中国土壤元素背景值抽样精度的检验

在土壤元素背景值的调查研究中,除了要考虑合理布点采样外,还应保证各采样单元的样点数满足数理统计的需要。样品数太大,浪费人力、物力。而样品数太小,则难以获得能正确表达该统计单元的背景值。为获取一个统计单元的土壤元素背景值,究竟应该采取多大的样本才合适,这是需要认真考虑的问题。 关于样本大小的确定,统计学上有各种不同的方法。其中有些方法失之过严,不适于诸如中国土壤元素背景值等大规模面上调查工作应用。因此,必须选用一个适宜的、易行的方法来检验     

黄土高原土壤剖面发生学特征和元素背景值的垂直分异现象

在全国土壤元素背景值研究中,所有土壤样品均按A、B、C三个发生层次采样,这对于全国背景值的统计运算及统计单元间的比较,无可置疑,是正确的。但若深入研究区域性土壤元素背景值的形式、分异及其影响因素,实事证明按照土壤剖面的发生学特征,更详细地划分发生层次,逐层采样,不但更有利于准确划分A、B层的界限,而且对于揭示背景值分异的实质——在土壤发生过程中元素的表生地球化学行为的差异,也是完全必要的。本文以黄土高原五个主要土类(含亚类)为例,按照土壤发生层次,讨论土壤元素在剖面上的分布特征,探讨土壤元素背景值垂直分异与土壤剖面发生学特征的内在联系。     

土壤中元素背景值异常与找矿指示作用的研究

1.样品来源与分析方法土壤背景值样品,按照“全国土壤环境背景值研究采样技术规定”的要求,分别采自江西省发育在花岗岩母质上的红壤.按土壤自然发生层次共采集了16个剖面的A、B和C三层土样及三个基岩样品.含矿异常区样品采自江西省赣南某地,共采集12个剖面,其中两个大剖面分别采自己知     

福建省土壤元素背景值及其特征

一、福建省土壤元素背景值的表征 比较福建省各采样点土壤的表土层、心土层和底土层元素含量分布时发现,大多数元素(除Se、Hg、Cd外)表土层元素含量均低于心土层和底土层。为了便于与国内外其它地区比较,我们采用表土层(一般0～20cm)元素含量作为统计土壤元素背景值的基础数据。又因各土类各元素含量频数分布类型不尽相同,所以分别选用算术平均值、几何平均值和中位值表示其背景值(表1)     

云南土壤锰元素背景值及其特征初探

云南省土壤锰元素含量呈对数正态分布,背景值低于全国和重庆地区,接近我国南方部分土壤锰元素背景值。比较高的是石灰土、棕壤;比较低的是黄棕壤、砖红壤。云南土壤的水平地带和垂直地带锰元素背景值分布有着明显的变化规律,土壤中锰的总含量受成土母质母岩的影响尤为明显;由于成土母质母岩中含锰量不等,各成土母质母岩发育的土壤锰元素背景值也有较大差异;不同土类的锰元素背景值在同种母质母岩中也不相同;土壤锰元素背景值在滇西和滇西北地区较高,其余地区的土壤锰元素背景值呈无规律性的镶嵌分布。     

中国土壤元素背景值基本统计量及其特征

国家“七五”重点科技课题“中国土壤环境背景值研究”经全国60多个监测科研单位和高等院校800余名科技人员共同努力已胜利完成,并通过国家级鉴定验收。土壤元素背景值是环境科学(环境基准、环境区划、环境影响评价、土壤污染防治等)、农业(土壤元素肥料丰缺)、健康(地方病因探讨与防治)、表生地球化学研究的基础科学资料。为了将这些资料提供给全社会使用,除已公开出版“中国土壤元素背景值”一书和即将出版“中华人民共和国土壤环境背景值用集”外,本刊将开辟专栏陆续发布该课题研究的一些主要成果。 在中国环境监测总站已建成中国土壤背景值数据库系统和中国土壤和部分河流沉积物样品库,欢迎各界的专家、学者前来作进一步的应用开发研究。     

土壤背景值测试质量保证及数据质量评价

近20年国内外对土壤环境背景值进行了广泛的研究,涉及元素少则几个(如日本研究8个元素),多则(如美国)达46个元素。它们采用的分析方法比较单一,而且多是由1—2个实验室测定的,其质量保证与质量控制较容易,系统偏差较易克服。我国“六五”期间在湘江谷地和松辽平原开展了土壤背景值研究,必测元素8个,选测元素28个,按照统一方法由各实验室承担样品测试。要获室间准确可比的数据是一大难题,该项研究采取了一系列质控措施,保证了课题质量。“七五”期间土壤环境背景值研究涉及全国30个省、自治区、直辖市(台湾省未包括在内)和5个开放城市,共41个土类一万多件样本,参加测试的实验室近60个,测试人员500多,其范围之宽,测试项目之多,质量控制难度之大是显而易见的。在过去工作的基础上,经过     

中国土壤中元素的地域背景值

一、现有的土壤元素背景值计算方法 计算土壤中某一元素的背景值,通常是根据该元素的频率分布类型属于正态。对数正态或偏态,根据样品数及各样品的含量,直接计算出算术平均数、标准差或几何平均数、几何标准差。对于正态样本用算术平均数及95％范围值表示。对于对数正态样本用几何平均数及95％范围值表示。而对于偏态样本则用中位数代表平均数而用5至95百分位数表示其范围值。其优点是事先考虑了样本的分布类型,在样本容量足够大时能较好地反映实际情况。因此常被环境背景值工作所采用。     

贵州省土壤环境背景值图的编绘研究

一、制图单元的划分 对三十四个统计单元土壤中各元素含量的分布特征,含量水平进行了研究。在获得各统计单元土壤中各元素的背景值后,着重讨论了土壤背景值含量与土壤成土母质、土壤类型、地貌等自然环境因素之间的关系。然后确定其制图单元。 (一)对石灰岩、第四系、页岩、砂岩、砂页岩、冲击母质发育的土壤中元素含量水平与成土母质之间的关系进行了差异显著性检验,结果表明:这六种成土母质发育的土壤中元素背景值含量有显著性差异。其中砂岩发育的土壤中元素Mn、V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、F、Cd的背景值含量均低于其它成土母质发育的土壤。石灰岩母质发育的土壤中Mn、Ni、Zn、     

基于PMF模型的矿区土壤重金属来源解析

通过在某矿区采集农田土壤和菠菜样品，分析其中重金属含量，基于相关性分析和PMF模型对该矿区农田土壤重金属来源进行解析。结果表明，研究区土壤中Cd、As、Zn、Cr和Cu 元素明显富集，分别是当地土壤背景值的5.7倍、4.4倍、2.4倍、1.5倍和1.3倍；相关性分析结果显示，研究区内Cu、Zn、As、Cd元素存在一定的相关性，可能具有同一污染源；PMF模型结果说明，研究区土壤中重金属主要来源分别为工业污染源、自然母质源、交通污染源和农业污染源，其对当地土壤重金属污染贡献率分别为39.8%、22.8%、21.6%和15.8%。     

Fractions and background concentrations of potentially toxic elements in Hungarian surface soils

This work established background concentrations for the pseudo total (HNO₃ + H₂O₂-soluble), mobilisable (NH₄-acetate + EDTA-soluble) and mobile (1?M NH₄NO₃-soluble) element fractions of Hungarian surface soils that can be used as reference values for the soil quality standards. The 193 soils investigated were taken from the Hungarian Soil Information and Monitoring System. The background values for Al, As, B, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr and Zn were given as a range covering 95% of the variance of the representative samples. The differences between observed element concentrations and the calculated background values indicated anthropogenic or pedogenic impact in each fraction. The comparison of the calculated background values with the Hungarian quality standards and the contamination limit values of other countries showed that the limit values of a certain region or country are not suitable for other areas. Generally, Mn and Al had the highest, while Cd had the lowest concentration in each fraction. Cr and Al were the least and Sr was the most mobile element. The principal component analysis indicated different geochemical and physico-chemical behaviour of the elements in the fractions; the pseudo total fraction was influenced more by the geological behaviour, while mobilisable and mobile fraction explained a much higher proportion of the total variance of soil physico-chemical properties than soil geochemical properties. The Cd–Ni and Co–Mn element pairs were always in the same principal component in each fractions indicating similar geogenic origin and showing that their solubility changes are similar in function of soil properties.     

Soil Contribution to the Elemental Composition of Epiphytic Lichens (Tuscany, Central Italy)

Total concentrations of Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sr, Ti, V and Zn in the epiphytic lichen Parmelia sulcata and superficial soils from 60 remote sampling sites in Tuscany (central Italy) were determined to evaluate the contribution of soil to the elemental composition of the lichen. The results showed that in the Mediterranean environment, the trace element content of unwashed lichen samples is greatly affected by soil contamination. However, despite the strong correlations between the concentrations of lithogene elements such as Al, Fe and Ti in P. sulcata, lichen levels of these elements were not at all linearly correlated with their concentrations in the soil, suggesting that dust contamination is highly variable and probably dependent on local site characteristics. All methods evaluated to minimize soil contamination indicated Cu, Pb and Zn as elements of atmospheric origin. However, while levels of Pb were similar to those reported for background areas, moderate pollution by Cu and Zn, probably from fertilizers used in agriculture, was revealed. For elements such as Cd and Mo, identified as atmophile, some uncertainty exists due to the fact that they are essential for lichen metabolism and accumulate intracellularly in lichens; they may therefore occur in soluble form in the lichen thallus.     

Beryllium natural background concentration and mobility: a reappraisal examining the case of high Be-bearing pyroclastic rocks

Beryllium is widely distributed in soils at low levels, but it can also occur naturally in higher concentrations in a variety of materials exploited for many industrial applications. Beryllium is also one of the most toxic natural elements and is known to be a human carcinogen. A concise account of the literature data on baseline concentrations of Be in soils illustrates the possibility of worldwide presence of areas with a high natural background concentration of Be (up to 300 mg/kg), the crustal abundance of which is generally estimated to be in the range 2–6 mg/kg. Nevertheless, the number of available data is rather limited in comparison with those about other toxic elements such as Pb, Cd and Cr. This has probably caused the choice of low values of concentration level as the reference for the definition of soil contamination: these values are not always realistic and are not applicable to large areas. As a case study, we report and analyse a diffuse, unusually high (up to 80 mg/kg, average approximately 20 mg/kg), natural occurrence of beryllium in loose and poorly consolidated pyroclastic layers related to the Pleistocene activity of the Vico volcano. Additionally, the analysis of Be leachability has been carried out, providing evidence of a not negligible mobility in contrast with the scarce data presented in the literature that usually indicate beryllium as an element with low mobility in oxidising surface environmental conditions. This research marks the beginning of a possible reappraisal of beryllium geochemical behaviour and background levels, providing more realistic reference values for risk assessment and land management.     

Distribution of heavy elements in urban and rural surface soils: the Novi Sad city and the surrounding settlements, Serbia

Concentrations of ten heavy elements (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn), as well as the pH values, organic matter contents, and electrical conductivities were measured in the surface soil samples collected from 21 sites of urban areas in the city of Novi Sad, the second largest city in Serbia, its suburban settlement and the nearby villages. Range of the heavy element concentrations was from 0.16 mg/kg (for Hg) to 18,994 mg/kg (for Fe). Significantly higher Hg and Mn concentrations were observed in subgroups with rural and market garden samples in comparison to the subgroups with urban and grassland samples, respectively, while the contents of Pb found in the grasslands subgroup were significantly higher than in the subgroup with market garden soils. Only one sample of urban soil exceeded the maximum permissible value for Zn set by the relevant Serbian legislation. According to the Dutch soil quality standard, the Cd and Co concentrations in majority of the examined soils were higher than the target values for unpolluted soil. The content of Hg was above the target value in 52% of the samples, most of them belonging to the subgroup of market garden soils. The results for the Novi Sad city area were compared to the relevant data available for other cities in the Western Balkan Countries. Principal component analysis of data revealed seven outlying samples, while the rest of the analyzed samples were grouped together indicating similar heavy element patterns most probably due to mixed emission sources.     

新疆典型城-郊-乡梯度带土壤微量元素空间分布与来源

从新疆某地典型城-郊-乡梯度带采集了77个表层(0~20 cm)土壤样品,基于GIS技术与多元统计分析方法,研究各梯度带表层土壤中Hg、As、V、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb和Sb等10种微量元素的空间分布特征与主要来源。结果表明:Hg元素在城区、郊区和乡村表层土壤中的平均含量均超出研究区土壤背景值,As元素在城区和郊区表层土壤中的平均含量超出背景值,Zn和Pb元素在城区表层土壤中的平均含量超出背景值,其余元素在3个梯度带表层土壤中的平均含量均低于相应的背景值。研究区表层土壤中,V、Co、Ni、Zn、Cd、Pb和Sb等7种元素的空间分布格局基本相似,均呈现沿城市化梯度带分布的地带性格局;As、Cu和Hg等3种元素的空间分布呈现岛状格局。来源分析结果表明,各梯度带表层土壤中的微量元素的来源各不相同。     

Monitoring of copper,arsenic and antimony levels in agricultural soils impacted and non-impacted by mining activities,from three regions in Chile

This paper reports a comparative study of the concentration of three important environmental elements that are often found together in mineral deposits and then associated with mining activities; copper, arsenic and antimony. These elements were determined in 26 different agricultural soils from regions I, II and V in Chile, zones where the most important and biggest copper industries of this country are located. As background levels of these elements in soils have not been well established, in this study, both, impacted and non-impacted agricultural soils from different regions were considered. The relationships between the concentrations of these elements in soils were also examined. The concentration ranges for copper, arsenic and antimony were 11-530; 2.7-202 and 0.42-11 mg kg(-1) respectively. The copper concentrations in non-polluted soils from the north and central zone of Chile were similar. However, three sites from the north region have copper concentration as higher as 100 mg kg(-1), values that exceed the critical concentration for copper in soils. The concentration of arsenic and antimony in the north soils were higher than in non-impacted ones and, in the case of arsenic, greatly exceeded the world average concentration reported for this element in soils. The highest arsenic and antimony concentrations were found in Calama and Quillagua soils, two different sites in the Loa valley. The arsenic/antimony concentration ratio was higher in Quillagua soil. The high concentrations of three elements determined in impacted soils from region V (Puchuncaví and Catemu valleys) clearly shows the impact produced in this zone by the industrial and mining activities developed in their proximities. At Puchuncaví valley a clear decrease was observed in copper, arsenic and antimony concentrations in soils on the function of the distance from the industrial complex "Las Ventanas", and all concentrations exceeded the reported critical values for this matrix. Instead at Catemu valley, only the copper concentration was higher than this value. Statistically significant correlation was found for Cu-Sb in all soils; more significant Cu-As, Cu-Sb and Sb-As correlations were evaluated for soils from Puchuncaví and Catemu valleys, corroborating that high concentrations of copper, arsenic and antimony in these soils coming from the same pollution sources, the copper industry and the thermoelectric power plant.     

Correlation between soil characteristics and lead and cadmium content in the aboveground biomass of Virginia tobacco

The study was conducted on alluvial-meadow, maroon-forest soils and vertisols with Virginia tobacco. The total content of lead and cadmium is measured through decomposition by HF, HClO₄, and HNO₃ acids. A solution of 0.005 M diethylentriaminepentaacetic acid + 0.1 M triethanolamine, pH 7.3 was used for extraction of the elements’ mobile forms from soils. The preparation of plant samples was made by means of dry ashing and dissolution in 3 M HCl. An atomic absorption spectrometer “Spektra AA 220” of the Australian company Varian was used for determination of Pb and Cd content in the soil and plant samples. Certified reference materials (three soils and tobacco leaves) were also analyzed for the verification of the accuracy of Pb and Cd determination. A correlation/regression analysis was conducted between pH, humus content, total and mobile forms of lead and cadmium in the soil, and the concentration of these elements in the aboveground biomass of Virginia tobacco. It was established that there are no statistically significant dependencies determined between soil pH and lead concentration in the plant organs of Virginia tobacco. Regressional dependencies of great significance were determined between the humus content, total and mobile lead and cadmium in the soil, and the element concentration in the leaves of the three harvesting zones.     

Introduction of the Factor of Partitioning in the Lithogenic Enrichment Factors of Trace Element Bioaccumulation in Plant Tissues

Bioindicators are widely used in the study of trace elements inputs into the environment and great efforts have been conducted to separate atmospheric from soil borne inputs on biomass accumulation. Many monitoring studies of trace element pollution take into account the dust particles located in the plant surface plus the contents of the plant tissues. However, it is usually only the trace element content in the plant tissues that is relevant on plant health. Enrichment factor equations take into account the trace element enrichment of biomasses with respect soil or bedrocks by comparing the ratios of the trace element in question to a lithogenic element, usually Al. However, the enrichment equations currently in use are inadequate because they do not take into account the fact that Al (or whichever reference element) and the element in question may have different solubility-absorption-retention levels depending on the rock and soil types involved. This constrain will become critical when results from different sites are compared and so in this article we propose that the solubility factors of each element are taken into account in order to overcome this constrain. We analysed Sb, Co, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd, Mn, V, Zn, Cu, As, Hg, and Al concentration in different zones of Catalonia (NE Spain) using the evergreen oak Quercus ilex and the moss Hypnum cupressiforme as target species. We compared the results obtained in rural and non industrial areas with those from the Barcelona Metropolitan Area. We observed differences in Al concentrations of soils and bedrocks at each different site, together with the differences in solubility between Al and the element in question, and a weak correlation between total soil content and water extract content through different sites for most trace elements. All these findings show the unsuitability of the current enrichment factors for calculating lithospheric and atmospheric contributions to trace element concentrations in biomass tissues. The trace element enrichment factors were calculated by subtracting the part predicted by substrate composition (deduced from water extracts from soils and bedrock) from total concentrations. Results showed that for most of the trace elements analysed, trace elements enrichment factors were higher inside the Barcelona Metropolitan Area than outside, a finding that indicates that greater atmospheric inputs occur in urban areas. The results show that the most useful and correct way of establishing a reference for lithospheric and atmospheric inputs into the plant tissues is, first, to analyse samples of the same plant species collected from a number of sites possessing similar environmental conditions (climate, vegetation type, soil type) and, second, to use this new enrichment factor obtained by subtracting from the total concentration in plant tissue the predicted contribution of soil or bedrock extracts instead of that of total soil or bedrock concentrations.     

Heavy metal pattern and solute concentration in soils along the oldest highway of the world – the AVUS Autobahn

Highways and main roads are a potential source of contamination for the surrounding environment. High traffic rates result in elevated heavy metal concentrations in road runoff, soil and water seepage, which has attracted much attention in the recent past. Nonetheless, investigations of pollutants in roadside soils are still a subject of major interest due to the rapid development of traffic systems and increasing traffic all over the world. The accumulation of the heavy metals Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in soils along the oldest federal highway of the world has been studied by sampling a roadside transect of 125 by 10?m. In addition, heavy metal concentrations of Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni and Cr in soil solutions from different distances (2.5, 5 and 10?m) from the hard shoulder of the highway and from three soil depths (10, 30, and 50?cm) were investigated. The results show that heavy metal concentrations are up to 20 times increased compared to the geochemical background levels and a reference site of 800-m distance from the roadside. Soil matrix concentrations in the topsoil (0-10?cm) mostly exceeded the precautionary values of the German Federal Soil Protection and Contamination Ordinance (BBodSchV). The concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn in the soil matrix tended to decrease with distance from the roadside edge, whereas the concentrations in the soil solution increased at a distance of 10?m onwards due to a lower soil pH. Because of both high pH values and a high sorption capacity of the soils, soil solution concentrations seldom exceeded the trigger values of the German Federal Soil Protection and Contamination Ordinance (BBodSchV) for transferring soil solution to groundwater.     

Bioaccumulation of Trace Elements in a Wild Grass Three Years After the Aznalcóllar Mine Spill (South Spain)

In this paper, we surveyed the concentration of nine trace elements (As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Tl and Zn) in bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) 3 years after the mine spill in Aznalcóllar (south Spain). The results were compared with those that had been obtained for the same species in a previous study, 18 months after the accident. Three types of soil condition were determined: i) unaffected soils (UN, control); ii) cleaned up and amended soils (A, amended); and (iii) non-amended soils, inaccessible to the clean-up and remediation operations (NA, non-amended). The trace element concentrations in the plants were lower than those reported in the first sampling for both washed (plant tissues) and unwashed plants (as consumed by herbivores). Apart from Cd, trace elements concentrations (plant tissues) were similar in the A and the UN soils. In the NA soils, the Cd, Fe, Mn, Zn and Pb levels in unwashed plants were excessive for animal consumption. This wild grass seems to be suitable as a soil stabilizer for spill affected soils and as a biomonitor for soil pollution by some trace elements (As, Cu and Zn); however, its potential for phytoextraction is negligible.