原子荧光法测定废水中砷的不确定度评定

以原子荧光法测定油田废水中砷含量为实例,建立数学模型,分析和识别在分析过程中的不确定度来源,对测量中不确定度的各个分量进行了分步计算及合成,计算出测定结果的扩展不确定度0.74μg/L。通过计算和分析,结果表明,标准工作曲线拟合和方法回收率是原子荧光法测定油田废水中砷含量的不确定度的主要因素。     

原子荧光光度法测定水中砷的不确定度分析

根据测量不确定度评定与表示理论,采用原子荧光法测定水中的砷的不确定度,通过推导和计算,得出该法测定水中砷的扩展不确定度U95=0.65μg/L,νeff=120.该不确定度评价方法在实际工作中具有较强的实用价值.     

原子荧光光度法同时测定水中砷、硒的不确定度分析

对原子荧光光度法测定水样中砷、硒浓度的影响因素进行分析,对各因素的不确定度进行计算和评估。结果表明,影响其测量不确定度主要因素是原子荧光强度值带来的不确定度,其它因素是次要的。     

便携式GC-MS测定气体样品中6种典型VOCs的不确定度评定

以便携式GC-MS测定气体样品中6种典型挥发性有机物(VOCs)组分(苯、1,1,2-三氯乙烷、四氯乙烯、乙苯、间二甲苯和1,3,5-三甲基苯)为例,应用不确定度理论,从检测过程和计算方法的角度分析了影响测量不确定度的各种因素:标准气体定值、标准气体稀释、工作曲线的非线性及重复性测定。对各测量不确定度分量进行计算和评定,同时采用稳健统计方法对测定结果进行准确度评价。结果表明:采用便携式GC-MS测定气体样品中VOCs不确定度的主要影响因素是标准气体定值和工作曲线的非线性,其次是重复性测定,标准气体稀释引入的不确定度较小。当VOCs组分含量为200 nmol/mol浓度水平时,测量扩展不确定度为14～17 nmol/mol,测量相对扩展不确定度为7.1%～9.2%(k=2,置信水平为95%),相对误差为1.5%～4.0%。     

原子荧光光度法测定水中汞的不确定度分析

用原子荧光光度法对测定水中汞的不确定度进行分析,找出影响不确定的因素,对测量不确定度进行计算和评定,结果表明影响其测量不确定度主要因素是原子荧光光强度值带来的不确定度,其它因素是次要的.     

氢化物发生原子荧光光度法测定水中锑的不确定度评定

介绍了原子荧光光度法测定水中锑的不确定度评定方法,分析和识别在测定过程中的不确定度来源,较为全面地评定了测量不确定度,最后计算出测定结果的合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度.结果表明,标准溶液配制过程和标准曲线拟合引起的不确定度是原子荧光光度法测定水中锑含量不确定度的主要来源.     

纳氏试剂光度法测定水中氨氮含量不确定度评定

建立了分光光度法测定水中氨氮含量的合成不确定度的数学模式。按照分析方法操作步骤的先后顺序,分别对标准溶液的配制、稀释和取样、标准曲线的绘制及样品的测定的不确定度分量进行了详细的分析和计算,得出测量扩展不确定度结果。     

利用质控数据评定AFS法测定水中汞的测量不确定度

根据连续5天的质控数据,采用中国合格评定国家认可委员会(CNAS)的《利用质控数据评定化学检测领域测量不确定度》方法来评定原子荧光光度仪(AFS)法测定水中汞的不确定度。经过计算评定,在95%概率下AFS法测定水中汞的扩展不确定度为0.82μg/L。与传统的A、B类不确定度进行对比,利用质控数据评定测量不确定度法更适用于操作过程复杂、不确定度分量难确定的化学分析及无标准品的情况。     

测定水中挥发酚的测量不确定度评定

分析了采用预蒸馏的4-氨基安替比林萃取光度法，测定水中挥发酚过程中产生测量不确定度的主要来源．通过实例介绍了配制标准溶液、标准曲线拟合、重复性测量、分光光度计仪器等引入的各不确定度分量的量化计算方法．经合成计算出测定水中挥发酚的扩展不确定度为0．001mg／L．测量结果表示为（0．011±0．001）mg／L（=2）．     

用ICS-90型离子色谱仪测定水中钙离子的不确定度分析

对离子色谱法测定水中钙离子的不确定度进行评定,并分析了其影响因素主要有来自重复测量引入的A类不确定度和来自工作曲线的不确定度以及来自标准溶液的不确定度。     

微波消解-原子荧光光谱法测定大气PM2.5中的砷

采用微波消解-原子荧光光谱法测定大气细颗粒物中的砷，确定了最佳样品处理方法与测定条件。方法在0μg/L～40．0μg/L范围内线性良好，标准曲线相关系数达0．999以上，检出限为0．01μg/L。土壤标准品的测定值在标准值范围内，大气PM2．5滤膜样品加标回收率为96．0％～102％，5次平行测定的RSD为1．5％～3．6％。     

Speciation of arsenic using solid phase extraction cartridges

Various solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges were investigated for speciation of arsenite [As(III)], arsenate [As(v)], monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA). Cartridges containing different types of sorbent materials were tested for arsenic retention and elution characteristics. Alumina cartridges were found to completely retain all the four target arsenic species, and are suitable for removal and preconcentration purposes. For speciation analysis, different arsenic species were separated on the basis of their selective retention on and elution from specific cartridges. DMA was retained on a resin-based strong cation exchange cartridge and eluted with 1.0 M HCl. MMA and As(v) were both retained on a silica-based strong anion exchange cartridge and sequentially eluted with 60 mM acetic acid (for MMA) and 1.0 M HCl [for As(v)]. As(III) was not retained on either cartridge and remained in solution. Arsenic species in solution and those eluted from the cartridges were subsequently quantified by using flow injection with hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (FI-HGAFS) and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (FI-HGAAS). A detection limit of 0.05 microg L(-1) arsenic in water sample was achieved using HGAFS. An application of the method was demonstrated at a drinking water treatment facility. As(III) and As(v) species were determined in water at various stages of treatment. The method is suitable for routine determination of trace levels of arsenic in drinking water to comply with more stringent environmental regulations.     

原子荧光度法测定城市污泥总砷的不确定度评定

根据《测量不确定度评定与表示》（JJF1059—1999），建立了原子荧光度法测定污泥泥质中砷不确定度的数学模型，分析了测试过程中不确定度的来源，并对各不确定度分量进行评定及合成，并计算得出合成不确定度和扩展不确定度。本次测量的合成相对不确定度值为0．023，其中由消化样浓度引起的相对合成不确定度为0．021；最大的不确定度分量是样品消化重复测定的不确定度，分量值为O．0152。本次测定结果为19．97±0．92mg／kg，k=2（置信水平约为95％）。     

水样品中汞砷联合测定的研究--氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法

利用氢化物发生-原子荧光分析技术(HG-AFS)对水样品中汞、砷联合测定方法进行了有益的探索.通过一系列条件实验,设定出了合理有效的水样前处理方法、仪器测定条件以及主要试剂的浓度.并对其最低检出下限、精密度和准确度进行了评估,结果表明该方法用于环境水样品中汞、砷元素的同时测定具有很好的可行性和适用性.     

双道原子荧光同时测定海水中痕量砷和汞

建立了双道原子荧光同时测定海水中痕量砷和汞的方法。在试验条件下,砷和汞测定的相对标准偏差≤4．0％．加标回收率在92．0％～104％之间。方法操作简便,灵敏快速,适用于海水及其他水体中砷和汞的测定。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤样品中铅的不确定度评定

用实例对X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤样品中铅的不确定度进行了评定.测量结果的不确定度由仪器综合稳定性、制样、标准物质、回归工作曲线、重复测量等所引入的不确定度分量组成.在对各个不确定度分量进行量化的基础上,通过合成得到测量结果的标准不确定度,再乘以95%置信概率下的扩展因子2,得到测量结果的扩展不确定度.     

Arsenic exposure in Hungary, Romania and Slovakia

Inorganic arsenic is a potent human carcinogen and toxicant which people are exposed to mainly via drinking water and food. The objective of the present study was to assess current exposure to arsenic via drinking water in three European countries. For this purpose, 520 individuals from four Hungarian, two Slovakian and two Romanian countries were investigated by measuring inorganic arsenic and methylated arsenic metabolites in urine by high performance liquid chromatography with hydride generation and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Arsenic in drinking water was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Significantly higher concentrations of arsenic were found in both the water and the urine samples from the Hungarian counties (median: 11 and 15 microg dm(-3), respectively; p < 0.001) than from the Slovakian (median: 0.94 and 4.5 microg dm(-3), respectively) and Romanian (median: 0.70 and 2.1 microg dm(-3), respectively) counties. A significant correlation was seen between arsenic in water and arsenic in urine (R(2)= 0.46). At low water arsenic concentrations, the relative amount of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) in urine was increased, indicating exposure via food. Also, high body mass index was associated with higher concentrations of arsenic in urine (p= 0.03), mostly in the form of DMA. Smokers had significantly higher urinary arsenic concentrations than non-smokers (p= 0.03). In conclusion, elevated arsenic exposure via drinking water was prevalent in some of the counties. Exposure to arsenic from food, mainly as DMA, and cigarette smoke, mainly as inorganic arsenic, are major determinants of arsenic exposure at very low concentrations of arsenic in drinking water.