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1.
对2013年1月于北京城区采集的40组道路灰尘样品用激光粒度仪进行粒度测定。结果表明:北京城区冬季道路灰尘频率曲线呈单峰态或双峰态分布,单峰型峰值粒径为112~237μm,双峰型第一峰值粒径为189~286μm,第二峰值粒径为42~57μm。道路灰尘平均粒径为183μm,分选性差,呈极不对称的极正偏宽峰态到窄峰态,属砂土。道路灰尘是局地灰尘和区域灰尘的混合物,且主要为跃移或短时悬浮颗粒物,对大气悬浮颗粒污染物的贡献量不大。研究4种不同道路类型灰尘发现,平均粒径从大到小顺序为快速路支路次干路主干路,分选系数与偏度为快速路主干路次干路支路,峰度无较大区别,细颗粒含量主干路次干路(支路、快速路)。主干路灰尘污染贡献率更高,对大气环境和人体健康的危害潜力不容忽视。  相似文献   

2.
选取桂林市5个代表性监测点,采用单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪在线分析该市夏季大气PM_(2.5)的化学组成及化学成分分布。结果表明:5个监测点,80%的PM_(2.5)分布在0.2μm~1.0μm的小粒径范围,20%的PM_(2.5)分布在1.0μm~2.5μm大粒径范围;大气PM_(2.5)中离子成分包含Na~+、K~+、NH~+4、C2H3~+/Al~+、Fe~+、HSO~-_4、NO~-_3、NO~-_2、CNO~-、CN~-、SO~-_3、O~-和元素碳离子;PM_(2.5)中离子按成分特征可分为元素碳、有机碳、元素碳有机碳混合颗粒、富锰颗粒、富铁颗粒、富钾颗粒、矿物质、左旋葡聚糖以及其他金属等9类,各监测点元素碳占比均超过50%;元素碳与硫酸盐、铵盐、硝酸盐发生内混合的程度极高,其中各监测点元素碳与硫酸盐混合程度最高,均达到90%左右。  相似文献   

3.
为深入了解邢台市PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)浓度变化情况和气流后向轨迹,对邢台市2013—2016年环境大气颗粒污染物监测数据进行了分析,同时利用HYSPLIT模型计算出逐日72 h后向气流轨迹。结果表明:邢台市的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度在2013—2016年间呈逐年下降趋势,PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度高值出现在冬季(296μg/m~3和192μg/m~3),最低值出现在夏季(140μg/m~3和80μg/m~3),PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度在日变化上均呈"双峰双谷"型分布;后向轨迹的季节聚类分析表明,春季大气颗粒物污染以粒径2.5~10μm的颗粒污染物为主,夏季、秋季和冬季的大气颗粒物污染以PM_(2.5)为主;逐日聚类分析表明,在路径为西北偏西向的、途经多个沙源地的气流影响下,邢台市的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度处于一个相对高值;来源于偏南向的气流由于化合反应,污染物积聚导致PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)质量浓度也处于相对高值;在来源于西北向和偏北向的、水汽含量相对较低的气流影响下,邢台市的PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)质量浓度出现一个明显的下降。  相似文献   

4.
分析探讨了乌鲁木齐市采暖期大气颗粒物中TSP、PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的含量,对颗粒物样品进行分级提取,测定Hg,As,Pb,Cd的存在形态。结果表明,不同区域中的重金属元素存在形态分布差别较大,不同粒径颗粒物中的重金属形态各不相同,质量分布亦有明显差异。  相似文献   

5.
采用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法、双道原子荧光光谱法研究乌鲁木齐市采暖期前期与后期不同粒径大气颗粒物(TSP、PM_(10)、PM_5、PM_(2.5))中Hg、As、Zn、Pb、Ni等5种重金属元素的质量浓度,并对重金属污染水平进行评价。Hg质量浓度为0.3~5.7 ng/m3;As质量浓度为15.3~122.5 ng/m~3;Zn质量浓度为298.0~1 686.5 ng/m~3;Pb质量浓度为0.5~88.8 ng/m~3;Ni质量浓度为10.4~25.5 ng/m~3。Igeo计算得出采暖期后期的TSP、PM_(10)、PM_5、PM_(2.5)中各重金属Igeo值均高于采暖期前期,其中Hg元素为严重污染;富集因子分析得出Hg、Zn元素的EFi值大于10,说明这些元素是人为源贡献。通过研究乌鲁木齐市不同时期、不同粒径大气颗粒物中各种重金属污染状况,为乌鲁木齐大气污染治理提供科学支持。  相似文献   

6.
使用带能谱的高分辨率场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)和图像分析技术对奎屯—独山子区冬季PM_(2.5)样品进行微观形貌测定,研究其数量—粒度分布、体积—粒度分布特征。结果表明:单颗粒主要包含矿物颗粒、球形颗粒、烟尘集合体和其他颗粒。工厂、电厂、机动车尾气、道路扬尘是奎屯—独山子区域大气污染的主要来源。矿物颗粒对奎屯—独山子区域PM_(2.5)的数量贡献最大。各采样点各种类别颗粒物数量百分含量的不同,反映了污染物来源的不同。冬季各种颗粒主要分布在0.1~0.6μm的粒径范围内。  相似文献   

7.
新疆大气颗粒物的时空分布特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
基于2015年新疆12个城市的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)地面监测数据,并结合同期气象观测数据,分析了新疆PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度的时空分布特征及其与气象要素的关联性。结果表明:新疆大气颗粒物年均质量浓度呈现南高北低特征,南疆各城市的年均PM_(10)质量浓度为150~262μg/m~3,年均PM_(2.5)质量浓度为50~118μg/m~3。北疆各城市的质量浓度相对较低,年均PM_(10)质量浓度为28~139μg/m~3,年均PM_(2.5)质量浓度为13~74μg/m~3。从时间变化来看,在春季和夏季,新疆以粗颗粒物污染为主,冬季以细颗粒物污染为主。此外,在南疆各城市3月PM_(10)质量浓度突然大幅升高与相对湿度明显下降、风速增大直接相关,沙尘天气是导致该区域春季高PM_(10)质量浓度的重要原因。  相似文献   

8.
为研究乌鲁木齐市冬季采暖期间大气颗粒物污染特征,通过采样和在线监测二种手段分析了2015年1~2月大气颗粒物样品,采用重量法分析颗粒物质量浓度,并对其相关性进行分析。结果表明:依据《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012),采样期间乌鲁木齐市大气PM_(10) 和PM_(2.5)的日均质量浓度均超过了国家二级标准,颗粒物污染严重;PM_(10) 和PM_(2.5)存在显著相关性,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10) 浓度的比值均大于0.5,采暖期PM2.5对乌鲁木齐市大气颗粒物贡献显著。  相似文献   

9.
选择上海、乌鲁木齐、昌吉3个城市,通过对其城市土壤重金属含量水平、分布特征及活性的比较研究,发现城市土壤中Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn含量均远高于背景值,但Mn、Fe含量与背景值差别不大;上海市Cr、Pb、Zn含量最高,而昌吉市Cu含量最高,城市规模的大小并不能直接反映土壤重金属含量的高低,工业污染物排放量、交通量、城市规模大小、城市发展历史、工业区位置及变迁、土壤背景值等因素均会影响土壤重金属含量水平。除Mn、Fe无明显的功能区分布差异外,各城市重金属功能区分布规律并不相同,城市污染来源的不同可能是主要原因。重金属活性并未与其含量分布规律完全一致,上海土壤重金属活性大于乌鲁木齐、昌吉,上海土壤pH值小于乌鲁木齐、昌吉可能是主要影响因素,但也存在上海土壤中个别重金属活性小于乌鲁木齐、昌吉的现象,污染物来源存在差异等可能是主要原因。也可能较强,反之亦然。  相似文献   

10.
2013年4月—2014年1月,按季节在都匀劳动局楼顶采集PM_(10)样品,对样品中的水溶性无机离子的特征和来源进行分析。结果表明,PM_(10)中总水溶性无机离子年平均质量浓度为53.76μg/m~3,其中SO~(2-)_4、NO~-_3、NH~+_4为主要离子,年平均质量浓度分别为34.69μg/m~3、7.15μg/m~3和6.60μg/m~3;PM_(10)中水溶性无机离子总质量浓度呈现出春季最高,冬秋季次之,夏季最低的特征,主要离子也呈现出相似的分布规律;离子平衡表明,4个季节PM_(10)均显弱酸性,CE/AE年均值为0.73;NO~-_3/SO~(2-)_4年均值低于0.3,表明采样期间PM_(10)污染主要来自固定源;主成分分析结果表明,二次污染、扬尘、工业活动排放以及生物质燃烧等是PM_(10)的主要污染来源。  相似文献   

11.
北京市城市非点源污染特征的研究   总被引:18,自引:1,他引:18  
通过监测降雨径流水质,研究了北京市城市非点源污染的特征。结果表明,北京市城市地表径流水排入任何地表水体都会对其造成污染,且城市地表径流水的大部分水质指标已经达到了污水综合排放的三级标准,因此,我们对待城市地表径流水应该如对待污水一样处理。对于TN、TP、CODCr、BOD5浓度,路面径流要高于屋顶径流,而对于SS浓度,屋顶径流高于路面径流。总磷TP颗粒吸附态的污染物对总污染物的贡献最大,对于路面径流高达83.1%,对于屋顶径流为68.6%,其次是CODCr,总氮TN的颗粒吸附态的贡献较低。通过沉积或过滤去除城市地表径流中的悬浮颗粒物,可以提高城市地表径流的水质。所有污染物随降雨过程变化的总体趋势为雨水初期径流污染物浓度很高,随降雨历时的延长,污染物浓度逐渐下降并趋于稳定。初期径流危害较大。  相似文献   

12.
The influence of urbanization on stream insect communities was determined by comparing physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of streams draining 20 catchments with varyinglevels of urban land-cover in Maine (U.S.A). Percent total impervious surface area (PTIA), which was used to quantify urbanland-use, ranged from 1–31% among the study catchments.Taxonomic richness of stream insect communities showed an abruptdecline as PTIA increased above 6%. Streams draining catchmentswith PTIA < 6% had the highest levels of both total insect and EPT (Ephemeroptera + Plecoptera + Trichoptera) taxonomic richness. These streams contained insect communities with a totalrichness averaging 33 taxa in fall and 31 taxa in spring; EPT richness ranged from an average of 15 taxa in fall and 13 taxa inspring. In contrast, none of the streams draining catchments with6–27% PTIA had a total richness > 18 taxa or an EPT richness> 6 taxa. Insect communities in streams with PTIA > 6% were characterized by the absence of pollution-intolerant taxa. The distribution of more pollution-tolerant taxa (e.g.Acerpenna (Ephemeroptera); Paracapnia, Allocapnia (Plecoptera); Optioservus, Stenelmis (Coleoptera); Hydropsyche, Cheumatopsyche (Trichoptera)), however, showed little relation to PTIA. In contrast to the apparent threshold relationship between PTIA and insect taxonomic richness, both habitat qualityand water quality tended to decline as linear functions of PTIA.Our results indicate that, in Maine, an abrupt change in stream insect community structure occurs at a PTIA above a threshold ofapproximately 6% of total catchment area. The measurement of PTIA may provide a valuable tool for predicting thresholds for adverse effects of urbanization on the health of headwater streams in Maine.  相似文献   

13.
Some issues of environmental concern in Kampala,the capital city of Uganda   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Kampala, the capital city of Uganda is the administrative, political, commercial, industrial, educational and cultural centre of Uganda. The city has an area of 190 km2 and is located 8 km north of Lake Victoria (the second largest fresh water lake in the world) and approximately 42 km north of the equator. The population varies from about 1.2 million during the day to perhaps 0.9 million at night. The anthropogenic activityof this population far exceeds the infrastructure capacity of the city, leading to the deterioration of the urban environment. This article highlights the major sources of environmental degradation and pollution in the city, which include solid waste,abattoir waste, sewage, sanitation, drainage, industrial pollution, traffic pollution, atmospheric pollution, urban agriculture, rapid urbanisation and water hyacinth.  相似文献   

14.
城市环境中磁学响应的研究进展   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
利用磁学方法研究城市环境中重金属元素的污染受到普遍关注和重视。比较系统地探讨了城市环境中磁性矿物的来源和特征,阐述了城市环境磁学的研究内容,探讨了城市磁学研究的发展趋势,强调了运用简便、经济的磁学方法研究城市环境中重金属等污染物是今后环境磁学的一个重要的发展方向。  相似文献   

15.
研究了乌鲁木齐市不同功能区表层土壤中水溶性氟(Ws-F)的含量。结果表明:土壤Ws-F平均含量为5.36 mg/kg,变幅为1.55~12.53 mg/kg。其中,工业区(7.13 mg/kg)〉绿化区(5.73 mg/kg)〉商业区(5.71 mg/kg)〉居民区(4.93 mg/kg)〉农业区(3.08 mg/kg)。乌鲁木齐市土壤中Ws-F含量已高于我国地氟病发生区表层土壤Ws-F的平均值(2.50 mg/kg),应引起有关部门的高度重视。  相似文献   

16.
Outstanding historical trees embedded in cities constitute pertinent environmental assets, yet they are widely threatened in third-world cities. Inadequate understanding of this valuable natural-cum-cultural heritage hinders proper conservation. A case study of Guangzhou in south China evaluated floristic composition, age profile and biomass structure of historical trees, assessed their performance in major habitats (institutional, park and roadside), and established a prognosis for future growth and management. The 348 historical trees examined belonged to only 25 species, vis-à -vis 254 trees in the entire urban forest, dominated by five species and native members. Roadside had more trees, followed by institutional and park, with merely the most common four species shared by all habitats. The limited commonality reflected tree-performance differentiation by habitats exerting selection pressure on species. The institutional growth-regime was more conducive to nurturing high-caliber specimens, whereas park is less capable. Individual species achievement by habitats, derived from tree-count ranking and relative-abundance indices, could inform species choice and tree conservation. Few trees exceeded 300 years of age in the millennium-old city, echoing a history of intense tree—city conflicts. Potential life-span, trunk and crown diameters indicated ample opportunities for further expansion of biomass and landscape impacts, which would be straitjacketed by the tightening urban fabric.  相似文献   

17.
Urban Air Quality Assessment Model: UAQAM   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The Urban Air Quality Assessment Model (UAQAM) calculates urban concentrations caused by city emissions themselves, the so-called city background concentration. Three versions of the model for describing the dispersion were studied: Box, Gifford Hanna (GH) and a combined form of these two (Box–GH model). Regional background emissions contributing to the urban background concentration were accounted for by using measurements and calculations from a dispersion model on the continental scale. The results of the three UAQAM versions for a number of European cities were compared to measurements of SO2 and NO X . The Box–GH model shows better results when compared to the Box model and slightly better results in comparison to the GH model. The Box–GH model has been taken as a starting point for the assessment of urban air quality with UAQAM.  相似文献   

18.
为提高四川省城市放射性废物库的安全管理水平,确保库区辐射环境安全和库内放射源实体安全,对2016—2021年四川省城市放射性废物库的库区环境监测结果进行了分析。分析表明:库区的γ辐射剂量率满足《核技术利用放射性废物贮存库选址、设计与建造技术要求》(试行)的要求,库区表面污染水平满足《电离辐射防护与辐射源安全基本标准》(GB 18871—2002)的规定,库区气溶胶历年监测数据一致性较好。此外,库区完善的安防措施为库区的安全运行提供了有力保障。四川省城市放射性废物库的运行未对库区环境造成不良影响,库区辐射环境质量良好。废物库的运行状态良好,库区辐射安全可控,其安全运行对保障全省核技术利用产业的发展和辐射环境的安全起到了重要作用。  相似文献   

19.
The variability of pollutants is an important factor in determining human exposure to the chemicals. This study presents the result of investigation of variability of Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban area of Delhi, capital of India. Fifteen locations, in five categories namely residential, commercial, industrial, traffic intersections and petrol pump were monitored for one year every month during peak hours in morning and evening. Measurement focused on target VOCs as defined by USEPA. Variability was divided into measurement, spatial, temporal and temporal–spatial interaction components. Temporal component along with temporal–spatial interaction were found to be the major contributors to the variability of measured VOC concentrations. Need of continuous monitoring to capture short–term peak concentration and averages is evident.  相似文献   

20.
对辽宁省部分城市环境空气中二(口恶)(口英)类物质含量的测定结果表明,该地区环境空气中二(口恶)(口英)含量在0.07~1.0pg TEQ/m3之间.  相似文献   

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