基于遥感生态指数的江川区生态环境变化分析

利用2000年的Landsat TM影像和2016年的OLI影像,采用遥感生态指数(RSEI)法,反演表示生态环境的湿度、绿度、热度和干度4个指标,并对其作主成分变换得到RSEI影像,以此分析16年间江川区生态环境状况。结果表明,江川区的RSEI从2000年的0. 472上升到2016年的0. 544,总体生态环境得到改善; 16年间RSEI等级降低、不变、增加的面积分别为49. 762 km~2、364. 574 km~2、289. 087 km~2,分别占总面积的7. 07%、51. 83%、41. 10%。     

基于RSEI模型的祁连山自然保护区生态环境质量评价

基于1988-2018年祁连山国家自然保护区的Landsat系列遥感影像,利用绿度、湿度、热度和干度指标计算获得遥感生态指数(RSEI),并应用RSEI对保护区近30年的生态环境质量作评价.结果表明:近30年来该保护区生态环境质量整体呈好转趋势,RSEI上升0.016,可1998-2018年生态环境质量有所下降;生态环...     

多源专题数据在国家重点生态功能区生态环境状况评价中的应用

为了建立一套生态遥感快速监测方法,实现生态环境状况评价,以2015年广西40个国家重点生态功能区为例,以全国第一次地理国情普查、高分影像、地貌为基础数据,利用RPC模型及网络刺点进行影像纠正,使用空间分析等程序化处理方法进行代码转换和信息抽取,实现了广西国情普查成果转化,得到了2014年和2015年生态遥感数据,形成一套较为完整的生态遥感快速监测方法,最终得到2015年全区重点生态功能县生态环境状况指数, 40个重点生态功能县中有15个县生态环境质量状况等级为"优",25个为"良"。     

安徽省“十二五”生态环境遥感监测

利用2011—2015年安徽省遥感影像土地利用类型解译数据,结合地面调查和统计资料,依据生态环境状况评价系统对安徽省"十二五"期间生态环境状况进行动态监测与评价。结果表明,"十二五"末安徽省各市生态环境状况等级为"优"的有4个市,为"良"的有12个市;"十二五"期间,各市等级均保持不变;"十二五"始末相比,有8个市生态环境状况变化度为"略有变好"等级,生态环境状况波动度为"波动"级别,其余8个市的变化度为"无明显变化"等级,波动度为"稳定"级别;省域EI增加了0.76,生态环境质量呈现稳中向好的趋势。     

序言

<正>环境遥感技术已经成为全球性、区域(流域)性乃至城市层次的生态环境问题研究的重要手段,为生态环境监测与预警提供了强有力的技术支撑。为充分展示我国生态环境遥感监测技术能力,紧跟学科研究的前沿,充分发挥遥感监测技术在生态环境保护中的作用,《环境监控与预警》期刊出版2019年"生态环境遥感监测"专刊,该主题专刊在全国环境期刊中尚属首次,希望通过该专刊系统性、阶段性地总     

广东省“十二五”生态环境时空变化趋势及影响因素

基于2011—2015年Landsat7、Landsat8等卫星遥感影像,结合土壤侵蚀面积、水资源量、降雨量、污染物排放量等统计数据,按照《生态环境状况评价技术规范》(HJ 192—2015),研究评价广东省"十二五"期间生态环境状况及其时空变化趋势,并对其影响因素进行综合分析。结果表明,广东省的生态环境状况总体为优,各市生态环境状况均属优、良,粤北生态环境状况整体最好;广东省及各市生态环境状况稳中趋好,但呈现温和地波动变化;主要污染物排放量下降和水资源总量提高是促进生态环境状况改善的主要原因。     

基于RS的徐州市区生态环境动态监测与评价分析

近年来,随着城市化进程推,城市生态环境正逐步恶化。徐州作为老矿业城市,情况尤其不为乐观,以徐州市区为例作生态评价分析。按照代表性、可操作性、适应性、可比性和方便性原则,选取了植被覆盖度、生物丰度、水网密度、人均绿地面积、城市环境污染负荷指数和环境质量综合指数作为评价指标来进行生态环境质量指数的计算。根据评价指标,选用1994年、2000年和2007年三个时相徐州市TM影像,对土地利用、河流水库、植被、人均绿地等方面进行遥感动态监测,然后对该地区13年来生态环境演变做了定量评价分析。评价结果表明,徐州市区生态环境质量由1994年的良好水平退化为一般水平,且有逐年下降恶化趋势,这与该区城市化进程一致。     

20年间艾比湖流域植被覆盖度景观格局变化

选取艾比湖流域1990年、2001年、2011年同期（9月）3期I．and．satTM遥感影像，基于归一化植被指数NDVI，提取植被覆盖等级图，利用ArcGIS9．3和Fragstas3．3对该流域植被景观的变化进行了分析研究。结果表明：1990—2011年，该流域植被覆盖度变化明显，低植被覆盖区和较低植被覆盖区都有所减少，分别由1990年的34．05％和32．94％减少到2011年的32．8％和24．06％；较高植被覆盖区和高植被覆盖区有所增加，分别由8．49％和5．20％增长到15．13％和9．83％，但水域面积退化明显，由1990年的525．9765km2缩小至494．9876km2，减少了30．9889km2，退缩幅度达O．4％；最大斑块指数（LPI）由17．04上升到21．10，香农多样性指数（SHDI）和香农均势度指数（SHEI）分别由1．5387和0．8588增长到1．6395和0．9150。表明艾比湖流域景观格局混杂程度愈来愈高，空间异质性在逐年加强，总体空间格局向破碎化趋势发展。     

1984—2015年太湖地区大气能见度变化遥感监测与评价

研究收集整理了1984—2015年太湖区域342幅Landsat系列卫星遥感影像，利用ENVI软件FLAASH模块计算获取了区域大气能见度均值，通过太湖周边苏州、无锡、常州3市地面自动站能见度监测值加以验证，并在此基础上对1984—2015年该地区大气能见度遥感监测结果进行了分析与评价。研究结果表明：太湖地区在20世纪80年代能见度水平相对较好，20世纪90年代后逐渐下滑，总体呈下降趋势。2015年遥感反演能见度均值为14.80 km，与1984年的21.46 km相比下降了31.05%，下降速率约为0.21 km/a。     

京津冀区域臭氧污染趋势及时空分布特征

为研究京津冀区域的臭氧(O_3)污染情况及其时空分布特征,对2013—2015年京津冀区域13个城市80个国家环境空气监测点位的监测数据进行了统计分析。结果表明:2013—2015年,京津冀区域O_3污染状况整体呈加重趋势,其中2014年污染状况最为严重。13个城市中O_3污染最严重的城市为北京和衡水,连续3年均超标,且处于上升态势中。区域内不同城市O_3污染趋势并不相同。京津冀区域O_3浓度变化呈明显的季节变化特征,春末和夏季的O_3污染最严重。O_3-8 h(臭氧日最大8 h均值)年均值的高值区主要分布在北京中北部、承德和衡水等,2013—2015年第90百分位O_3-8 h的高值区均集中分布在北京。O_3的浓度峰值时间要晚于NOx2~5 h。O_3在春、夏季呈单峰分布,白天15:00左右出现最大值,在秋、冬季浓度较低,全天波动不大。     

装潢居室空气中甲醛采样方法改进

对空气中甲醛测定的采样方法进行了探讨 ,分别用水和稀硫酸作吸收液对空气甲醛进行采样研究。结果表明 ,用 0 .0 0 5mol LH2 SO4 作吸收液的采样方法 ,可有效、稳定地延长样品的保存时间 ,且又符合方法灵敏度和精密度的要求。     

从履约压力看环境监测发展方向

分析了在当前履约压力下环境监测的薄弱与不足之处,提出了拓展环境空气监测内容,将生态调查和多样性监测纳入常规体系,推进有机监测技术发展,加大多边合作与联合监测的发展思路.     

泰东河疏浚工程对通榆河水质的影响

为了解泰东河疏浚工程对通榆河水质的影响,于2012年6月8日、9月12日、12月6日,对泰东河沿线以及通榆河东台段进行调查取样,分析施工期间河体水质变化。结果表明,施工期间水质参数基本保持在Ⅱ~Ⅲ类。根据江苏省水环境监测中心盐城分中心2011年、2013年监测资料评价分析,泰东河河道疏浚后,清理了河床淤泥,提高了泰东河的行洪、抗洪以及通航能力,其水质的好转有效地改善了下游通榆河的水质,确保了饮水安全。     

Estimating the Ecological Condition of the Estuaries of the Gulf of Mexico

Monitoring of estuaries in the Louisianian Province was performed annually from 1991–1994 to assess ecological conditions on a regional scale. We found over the four years of monitoring, 25±6% of Gulf of Mexico estuarine sediments in the Louisianian Province displayed poor biological conditions, as measured by benthic community structure, and 14±7% of the area was characterized by poor water clarity, the presence of marine debris, and elevated levels of fish tissue contaminants. Using statistical associations to discern relationships between ecological condition and exposure or stressor data has shown that much of this degraded' condition co-occurs with sediment contamination.     

State of the Estuaries in the Mid-Atlantic Region of the United States

The U.S. EPA has prepared a State of the Region Report for Mid-Atlantic Estuaries to increase knowledge of environmental condition for improved environmental management. Sources of information included the National Estuary Programs, the Chesapeake Bay Program, the state monitoring programs in Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, Federal programs such as National Status & Trends, National Shellfish Register, National Wetlands Inventory, the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program, and other primary literature sources. The state of the estuarine environment was summarized using indicators for water and sediment quality, habitat change, condition of living resources, and aesthetic quality. Each indicator was briefly discussed relative to its importance in understanding estuarine condition. Wherever possible, data from multiple programs were used to depict condition. Finally, an overall evaluation of estuarine condition in the region was determined. The usefulness of monitoring programs that collect consistent information with a well-defined sampling design cannot be overemphasized.     

锅炉污染物监测中运行负荷的现场判断

简述了锅炉的风量和烟气量、锅炉燃料的消耗量以及锅炉运行负荷的估算方法。通过实例分析,用现场监测的实际风量与理论值比较,粗略估算出监测时段锅炉运行负荷,比对锅炉污染物监测时段的锅炉运行负荷标准,从而判断监测数据的准确性与有效性。     

An ecosystem report on the Panama Canal: monitoring the status of the forest communities and the watershed

In 1996, the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and the Republic of Panama's Environmental Authority, with support fromthe United States Agency for International Development, undertook a comprehensive program to monitor the ecosystem of the Panama Canal watershed. The goals were to establish baselineindicators for the integrity of forest communities and rivers. Based on satellite image classification and ground surveys, the2790 km² watershed had 1570 km² of forest in 1997, 1080 km² of which was in national parks and nature monuments. Most of the 490 km² of forest not currently in protected areas lies along the west bank of the Canal, and its managementstatus after the year 2000 turnover of the Canal from the U.S. to Panama remains uncertain. In forest plots designed to monitorforest diversity and change, a total of 963 woody plant specieswere identified and mapped. We estimate there are a total of 850–1000 woody species in forests of the Canal corridor. Forestsof the wetter upper reaches of the watershed are distinct in species composition from the Canal corridor, and have considerably higher diversity and many unknown species. Theseremote areas are extensively forested, poorly explored, and harbor an estimated 1400–2200 woody species. Vertebrate monitoring programs were also initiated, focusing on species threatened by hunting and forest fragmentation. Large mammals are heavily hunted in most forests of Canal corridor, and therewas clear evidence that mammal density is greatly reduced in hunted areas and that this affects seed predation and dispersal. The human population of the watershed was 113 000 in 1990, and grew by nearly 4% per year from 1980 to 1990. Much of this growth was in a small region of the watershed on the outskirts of Panama City, but even rural areas, including villages near and within national parks, grew by 2% per year. There is no sewage treatment in the watershed, and many towns have no trashcollection, thus streams near large towns are heavily polluted. Analyses of sediment loads in rivers throughout the watershed did not indicate that erosion has been increasing as a result ofdeforestation, rather, erosion seems to be driven largely by total rainfall and heavy rainfall events that cause landslides.Still, models suggest that large-scale deforestation would increase landslide frequency, and failure to detect increases inerosion could be due to the gradual deforestation rate and the short time period over which data are available. A study of runoff showed deforestation increased the amount of water fromrainfall that passed directly into streams. As a result, dry season flow was reduced in a deforested catchment relative to aforested one. Currently, the Panama Canal watershed has extensive forest areasand streams relatively unaffected by humans. But impacts of hunting and pollution near towns are clear, and the burgeoningpopulation will exacerbate these impacts in the next few decades.Changes in policies regarding forest protection and pollution control are necessary.     

空气质量监测中标准状态对测定结果的影响及建议

环境空气质量标准中各种污染物的浓度限值是评价、考核空气质量状况的基本依据。为了保证在不同时空、不同环境状况下监测数据的可比性,各个国家或组织在制定的空气质量标准中对标准状态(温度和压力)进行了定义。但是,由于标准状态定义不同,即使是同一环境状况下的同一实测结果进行标化计算后的污染物浓度也不相同,达不到可比性的基本原则。因此,建议中国在未来修订空气质量标准所采用的标准状态,进一步与国际接轨。     

Monitoring the quality of the marine environment

As part of the monitoring program from Instituto Hidrográfico, since 1981 sediment and water samples have been collected from four different estuarine areas located along the continental coast of Portugal. The concentrations of different parameters were measured in the water and sediment samples. After normalization, the concentrations of chromium, mercury, lead and zinc in the sediments from the different areas were compared.