长江江苏段抗生素的空间分布特征及典型污染来源分析

利用超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法,于2021年4月对江苏省长江干流12个监控断面、入江支流116个监控断面表层水中7大类42种抗生素的分布特征和浓度水平进行研究,并开展典型污染来源分析。结果表明,平水期长江干流42种抗生素总质量浓度范围为47.3～92.8 ng/L,处于较低水平;各入江支流抗生素总质量浓度范围为16.2～3 052 ng/L,干支流水体中检出品种以磺胺类、氯霉素类、林可酰胺类及大环内酯类为主;通过差异性比较发现,C市存在磺胺类抗生素污染的典型区域;典型污染溯源分析结果表明,工业废水可能是该地区环境水体中抗生素污染的来源之一。长江江苏段及地表水中各类抗生素普遍检出,虽然抗生素总量水平不高,但由制药废水、畜禽养殖、污水处理厂等污染源引入而引起的长期积累仍是隐患。研究结果为江苏省长江流域水环境抗生素污染控制和管理提供基础数据。     

太湖以西常州区域水体中典型PPCPs污染特征

为进一步了解环太湖区域药品及个人护理用品（PPCPs）环境污染现状,于2016年9月对太湖以西常州区域水体中典型PPCPs污染水平进行了调查。利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱（HPLC MS/MS）检测分析了24种PPCPs在常州区域水体中的赋存和空间分布特征。结果表明,常州区域水体中24种目标PPCPs均被检出,PPCPs质量浓度总量范围为51.08～325.79 ng/L,20个监测点位中,红凌桥检出PPCPs总量最高,达325.79 ng/L;水体中优势污染物为双酚A和诺氟沙星,双酚A在黄埝桥检出的质量浓度最高,达158.53 ng/L,其次是新河口和红凌桥,质量浓度分别为65.57和57.86 ng/L;诺氟沙星在红凌桥检出的质量浓度最高,达75.12 ng/L。喹诺酮类抗生素、磺胺类抗生素在常州流域内基本呈均匀分布;激素类、大环内酯抗生素、神经镇痛类和心脏病类药物质量浓度与人口密度大致呈正相关。     

武汉市巡司河中抗生素分布特征及生态风险评价

采用大体积直接进样—超高效液相色谱串联质谱法分析武汉市巡司河中45种抗生素的存在水平，评估其可能存在的生态风险。在巡司河布设6个采样点，于2022年12月—2023年5月进行采样并分析。结果显示，6个采样点共检出27种抗生素，检出最大质量浓度为874.2 ng/L；其中，氧氟沙星、左氧氟沙星检出率均为100%。监测期间，12月抗生素平均质量浓度最高（101.05 ng/L），4月最低（25.87 ng/L）。6个点位中，点位S3与S5抗生素平均质量浓度高于其他点位，分别为1 721.20和1 734.07 ng/L；点位S4是巡司河与长江的交汇处，抗生素平均质量浓度最低（94.54 ng/L）。利用风险商值法对巡司河中抗生素生态风险开展评价，结果表明：氧氟沙星、罗红霉素和克拉霉素呈现出较高风险，左氧氟沙星、林可霉素和莫西沙星在大多数点位处于中等风险，其余几种抗生素风险较低。     

沙颍河流域抗生素污染特征与生态风险评价

于2018年7月 (丰水期)、11月 (枯水期) 和2019年3月(平水期)对沙颍河流域5种抗生素磺胺吡啶(SPD)、磺胺氯哒嗪(SCP)、磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)、环丙沙星(CIP)和四环素(TCL)的污染状况和空间分布进行了研究，并对其生态风险进行了评价。结果表明，沙颍河流域5种抗生素在丰水期、枯水期和平水期均有检出，丰水期CIP、枯水期SPD和SDZ以及平水期SCP的检出率均>50%，平水期SCP的检出率最高达到70.97%，CIP在丰水期的检出值最高(655 ng/L)，5种抗生素累积浓度为：丰水期>平水期>枯水期。对比国内其他地区水体环境，沙颍河流域5种抗生素浓度总体处于一般水平，但丰水期CIP检出浓度较高。相关性分析显示抗生素浓度与水质参数硬度、NH₃-N和电导率显著相关。5种抗生素的水生态风险为：丰水期>枯水期>平水期，其中CIP和TCL均为高风险。提出，应加强监测评估与预警管理，有效控制其水生态风险。     

重庆典型岩溶地区地下水多环芳烃污染水平及健康风险

采集重庆3个典型岩溶地区113个地下水样品,利用人体暴露风险系数法对16种优先控制多环芳烃(PAHs)饮水途径健康风险进行评价。结果表明:地下水中PAHs、致癌PAH和BaP的质量浓度分别为200 ng/L～2 638 ng/L、未检出～362 ng/L和未检出～62.7 ng/L,其中南川区地下水中BaP质量浓度为45.1 ng/L,已超过《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)的水质要求。PAHs污染水平为南川区老龙洞流域青木关流域,与国内其他岩溶地区地下水相比,处于较高污染水平。人群的致癌风险(ILCR)为5×10~(-10)～2.80×10~(-5),其中南川区ILCR10~(-6),具有潜在致癌风险;非致癌类PAHs饮水途径健康风险处于10~(-11)～10~(-9)水平,远低于USEPA规定的阈值1。     

辽宁省生态清洁小流域抗生素监测及生态风险评估

于2021年10月对辽宁省生态清洁小流域抗生素的赋存浓度、分布特征进行了调查。采用风险商值法对小流域的抗生素生态风险进行评价。结果表明,辽宁省生态清洁小流域中8种抗生素均有不同程度检出,检出总质量浓度范围为0013～0.313 μg/L,平均值为0.072 μg/L;小流域中抗生素质量浓度均低于我国大部分河流和流域。不同类型抗生素空间分布规律差异明显,检测出的抗生素中,质量浓度最高的是罗红霉素（ROX）,检出率最高的是磺胺甲噁唑（SMX）;各监测点位抗生素组分的占比排序为：SMX＞ROX＞替米考星（TIC）＞氟苯尼考（FFC）;抗生素主要来源是畜禽养殖和生活污水。生态风险评价结果显示,ROX、脱水红霉素（ERY-H₂O）、诺氟沙星（NOR）和SMX存在高风险,其余种类呈现中、低风险。生态清洁小流域水体中暴露出的抗生素生态风险不容忽视,亟待进一步探究环境风险并采取有效的防治措施。     

太湖主要入湖河流多溴联苯醚和有机磷阻燃剂污染与风险评价

为了解多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）和有机磷阻燃剂（OPFRs）在太湖3条主要入湖河流（太滆运河、太滆南运河和漕桥河）中的污染现状，采集其水体和沉积物样品，利用GC-MS/MS和LC-MS/MS技术对介质中13种PBDEs同族体和9种OPFRs进行分析。结果表明，所有水样品中均检出OPFRs，其总质量浓度为165～504 ng/L，其中三（1-氯-2丙基）磷酸酯（TCPP）为最主要污染物，最高值为160 ng/L；PBDEs在所有沉积物样品中均有检出，总质量比为16.7～765 ng/g。沉积物中PBDEs和OPFRs存在显著的正相关性（p＜0.01），说明这2种化合物的污染来源和环境归趋可能相类似。水中OPFRs基于无效应浓度（PNEC）的风险评价显示，部分化合物对藻类、蚤类和鱼类具有中等生态风险。指出，随着PBDEs的禁用，以及潜在的生物累积效应，OPFRs的环境污染须引起进一步的关注。     

华北地区部分河流中典型抗生素的分布特征及来源分析

以子牙河、滏阳河和永定河流经的农村周边水环境为研究区，应用迭代目标转换因子紫外分光光度分析法检测水环境中四环类、氯霉素类和硫酸链霉素含量，并分析其分布特征及可能的影响因素和来源。结果表明，研究区3类抗生素均有检出，四环类、氯霉素类和硫酸链霉素最高检出值分别为9.26 μg/L、1.98 μg/L和1.29 μg/L，四环类抗生素污染较严重。研究区抗生素分布特征与区域内社会活动、畜牧业养殖发展、化工企业分布存在一定联系，生活污水、养殖废水和制药化工企业废水排放是3类抗生素污染的主要来源。     

丰水期沱江水系环境内分泌干扰物分布特征

采集丰水期沱江水系德阳至泸州水样,分析6种环境内分泌干扰物的含量和分布特征。主要检出双酚A、壬基酚,双酚A的平均浓度为3.93~198 ng/L,与国内外河流浓度相比处于中等水平;壬基酚平均浓度为5.23~150 ng/L,与国外河流水平相当,但低于目前已有报道的国内河流。沱江水系中双酚A、壬基酚的分布整体均呈现出北高南低,上游高于中游、下游,干流低于支流的特征。     

海河流域地表水水源地多环芳烃污染特征及来源分析

采用固相萃取-GC/MS法分析海河流域9个典型地表水水源地16种多环芳烃（PAHs）污染状况，结果显示除BkFL、BaP、InP、BghiP和DBA未检出外，其他11种PAHs均有检出。9个水源地春季水体中PAHs总值为238 ng/L~715 ng/L，夏季水体中PAHs总值为837 ng/L~278 ng/L， 表明PAHs季节性污染差异较为显著，夏季PAHs污染状况明显高于春季。PAHs的组成均以中低环芳烃（2~3环）为主，且Ant/（Phe+Ant）、Flu/（Pyr+Flu）和BaA/（BaA+Chr）比值显示9个水源地PAHs污染均来源于水源地上游煤炭、木材等燃烧产物。     

Occurrence, distribution and bioaccumulation of antibiotics in the Haihe River in China

The occurrence, distribution and bioaccumulation of 22 antibiotics, including eight fluoroquinolones (FQs), nine sulfonamides (SAs) and five macrolides (MLs), in the Haihe River were investigated. Surface water, sediment and fish samples were analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS. Ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, erythromycin and roxithromycin were found in all surface water samples. SAs were the predominant antibiotics in surface water samples in the mainstream of Haihe River, with the maximum concentration of 201 ng L(-1) for sulfamethoxazole. Compared with Haihe River, higher concentrations of antibiotics were found in the surface water samples in the Dagu and Chentaizi Drainage Rivers. The antibiotics pollution in the mainstream of Haihe River may derive from its tributaries, whereas the wastewater from fish ponds was not the main source of FQs, SAs and MLs in the river water. In sediment samples, FQs were the most frequently detected antibiotics and their concentrations were much higher than SAs and MLs. The high concentrations and detection frequencies of FQs in sediments indicate that sediments are an important reservoir for FQs as they are strongly adsorbed onto sediments. Ciprofloxacin and erythromycin exhibited potential bioaccumulation in crucian carp, with mean bioaccumulation factors of 3262 L kg(-1) and 4492 L kg(-1), respectively.     

中国北方地区水体中四环素族抗生素残留现状分析

为了更好了解北方市政污水等水体中四环素族抗生素残留现状,采用固相萃取方法对中国北方地区市政污水样品进行富集和净化,以高效液相色谱-串联质谱法分析样品中四环素族抗生素残留量。在调查的13个污水样品中四环素族抗生素普遍检出,且浓度分别达到四环素1114.27ng/L、土霉素2175.65ng/L、金霉素149.09ng/L和强力霉素187.45ng/L。结果表明,在我国近岸污水排放中依然有大量四环素类抗生素存在,应加强对近岸海洋环境中抗生素残留的监测与管理。     

Preliminary occurrence studies of antibiotic residues in Hong Kong and Pearl River Delta

An improved liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated to investigate the occurrence of selected antibiotic residues in Hong Kong and Pearl River Delta. LC and MS parameters were optimized to produce the maximum analytical responses for each compound. The established method targeted five groups of antibiotics, namely, macrolides, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, quinolones, and amphenicols. The method was validated for three types of environmental water matrices, namely, reservoir, river, and estuarine waters. Low detection limits of 0.17–0.18 ng/L for macrolides, 0.22–0.34 ng/L for quinolones, 0.67–1.65 ng/L for tetracyclines, and 0.27–0.56 ng/L for sulfonamides were obtained. No apparent interferences were observed in the chromatograms of all antibiotics groups. The developed method was preliminarily used to analyze water samples collected from Yuen Long River in New Territories, Hong Kong and four sites along the Pearl River Delta. Results showed that high level of tetracycline was found among the groups tested in the local river samples. In Pearl River Delta, we identified significant levels of erythromycin, roxithromycin, and sulfadiazine in Shenzhen Reservoir.     

Organochlorinated Compounds in Waters of the Pearl River Delta Region

Samples of river water and sewage water were analysed for ten PCB congeners, chlorobenzenes and chlorinated pesticides (BHCs and DDT) in three cities (Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Zhaoqing) in the Pearl River Delta, The results showed that the sewage water in Shengzhen had the highest concentration of total PCBs at about 10ng/L, and Dasha River (Shengzhen), the lowest at about 1.0ng/L. In general, the sewage waters in the three cities had higher concentrations of PCBs than river waters. Chlorobenzenes were investigated in the water samples. The total concentrations of chlorobenzenes ranged from 0.02~0.13g/L, the Dasha River had the highest level of chlorobenzenes, and the sewage water in the city of Zhaoqing had the next highest. The result may be related to the discharges from paper production factories nearby the sampling sections of the Dasha River (Shenzhen) and sewage water in Zhaoqing. The concentrations of organochlorinated pesticides (-BHC, -BHC, -BHC, DDT and DDE) changed little in all water samples except for the sewage water in Guangzhou. It seemed that these pesticides are more a residual signal than a direct discharge from point sources.     

A preliminary study on the occurrence and behavior of carbamazepine (CBZ) in aquatic environment of Yangtze River Delta, China

The occurrence and behavior of carbamazepine (CBZ) was investigated in aquatic environment of Yangtze River Delta, East China. The water samples were enriched by solid-phase extraction and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector. The validation of the analytical method included linearity (0.1?C1 mg/L), recovery studies, and determination of limits of quantification. Limits of quantification of CBZ in various aquatic samples were in the range of 0.1?C0.2 ??g/L. CBZ was detected in the Tongji University Intramural River, the Huangpu River, and the Suzhou River with the highest concentration of 1,090 ng/L, but not detected in the Nanhengyin River and the Caojia River. In sewage water samples, CBZ was not detected in one of the sewage treatment plants (STPs) but was detected in the raw influents and effluents at the other three selected STPs in Shanghai, with the concentrations ranging from 230 to 1,110 ng/L. CBZ was not completely eliminated after secondary treatment (with the active sludge process).     

黄河流域水质和工业污染源研究

为科学评价黄河流域的水质状况及工业企业污染源现状,根据黄河流域2018—2019年地表水和饮用水水源地水质监测数据,建立了综合反映流域水环境质量和可定量分析排名的城市水质指数;利用大数据技术分析工业企业水污染物排放数据,研究建立了企业环境信用动态评价体系。研究结果表明:2018—2019年,黄河流域城市水环境质量得到一定程度的改善,城市地表水环境质量优和良等级数量从17个增加到19个,饮用水水源地优等级城市数量从7个增加到11个;但黄河流域中游地区水污染问题较为严重,需要重点加强水污染控制。水质污染主要以点源工业污染为主,COD和氨氮排放量较多,COD和氨氮年日均排放浓度平均值分别为51.1、3.1 mg/L,工业废水处理率偏低;山西、陕西、河南等"高"风险企业数量较多,分别达到3 047、1 630、1 442家。建议加强黄河流域上下游、左右岸、干支流协同配合,加大水污染防治工作的深度和力度。     

不同水体中环境类雌激素污染状况调查与分析

对80个不同水体样品进行了环境雌激素检测,共有42个样品为阳性(阳性率52.5%),阳性样品主要来自于医疗废水、市政排污口、污水处理厂及与工业污染源废水,水源水中未检出。42个阳性样品检测值均超过EPA标准规定的壬基酚4 d平均浓度限值(6.6μg/L),其中12个样品检测值超过了该标准中规定的壬基酚小时平均浓度限值(28μg/L)。     

基于多元统计的宁夏典农河水质演替特征探究

宁夏典农河是黄河宁夏段的主要入黄排水沟之一，其水质状况对黄河宁夏-内蒙古段跨省流域水质安全至关重要。选取典农河2011—2020年10个监测点位的16项水质参数，采用综合污染指数(WPI)法，结合相关性分析、主成分分析、聚类分析等分析方法，综合分析该流域水污染特征，并对污染程度进行评估，对污染因子和污染原因进行解析，最终提出管控建议。研究结果表明：2011—2020年，影响典农河水质的主要污染因子为COD_Cr、NH₃-N、TP、TN,对应的年均浓度范围分别为22.3～71.5、0.64～9.09、0.173～0.662、2.89～21.52 mg/L,超标率分别为46%、8%、13%、85%。典农河2011—2020年WPI范围为0.59～1.74,重金属含量一直维持在较低水平。流域TN与TP年均浓度比值范围为20～84,整体呈下降趋势，且各监测点的差异性逐渐减小；BOD₅与COD_Cr浓度比值范围为0.02～0.19,反映出典农河流域水体可生化性较差。各监测断面污染物之间存在较强相关性，其中：流域C...