染具有重要意义。     

连云港市酸雨污染特征分析及控制

根据连云港市降水监测资料和有关环境资料，分析了该市酸雨的时空分布特征、降水酸度和酸雨频率的年变化情况，以及酸雨发展趋势，结果表明，该市酸雨污染冬季比夏季严重，主要集中在西部地区，SO2是影响降水酸度的主要因素，酸雨类型以硫酸型为主。指出近年来该市酸雨污染趋势缓和，但随着经济发展，SO2的排放量加大，酸雨污染有扩大趋势，必须采取果断措施予以控制。     

苏州市十年酸雨变化趋势分析研究

根据对酸雨现状及十年变化趋势分析，苏州市十年间酸雨污染程度总体呈上升趋势，在全省亦处于前列。环境空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮是造成酸雨的主要污染因子。从气象条件、能源消耗、污染源排放、产业结构等影响因素对酸雨污染变化原因及其与经济发展间的关系进行系统分析得出，苏州市酸雨污染总体形势不容乐观。     

兰州市区酸雨污染的初步分析

酸雨是衡量一个城市污染的主要指标。从兰州观测站近几年的酸雨观测资料中看，兰州市区酸雨时有发生，并有逐年增加的趋势。本文从１９９２年至１９９４年的酸雨观测资料入手，分别与兰州市对应年的降尘量、ＳＯ２和ＮＯｘ浓度含量，污染综合指标等污染因子以及降水量、风、大气环流形势等气象要素之间进行了对比分析，分析结果表明，兰州市的酸雨频率大小基本上能够代表兰州市区的大气污染总体水平；气象要素是造成酸雨的重要因子     

常州市酸雨的特点及对策研究

本文作者根据常州市近几年的酸雨监测资料，总结了常州市的酸雨特点并提出了一些防治酸雨进一步恶化和改善大气环境的措施。     

酸雨的测定及其质量控制

提出选择酸雨项目时，应考虑酸雨成分受地域化学离子影响的因素，阐述了测定酸雨中pH、电导率、阴离子、阳离子及金属成分时容易出现的问题及解决办法。指出了我国在酸雨的测定及其质量控制方法存在的问题。介绍了欧美和日本酸雨测定的质量控制办法，认为根据离子浓度平衡进行的质量控制有着非常重要的意义。     

酸雨频率统计方法的讨论

酸雨频率统计方法的讨论宗光华（南京市浦口区环境监测站２１００３１）１引言酸雨频率是分析酸雨现状、严重程度的一个重要的评价参数，因此统计是否准确、有代表性就显得尤为重要。本文就酸雨频率的统计方法作一讨论。２酸雨频率统计方法的分析目前酸雨频率的统计公式是...     

新疆环境监测中心站荣获全国酸雨普查工作先进单位

2006年7月，由中国环境监测总站组织召开的全国酸雨普查工作总结会议在江西省九江市召开。由于新疆环境监测中心站在2002-2005年全国酸雨普查工作中成绩突出，被评为酸雨普查工作先进单位。同时被评为先进单位的还有乌鲁木齐市环境监测中心站和奎屯市环境监测站。     

洛阳市酸雨现状及成因

探讨了洛阳市自１９９４年以来降水ｐＨ值的变化趋势，分析了１９９８年出现６次酸雨且市中心出现酸雨频次最高的原因，认为洛阳市在大气污染类型已由煤烟型向煤烟型与机动车尾气混合污染型发展，提出了加强机动车尾气治理以控制酸雨发展的具体措施。     

原子吸收光谱法测定酸雨中K、Na、Ca、Mg方法改进

用0．1％硝酸溶液配制混合标准溶液，不加抗干扰试剂，火焰原子吸收光谱法直接测定酸雨中K、Na、Ca、Mg，方法精密度、准确度满足酸雨监测的分析要求。     

山西省大气降水水质评价

为了解山西省大气降水水质状况、主要污染物及区域分布规律，山西省水文部门于1984年开始对大气降水进行监测。在全省9个地市布设测点，分别为：太原市、大同市、长治市、榆次市、临汾市以及吕梁、忻州、阳泉、运城地区。监测项目为H^2 、电导率、Ca^2 、Mg^2 、K^2 、Na^2 、NH4^2 、SO4^2-、NO3^-、Cl^-、CO3^-、HCO3^-、F^-。结果表明，除吕梁、忻州地区外。山西省各地市均有酸雨发生，但酸雨发生的频率不高，全省年平均为3．3％；酸雨的酸性程度也不高，对生态可造成明显影响的降水次数不多；山西省酸雨为典型的硫酸型，酸雨中硫酸与硝酸的质量浓度比值远高于全国平均值。     

Assessing perceptions about ecosystem health and restoration options in three east coast estuaries

Increasingly public and governmental agencies are concerned aboutrevitalizing coastal environments. Understanding how the publicuses these areas, and what they see as the most important improvements to these regions is critical to their assessment andmanagement. Uses of three estuaries, and perceptions of possiblemanagement and restoration options, were examined for people whowere interviewed in the New York/New Jersey Harbor, Manasquan Inlet, and Barnegat Bay, New Jersey. Nearly 90% of the people interviewed listed pollution as New Jersey's most important environmental problem. Most people (68%) used the habitat for outdoor sports, but rated communing with nature, walking, and the provision of open `green' space as the most valued uses. Pollution prevention was the most often mentioned habitat improvement desired, and people rated removing pollution, cleaning up garbage, and creating more fish breeding habitat the highest. There were significant locational differences inhow people used the estuaries, and in how they thought they should be improved. People from Barnegat Bay ranked most uses higher than did people from elsewhere, while the people from Manasquan Inlet rated the importance of most remediation and restoration actions higher. Many of the improvements fall withinenvironmental management, including (rank order from high to low)creating more fish breeding habitat, improving native vegetation,improving habitat for birds, increasing plant diversity,improving habitat for butterflies, and enlarging adjacentmarshes. The data provide clear support for the importance ofthese coastal habitats for communing with nature and having open`green space' spaces, and for providing recreationalopportunities. To enhance their value, people want to removepollution and improve both the habitat quality and the educational and recreational facilities.     

陕西省城镇污水处理厂进出水中主要离子与重点元素分布特征

污水处理厂出水中主要离子和重点元素的浓度特征及去除效果会影响受纳水体的盐度、碱度等指标,从而影响河湖的生态服务功能,但是这方面的研究长期以来未得到充分关注。在陕西省全境选择51家城镇污水处理厂,测定进水和出水中的钾、钙、钠、镁、氟、氯和硫酸根离子,以及铁、锰、硼、钼、锶等重点元素的浓度。测定结果显示:陕西省城镇污水处理厂进水和出水中的阳离子以钠离子为主,其次是钙、镁离子,钾离子浓度最低;阴离子中,氯离子浓度最大,其次为硫酸根离子。就总离子浓度而言,陕北和关中地区污水处理厂进水的离子浓度普遍高于陕南地区。相关性分析结果显示:在污水处理厂进水中,钠、氟、氯、镁及硫酸根离子相互之间均呈现显著正相关关系;铁、锰在进水中没有表现出明显的相关关系,而在出水中呈现显著的正相关关系。污水处理厂仅能够处理污水中少量的氟、钾和镁离子。铁元素和锰元素在经过污水处理厂的处理后,浓度有所升高。此研究的研究结果可为河湖水化学组成管理决策提供参考。     

The Great Lakes, an Ecosystem Rehabilitated, But Still Under Threat

Since 1972, the Parties (United States and Canada, 1987) to the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement have been working collaboratively to achieve the purpose of the Agreement “to restore and maintain the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the waters of the Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem”. Billions of dollars and countless person – hours have been expended towards this end, but have the Parties, and their numerous collaborators at the state, provincial, and municipal levels, along with industry and citizen activists achieved meaningful results? This paper will examine the information provided through various monitoring programs and will assess the success of the Parties' programs, and will also discuss the continuing threats to achieving the purpose of the Agreement.     

Fate Modelling of DEHP in Roskilde Fjord, Denmark

The fate of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is modeled in Roskilde fjord, Denmark. The fjord is situated near Roskilde, which comprises 80,000 PE, various industries, a central wastewater treatment plant, and adjacent agricultural fields. Roskilde fjord is thus a suitable recipient for studying the transport and fate of DEHP, which is used in a variety of different industries and consumer products. Wastewater from households and industries is led to the local wastewater treatment plant, which leads the effluent to the fjord. The sludge is partly stored and partly amended on an adjacent field. The model applied in the present study is a simple box model coupling water and sediment compartments of the fjord with wastewater treatment plant effluent, streams leading to the fjord, and atmospheric deposition. The fjord model comprises first-order degradation, adsorption, sedimentation, vertical diffusion in the sediment, dispersive mixing in the water, and water exchange with the surrounding sea. Experimental measurements of DEHP were made in the fjord water and sediment, in the wastewater treatment plant inlet and effluent, and in streams and atmospheric deposition. The experimental data are used to calibrate the model. The model results show that freshwater from streams is the predominant DEHP source to the fjord, followed by atmospheric deposition and effluents from wastewater treatment plants. Sedimentation is the predominant removal mechanism followed by water exchange with the sea and degradation.     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

《江苏省生态环境监测条例》解读

简述了《江苏省生态环境监测条例》(以下简称《条例》)出台的重要意义,对《条例》的主要内容和特点进行了解读。《条例》于2020年5月1日正式实施,是我国首部生态环境监测地方性法规,也是落实党中央、国务院深化生态环境监测体制改革的具体举措,弥补了生态环境监测立法的空白。《条例》共分6章47条,重点建立了生态环境监测质量管理、监测机构监督管理、网络管理、污染源监测、监测信息公开与共享等制度,明确了统一监督管理、严厉打击监测数据造假等内容。提出,加快补齐监测网络建设、基层监测能力、污染源执法监测、社会监测机构监管等方面的短板,确保监测数据的真实准确,推动监测事业依法、科学、规范开展。     

2020年江苏省机动车排放污染分布特征及与大气质量耦合性研究

依据生态环境部2021年6月发布的《排放源统计调查产排污核算方法和系数手册》,结合本地实测数据,在对汽油车颗粒物(PM)排放系数进行测算的基础上,核算了2020年江苏省机动车PM、氮氧化物(NO_(X))、挥发性有机物(VOC_(S))的排放总量,分析了机动车排放污染分布特征及与大气质量的耦合关系。结果表明:2020年江苏省机动车PM、NO_(X)、VOC_(S)排放量分别为0.5×10^(4),3.71×10^(5),1.17×10^(5) t。从区域分布来看,苏州、南京、无锡3市的3项污染物排放总量及NO_(X)、VOC_(S)排放量均位列前3位,PM排放量位列前3位的是苏州、徐州、无锡。从车型、燃料类型和排放阶段来看,国Ⅳ及以下排放标准的汽油小型客车是机动车VOC_(S)排放控制的重点,国Ⅲ排放标准的重型柴油货车是机动车PM和NO_(X)排放控制的重点。分析区域机动车PM排放量与大气中PM_(2.5)来源解析结果的耦合关系,其间存在不同程度的正相关性,控制机动车污染对改善大气环境会产生积极成效,南京、徐州和盐城3市的成效会尤为明显。     

云南个旧土壤农作物重金属污染特征及潜在风险

在实地调查和实验室分析的基础上,对云南省个旧市大屯镇土壤农作物重金属污染状况进行了评价。结果显示:个旧市大屯镇调查区域土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd、As平均质量分数分别为943. 5、454. 8、3. 4、302. 1 mg/kg,分别为国家农用地土壤污染风险管控标准筛选值的7. 8、1. 8、11. 2、10. 1倍,土壤污染严重。土壤Cd的生态危害最强,As、Pb的生态危害次之,Zn表现为轻微的生态危害。从潜在生态危险指数来看,所采集的土壤样品皆表现为极强的生态危害。所采集农作物与食品安全国家标准对比,结果显示,大米中Pb、Cd和As的超标率分别为35%、55%和100%;玉米中Pb、Cd和As的超标率分别为13%、0%和0%;小苦菜Pb、Cd和As的超标率分别为100%、60%、100%;小米菜中Pb、Cd和As的超标率均为100%,蔬菜类的重金属超标情况相对于谷物类较为严重。研究区域土壤样品总量Pb、Zn与有效态皆呈极显著正相关关系,总量Cd与有效态呈弱正相关关系,总量As与有效态表现为相关性不显著。     

Little Egrets (Egretta Garzetta) and Trace-Metal Contamination in Wetlands of China

The rapidly developing Asian countries may face threatening environmental contamination, that however remains largely unassessed. We studied persistent trace elements in three wetlands, Poyang Lake, relatively unpolluted, and Tai Lake, and Pearl River Delta, selected as hotspots of pollution in Central China. We adopted as indicator the Little Egret, a widespread colonial waterbird, and during 1999 and 2000 we collected and analysed the same samples as for a parallel study we conducted in Pakistan, e.g. eggs, body feathers of chicks, prey spontaneously regurgitated by the chicks, and sediments at the areas most used by foraging egrets. The levels of trace-metals at our three study areas were similar, or within the range, of those found in the few other studies for East Asia, with few exceptions. The concentrations of the various elements were below the threshold that may affect the survival or reproduction of the birds, and even the highest concentrations relative to background, i.e. Se in eggs, and Hg in feathers at Pearl Delta, do not pose toxic hazards. In sediments, the levels of trace elements were lower than the critical levels assumed for contaminated soil, except for alarming high levels of As at Poyang. These results do not confirm our expectation, that Poyang was relatively uncontaminated, while Tai and Pearl were polluted. Although trace metal concentration differed significantly among the three study areas, these differences were minor and were not consistent among elements and samples. The bioaccumulation ratios from sediments through prey, feather and egg, were consistent with our previous findings for Pakistan. Only Hg exhibited high bioaccumulation, while Se and Zn had low accumulation, and the other elements no accumulation. This reasserts that feathers of predators such as egrets, may be more sensitive indicators of environmental contamination for the elements subject to bioaccumulation, whereas the sediments or the organisms low in the food chain are better indicators for the other elements.