太湖流域2005年10月水质状况

2005年10月，太湖湖体平均水质为Ⅳ类，富营养化程度平均处于中富营养水平。与《太湖水污染防治“十五”计划》湖体水质目标相比，西部沿岸区和东部沿岸区有超标现象，其余湖区各项指标均达到水质目标要求。江苏省境内太湖流域出入湖河流21个控制断面（苏州苏东河越溪桥因河道整治无法采样）中，有14条河流水质符合2005年水质目标类别要求，达标率为70．0％；9条主要人湖河流中有6条河流水质达标，达标率为66．7％。45个环湖河流行政交界断面中，     

2009年太湖治理目标

“确保饮用水安全，确保太湖水质有所改善，实现主要人湖河流劣V类水体数量下降，污染物人湖总量下降和湖体富营养化指数下降。到2009年底，53个国家考核断面水质达标率达到国家考核要求；入湖河流水质全年月均值劣V类的数量下降到20％以下；主要污染物COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷入湖总量比上年下降5％。”近日召开的江苏省环保局长会议为2009年太湖治理描绘了新的目标。     

简讯

江苏下达太湖水污染减排任务江苏省太湖水污染防治委员会近日分别向苏州、无锡、常州、镇江等沿太湖地区的市政府下达了太湖流域为期5年的水污染物总量削减任务。要求沿湖各地通过控制增量、结构调整、集中控污、提高标准、严格执法和工程建设6项硬措施,重点抓好太湖上、下游主要河流以及行政交界河流入河排污口的排污总量控制。江苏省确立了为期5年的太湖污染减排总体目标:到2010年,COD排放量控制在25.4万t,削减率为15.1%;氨氮排放量控制在1.9万t,削减率17.4%;太湖湖体、太湖上游主要河流、主要出湖河流、行政交界河流、城镇集中式饮用水…     

太湖入湖河流水环境综合治理

简述了太湖入湖河流水污染控制的基本思路、关键环节和主要方法。分析了太湖流域15条主要入湖河流规划综合治理区污染源现状,提出污染控制对策建议和重点整治工程,并预测削减入湖河流的污染物总量。通过整治工程的实施,截至2009年5月,15条主要入湖河流中劣Ⅴ类水质的河流已从2007年的9条下降为3条,湖体也由中度富营养转为轻度富营养,综合治理初见成效。     

微纳米气泡改善太湖入湖河道水质的工程实例研究——苏州南北华翔河水质改善工程为例

太湖入湖河道，在各级政府及部门的努力工作下，经过点源治理、截污、清淤、生态修复等综合手段治理，水质逐年好转，但还存在很大的提升空间，本研究采用微纳米气泡气液分散系统，对人湖河道水体进行原位净化处理，结果表明，CODMn、氨氮、总磷的平均去除率分别为36．8％、42．4％，49．1％。入湖水质达到国家地表水Ⅱ-Ⅲ类标准。     

湖泊重要入湖河流稳定水像元提取技术

利用2010年ALOS影像研究了归一化水体指数(NDWI)在两种极端情况下,即像元四边与河岸线最小夹角分别为0°和45°,与离岸距离之间的关系,提出了获得稳定水像元的最小河宽,并以太湖6条重要入湖河流(西苕溪、望虞河、太浦河、乌溪港、梁溪-东清河、武进港)为例,研究了稳定水像元的分布。结果表明,NDWI与离岸距离之间的关系可用Logistic方程进行拟合,两种极端情况的p值均小于0.01;最小夹角为0°和45°的情况下,获得稳定水像元的最小河宽分别为96 m和88 m,即当河宽大于96 m时,可在ALOS影像上获得稳定的水像元;6条入湖河流可获得稳定水像元的长度占总长的4.59%~100%,难以获取稳定水像元的最长距离为0~18.55 km。     

1987—2016年太湖总氮浓度变化趋势分析

基于可获取的太湖国控监测点位总氮监测数据，分析了1987—2016年太湖总氮浓度变化趋势。结果表明，近30年来，太湖湖体总氮浓度年均值在1.74~3.88 mg/L之间，总体呈先上升、后下降的波动变化趋势，1996年浓度达历史峰值；其变化具体可分为上升期、波动期、下降期三个阶段，约以10年为一个阶段。分湖区分析，西部湖区、北部湖区2000—2016年总氮年均浓度与全湖总氮浓度呈明显的正相关，为影响湖体总氮浓度的主要湖区。总氮多年月均值浓度变化显示，2000—2016年湖体总氮多年月均值年内呈较明显的季节变化规律，月均最大值、最小值分别出现在3月和9月。空间变化分析表明，西部湖区的宜武片区及南部湖区的湖州长兴片区为湖体总氮的两个污染扩散核心。湖体总氮主要受15条主要入湖河流汇入影响，这些河流总氮年均浓度整体高于湖体，是太湖总氮治理的重点。     

太湖流域河流入河污染负荷通量与入湖水质响应关系分析——以殷村港为例

以2020年1—12月太湖主要入湖河流殷村港水质自动监测站的监测数据及2020年太湖水位资料为依据,构建了一维水量水质耦合数学模型,建立了入河污染负荷通量与入湖控制断面水质响应关系,以入太湖控制断面殷村港站达Ⅲ类水质水为目标,模拟计算了殷村港站主要污染物入湖水质变化过程。结果表明,殷村港站高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总磷等水质指标浓度最大值均明显的降低,其中氨氮浓度降低幅度相对较大,主要集中于3—6月;高锰酸盐指数和总磷日均入河污染负荷通量变化相对较小,氨氮日均入河污染负荷通量降低幅度相对较大;殷村港站高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总磷等水质指标年入河污染负荷削减量分别为24.17,41.43,3.87 t。提出,基于核算出的削减量需进一步结合污染负荷通量过程和污染源溯源分析,确定不同水质指标下入河污染负荷控制方向,为科学合理规划殷村港主要污染物的入河污染负荷总量控制提供科学依据。     

PSO和SVM混合算法确定太湖入湖河流水质主要影响因子

以影响太湖入湖河流水质的24个因子值为研究对象，将PSO算法与SVM算法相结合。PSO算法用于优化SVM算法的参数c和g，以利于快速、高效地确定c和g的全局最优值；SVM算法基于最优的c和g，分别以24，21，18，15，12，9和6个因子作为特征向量预测水质的污染程度。结果表明，当特征向量为9个影响因子时预测率最高。其参数c=18.56，g=1.35，对应的预测率为：全局预测率92.59%，重度污染水质预测率88.89%，轻度污染水质预测率94.45%。因此，通过PSO和SVM混合算法，可以确定影响太湖入湖河流水质的主要因子，利用这些主要因子对水质进行预测预警，不但可以节省时间，而且可以得到精确的结果。     

建立促进太湖水生态健康的流域现代化治理体系的建议

太湖流域是长江三角洲的核心区域，是我国人口密度最大、工农业生产发达、国民经济产值增长幅度最快的地区之一。近十多年来，太湖流域在经济总量翻番、环境压力大幅增加的情况下，流域控源减排成效显著，入湖河流水质稳步改善，现行以污染控制为主的水质目标治理体系发挥了重要作用。然而，太湖蓝藻水华仍常态化暴发，生态系统结构和功能尚未恢复，距离实现太湖水生态良性循环还有较大差距。面向美丽中国建设和长三角区域一体化发展的重大需求，在分析太湖流域水生态面临的主要问题的基础上，借鉴国外水环境治理成功经验，围绕流域污染防控、空间管控、生态修复、环境管理和科技攻关等方面，提出了建立促进太湖水生态健康的流域现代化治理体系的建议。     

滇池东南岸农业和富磷区入湖河流地表径流及污染特征

应用聚类分析与因子分析方法,通过8次常规监测,对滇池东南岸10条以农业面源和受磷矿开采区影响的入湖河流的地表径流及其水质污染特征进行了分析,并探讨了其空间差异性。在南岸选取降雨过程相同的3条河流,开展暴雨径流监测,探讨污染物在降雨过程中的流失特征。结果表明,新宝象河的平均流量为2.6 m3/s,占总入湖流量的26.5%;总氮、总磷、化学需氧量、悬浮物是滇池的主要污染指标,许多河流均已严重超标。河流水质在空间上可分为3类,具有明显的空间差异性。总氮、总磷、溶解磷、硝态氮对水质污染的贡献率达到了53.636%,氮、磷含量是河流水质污染的主要贡献因子。降雨条件下化学需氧量、悬浮物浓度增长迅速,流量、悬浮物与大多数水质指标均有相关性,磷矿开采对河流水质的影响在降雨条件下更加明显,其悬浮物浓度在降雨条件下比只受农业面源影响的河流最高高出1.9倍。     

应用鱼类完整性指数F-IBI评价巢湖流域的主要河流健康

保护河流健康是河流生态管理的重要目标,鱼类对维护河流生态系统健康的作用重要且不可替代。依据2013年10月巢湖53个河流采样点的鱼类调查数据,采用假设参照值法构建鱼类生物完整性指数(F-IBI)的参照系统,进而评价河流健康状况。基于29个候选生物参数,通过参数与环境因子间的相关性分析、参数间的冗余分析及其分布范围分析,确定F-IBI由鱼类总物种数、鲤科鱼类物种数百分比、中下层鱼类物种数百分比、肉食性鱼类数量百分比、产粘性卵鱼类数量百分比和耐受性鱼类数量百分比等6个参数构成。利用比值法统一各参数量纲,F-IBI值即为各构成参数比值的累加,进而评价河流水生态健康的等级,其中亚健康的采样点占16.98%,健康状况一般的采样点占50.94%,健康状况较差的采样点占32.08%。此外,影响巢湖主要河流F-IBI的重要水环境变量是叶绿素a。对重点污染区域,修复水生态系统和制定科学合理的策略,是恢复巢湖流域生态健康的重要手段。     

Surface water quality assessment of the Vatinsky Egan River catchment, West Siberia

Stream water chemistry were analyzed across Vatinsky Egan River Catchment (West Siberia). The objective of the study is to reveal the spatial and seasonal variations of the water quality and to assess the anthropogenic chemical inputs into the river system. Stream chemistry were monitored in 24 sampling sites for a period extended from January 2002 to December 2005. Spatial distribution of constituents in the Vatinsky Egan River basin indicated pollution from non-point sources associated with oil development. Data revealed that ion concentrations of river waters are usually negatively correlated with stream discharge. The major spatial variations of the hydrochemistry are related to the salinity. Chloride exhibited wide and high concentration range. A comparison with another rivers of West Siberia reveals that Vatinsky Egan River is the most saline and regional impacts further out in the watershed. The salinity of the river water increases substantially as it crosses Samotlor oil field. Many Cl(-) concentrations in the middle and lower parts of the catchment exceed the world average river values by one or more orders of magnitude. For 38% of sampling events, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) concentrations were above the recommended water quality standards.     

水系沉积物重金属分析前处理方法

建立了水系沉积物中6种重金属分析的前处理方法,研究了样品粒径、消解前处理对测定结果的影响,对方法适用性作出评价,并对实际样品进行测定。结果表明:通过Hg元素含量的测定,粒径为0.147 mm的沉积物粒径可满足分析要求;采用微波-硝酸-盐酸-氢氟酸消解、ICP-MS法,对5种不同类型沉积物标准样品的6种重金属的测定结果显示,该方法精密度好、准确度高。利用建立的方法测定广西某河流湖库沉积物样品,6种元素测定结果 RSD为1.57%~11.1%,加标回收率大于74.4%。     

Performance of biotic indices in comparison to chemical-based Water Quality Index (WQI) in evaluating the water quality of urban river

In order to evaluate the water quality of one of the most polluted urban river in Malaysia, the Penchala River, performance of eight biotic indices, Biomonitoring Working Party (BMWP), BMWP^Thai, BMWP^Viet, Average Score Per Taxon (ASPT), ASPT^Thai, BMWP^Viet, Family Biotic Index (FBI), and Singapore Biotic Index (SingScore), was compared. The water quality categorization based on these biotic indices was then compared with the categorization of Malaysian Water Quality Index (WQI) derived from measurements of six water physicochemical parameters (pH, BOD, COD, NH₃-N, DO, and TSS). The river was divided into four sections: upstream section (recreational area), middle stream 1 (residential area), middle stream 2 (commercial area), and downstream. Abundance and diversity of the macroinvertebrates were the highest in the upstream section (407 individual and H′?=?1.56, respectively), followed by the middle stream 1 (356 individual and H′?=?0.82). The least abundance was recorded in the downstream section (214 individual). Among all biotic indices, BMWP was the most reliable in evaluating the water quality of this urban river as their classifications were comparable to the WQI. BMWPs in this study have strong relationships with dissolved oxygen (DO) content. Our results demonstrated that the biotic indices were more sensitive towards organic pollution than the WQI. BMWP indices especially BMWP^Viet were the most reliable and could be adopted along with the WQI for assessment of water quality in urban rivers.     

Factors affecting river health and its assessment over broad geographic ranges: the Western Australian experience

AusRivAS is an Australia-wide program that measures river condition using predictive models to compare the macroinvertebrate families occurring at a river site with those expected if the site were in natural condition. Results of assessment of 685 sites across all major rivers in Western Australia are presented. Most rivers were in relatively natural condition in the northern half of the state where the human population is low and pastoralism is the major land use. In the south, where the human population is higher and agriculture is more intensive, rivers were mostly more disturbed. AusRivAS assessment produced some erroneous results in rivers of the south-west cropping zone because of the lack of appropriate reference site groups and biased distribution of sampling sites. Collecting low numbers of animals from many forested streams, because of low stream productivity and samples that were difficult to sort, also affected assessments. Overall, however, AusRivAs assessment identified catchment processes that were inimical to river health. These processes included salinisation, high nutrient and organic loads, erosion and loss of riparian vegetation. River regulation, channel modification and fire were also associated with river degradation. As is the case with other assessment methods, one-off sampling at individual sites using AusRivAS may be misleading. Seasonal drought, in particular, may make it difficult to relate conditions at the time of sampling to longer-term river health. AusRivAS has shown river condition in Western Australia is not markedly different from other parts of Australia which, as a whole, lacks the substantial segments of severely degraded river systems reported in England.     

一种基于Landsat 8 OLI影像的水体信息提取方法研究

提出一种基于Landsat 8 OLI影像提取水体信息的斜率比值法（SR），比对不同方法、不同类型水体和不同季节影像的数据，结果表明：SR法相比归一化差异水体指数法（NDWI）和改进的归一化差异水体指数法（MNDWI），水体信息提取精度更高，且对阈值精确度的要求低，阈值一般设定为2.0；SR法适用于清澈水体、浑浊水体、浅水河滩等水体，对河流干流和较大支流的提取精度达到99%，细小支流、沟渠的提取精度为66%，面积较小的水体提取精度为65%；在冬季太阳高度角较低时，SR也能较好地去除阴影。     

Natural and Anthropogenic Factors Controlling the Dissolved Organic Carbon Concentrations and Fluxes in a Large Tropical River, India

Carbon studies in tropical rivers have gained significance since it was realized that a significant chunk of anthropogenic CO₂ emitted into the atmosphere returns to the biosphere, that is eventually transported by the river and locked up in coastal sediments for a few thousand years. Carbon studies are also significant because dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is known to complex the toxic trace metals in the river and carry them in the dissolved form. For the first time, this work has made an attempt to study the variations in DOC concentrations in space and time for a period of 19 months, and estimate their fluxes in the largest peninsular Indian river, the Godavari at Rajahmundry. Anthropogenic influence on DOC concentrations possibly from the number of bathing ghats along the banks and domestic sewage discharge into the river are evident during the pre-monsoon of 2004 and 2005. The rise in DOC concentrations at the onset of monsoon could be due to the contributions from flood plains and soils from the river catchment. Spatial variations highlighted that the DOC concentrations in the river are affected more by the anthropogenic discharges in the downstream than in the upstream. The discharge weighted DOC concentrations in the Godavari river is 3–12 times lower than Ganga-Brahmaputra, Indus and major Chinese rivers. The total carbon fluxes from the Godavari into the Bay of Bengal is insignificant (0.5%) compared to the total carbon discharges by major rivers of the world into oceans.     

塔里木河中游水质污染原因浅析

通过对2002、2003年塔里木河中游水质现状的分析及上下游水环境质量对比和污染因子对比,得出塔里木河中游水质污染的主要污染因子及形成污染的原因。为塔里木河流域综合治理、水资源合理利用和生态保护提供依据。     

菏泽市主要河流中氟的分布及其影响因素

菏泽市地处鲁西南高氟地区,其河流中的高浓度氟化物不仅会通过径流过程影响南四湖水质,还会影响当地水生态平衡及人体健康。通过分析菏泽市主要河流中氟化物的时空分布特征,并结合地下水、土壤及废污水调查结果,探讨了影响河流中氟化物分布的主要因素。结果表明:研究区河流中氟化物的平均浓度在0.98~1.45 mg/L之间,氟化物浓度分布呈现出枯水期＞平水期＞丰水期、下游＞上游、支流＞干流的特征。氟化物浓度较高的河流呈现高pH、低钙的特点,水化学组分以Na-HCO₃型、Na-SO₄型为主。河流中氟化物的浓度主要受蒸发浓缩和岩石风化作用的影响。研究区地下水和土壤中氟化物的背景浓度整体较高。枯水期高氟地下水可能通过直接补给河流对河流水体产生影响,丰水期土壤中的氟也会通过径流过程汇入河流。人类工农业生产过程大量开采利用当地高氟地下水,而高氟废水最终则会进入河流,导致河流中氟化物的含量升高。