叶绿素a在监视赤潮和评价水环境中的应用

阐述了赤潮的发生与水中藻类浮游植物的关系。指出测定水中叶绿素的含量 ,是对水中浮游植物的一种定量测量方法。重点介绍了叶绿素a监测的原理和方法。例举了叶绿素a在监视赤潮和评价水质环境方面的事例     

地表水浮游植物叶绿素a测定方法比较研究

比较了浮游植物叶绿素a测定方法中的丙酮萃取法和热乙醇萃取法.结果表明,应用反复冻融植物细胞的丙酮萃取法对地表水中浮游植物叶绿素a的萃取率显著高于其他方法,且重复测定的精密度较高.     

新安江水库透明度与叶绿素a浓度反演模式初步研究

新安江水库有完整监测数据记录开始于1985年,但2001年后才有浮游植物密度和叶绿素a数据。文章利用2001—2009年透明度和叶绿素a监测数据,采用SPSS统计软件拟合回归方程,再根据2001年以前的透明度数据,反演相对应的新安江水库浮游植物叶绿素a浓度。结果表明,新安江水库1988、1990年浮游植物生物量较低,而1993、1996、2009年浮游植物生物量分别出现峰值,2000年以前浮游植物生物量波动剧烈,2000年以后基本呈上升趋势,特别是2005年以后上升趋势非常明显。     

水体中叶绿素a测定方法的研究

对水体中叶绿素a的测定方法进行了研究,确定了乙醇免研法测定水体中叶绿素a的实验条件。用95%乙醇替代90%丙酮作为萃取剂,用高温免研磨萃取替代研磨萃取,其结果是乙醇免研法与丙酮法测定结果的相对偏差在可接受范围内; 同时对测定结果进行统计分析显示, 乙醇法的测定结果与丙酮法无显著性差异,且乙醇免研法萃取效率有所提高,其测定结果均略高于丙酮法,说明乙醇免研法可以替代丙酮法。     

微囊藻中叶绿素a提取方法的优化

用组织研磨、浸泡提取、热浴超声3种提取方法和丙酮、甲醇、乙醇3种提取溶剂，从实验室纯培养微囊藻中提取叶绿素a，并以高效液相色谱法测定其质量浓度。结果表明，经组织研磨破碎藻细胞后用甲醇提取的效果好于丙酮和乙醇，经浸泡和超声破碎藻细胞后用乙醇的提取效果好于丙酮和甲醇；使用乙醇-热浴超声法在所有的试验组合中获得最佳提取效果，条件为：乙醇温度为50℃-55℃，超声6min-8min后再静置提取5h-6h。     

淡水中叶绿素a测定方法的探讨

对分光光度法测定叶绿素a中样品研磨转移损失,离心后750nm处吸光值达不到0.005要求,加酸消除脱镁叶绿素,加酸量及加酸后测定时间等方面进行对比实验研究,提出了对分光光度法测定叶绿素a修改建议.     

乙醇法测定浮游植物叶绿素a含量的讨论

采用热乙醇法以及乙醇冷冻提取法测定浮游植物叶绿素a含量,以比较两种方法的效果.实验结果表明,两种方法的测定值之间有较好的线性相关关系.热乙醇法快速高效,可以替代国内使用较多的乙醇冷冻提取法.     

丙酮法和热乙醇法测定浮游植物叶绿素a的方法比对

将丙酮法和热乙醇法用于测定浮游植物叶绿素a,分析水样中是否加入碳酸镁、水样体积、萃取时间、萃取剂、破碎方法、离心时间、水样存放时间和滤膜样品存放时间等8个因素对测定的影响,并确定最佳试验条件。结果表明:2种方法的测定值之间有较好的线性关系,相比丙酮法,热乙醇法更具优势。     

四川省重点流域浮游植物群落调查研究

首次对四川省纳入省控以上地表水、重点湖库及饮用水源地154个水质断面进行了浮游植物优势种、藻类密度及叶绿素a同步调查监测,分析了全省重点流域浮游植物群落特征,建立了四川省地表水环境藻类数据库。     

洞庭湖水体叶绿素a时空分布及与环境因子的相关性

2013年6月至2014年5月逐月对洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度和主要环境因子进行测定,分析洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度的时空分布特征,探讨洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度与环境因子的相关性。结果表明,洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度为0.11~8.62 mg/m~3,年均值为(1.89±1.23)mg/m~3,属贫营养;叶绿素a质量浓度随季节变化明显,总体呈现夏、秋季明显大于冬、春季的规律;在空间上,总体表现为西洞庭湖和东洞庭湖明显大于南洞庭湖。全湖叶绿素a质量浓度与水温、电导率、COD和TP呈极显著正相关,与DO、NH3-N、TN和TN/TP呈极显著负相关,与NO-3-N呈显著负相关,与p H和透明度无显著相关性。全湖TN/TP的年均值为28.5,磷可能是洞庭湖水体浮游植物生长的限制性营养盐。     

水体中藻类叶绿素a提取方法的比较

考察超声波法、反复冻融法、热乙醇法对小球藻和微囊藻中叶绿素a的提取效果,并与标准方法作比对。结果表明,4种提取方法中,标准方法对藻类提取效果稍逊,热乙醇法对小球藻的提取效果好,而超声波法和反复冻融法对微囊藻的提取效果好。建议针对不同水体中的优势藻类,标准方法可结合热乙醇法和超声波法,用乙醇替换丙酮作为叶绿素a的提取溶剂,并增加超声波破碎步骤,以提高叶绿素a的提取效率。     

铬污染土壤中六价铬的测定

研究了土壤中Ｃｒ＾６＋的提取测定方法。结果表明，用０．４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＫＣｌ为提取剂，离心分离提取液，可简单，快速，准确地测定土壤中Ｃｒ＾６＋，所建立的方法适用于北方偏碱性土壤。     

The extraction of aged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) residues from a clay soil using sonication and a Soxhlet procedure: a comparative study

A sonication method was compared with Soxhlet extraction for recovering polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from a clay soil that had been contaminated with tar materials for several decades. Using sonication over an 8 h extraction period, maximum extraction of the 16 US EPA priority PAH was obtained with dichloromethane (DCM)-acetone (1 + 1). The same procedure using hexane-acetone (1 + 1) recovered 86% of that obtained using DCM-acetone (1 + 1). PAH recovery was dependent on time of extraction up to a period of 8 h. The sonication procedure showed that individual PAH are extracted at differing rates depending on the number of fused rings in the molecule. Soxhlet extraction [with DCM-acetone (1 + 1)] over an 8 h period recovered 95% of the PAH removed by the sonication procedure using DCM-acetone (1 + 1), indicating that rigorous sonication can achieve PAH recoveries similar to those obtained by Soxhlet extraction. The lower recovery with the Soxhlet extraction was explained by the observed losses of the volatile PAH components after 1-4 h of extraction. The type of solvent used, the length of time of extraction and extraction method influenced the quantification of PAH in the soil. Therefore, the study has implications for PAH analyses in soils and sediments, and particularly for contaminated site assessments where the data from commercial laboratories are being used. The study emphasizes the importance of establishing (and being consistent in the application of) a vigorous extraction, particularly for commercial laboratories that handle samples of soil in batches (at different times) from a single site investigation or remediation process. The strong binding of PAH to soil, forming aged residues, has significant implications for extraction efficiency. This paper illustrates the problem of the underestimation of PAH using the US EPA method 3550, specifically where a surrogate spike is routinely employed and the efficiency of the extraction procedure for aged residues is unknown. The implications of this study for environmental monitoring, particularly where numerous batches of samples from a single site assessment or remediation program are submitted to commercial laboratories, is that it would be advisable for these laboratories to check their existing method's extraction efficiencies by conducting a time course sonication extraction on their particular soil to determine the optimum extraction time.     

对城市污水厂污泥中矿物油和动植物油测定方法的改进

研究了用超声波萃取城市污水处理厂污泥中动植物油和矿物油的方法,并与索氏提取法进行比较.结果表明,超声波萃取法对污泥中矿物油和动植物油测定操作简单快速,标样回收率高,精密度好.     

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定土壤中十氯酮

研究了提取溶剂效率、净化方式等因素对十氯酮测定的影响,对比了加速溶剂提取、微波萃取及超声波等提取方式,考察了不同电子轰击能量、碰撞能量下特征离子对的响应。建立了加速溶剂萃取,H2SO4净化分离,气相色谱法-三重四极杆质谱法测定土壤中十氯酮的分析方法。取5.0 g土壤干样,内标法定量,线性相关系数为0.999 7,加标回收率为91.7%~121%,相对标准偏差为3.4%(n=6),检出限为0.1 ng/kg。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定废酸油渣中的16种多环芳烃

建立了废酸油渣中16种多环芳烃超声萃取、Florisil萃取柱净化、气相色谱-质谱测定的方法。笔者对提取方式、提取剂类型和体积、提取时间和次数、净化方式等进行研究,采用无水硫酸钠分散,二氯甲烷作为提取剂超声40 min,提取液经纯水清洗、离心后取适量有机相经过3 g Florisil萃取柱净化,采用气相色谱-质谱选择离子模式(SIM),加入内标进行定量分析。结果表明:二氯甲烷提取效率比正己烷好,丙酮可能引起酸性样品中多环芳烃的降解,丙酮超声萃取时加入无水硫酸钠能在一定程度上防止目标物降解,但萃取效率不可控制,宜采用二氯甲烷作为萃取剂。分散提取能有效减少提取时间,超声清洗仪超声40 min提取效率为86.2%～104%。3g Florisil萃取柱净化比1 g Florisil萃取柱净化和GPC净化效果略好。方法检出限为0.4～1.3 mg/kg,6次空白加标的相对标准偏差为2.3%～15.3%,6个实际样品测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.2%～27.3%,基体加标回收率为51.3%～126%,连续校准稳定。该方法适用于废酸油渣样品中16种多环芳烃的检测,比直接溶解有效,比加速溶剂萃取、索氏提取、微波萃取和超声探头萃取简单、快捷,能有效减少设备污染和腐蚀,净化方法有效,测定结果准确可靠,是实现大批量样品检测的可行方法。     

加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱/串联质谱法测定土壤中20种有机氯农药

建立了用加速溶剂萃取法（ASE）提取、气相色谱-串联质谱法分析土壤中20种有机氯农药的方法。用正己烷和丙酮（1∶1,V/V）的混合溶剂为提取剂,萃取温度100℃,压力1 500 psi,静态提取10 min,循环提取2次,提取液经石墨化碳黑固相萃取柱净化,浓缩后进行GC-MS/MS测定,外标法定量。试验结果表明,采用串联质谱多反应监测模式,降低了背景干扰,当取5 g土壤时,有机氯农药的检出限在0.1~3.0μg/kg之间,低浓度水平（8μg/kg）的基体加标回收率为70.3%~134%,相对标准偏差〈23%。测定方法背景干扰低,灵敏度高,适合土壤中20种有机氯农药残留的同时测定。     

A novel liquid-liquid extraction for the determination of naphthalene by GC-MS with deuterated anthracene as internal standard

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are known for their carcinogenic and mutagenic effects on human health. This therefore calls for the regulation of their concentrations in air, water, and soil. Naphthalene as the simplest in structure of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is mainly used as a starter material for other chemicals but also has impacts on human health. A method is therefore proposed for the determination of naphthalene in water samples by gas chromatography mass spectrometry after liquid-liquid extraction. The extraction method was optimized to improve the extraction output, thereby lowering the limit of detection. The limits of detection and quantification obtained for naphthalene were 4.4 and 14.6 ng mL^?1, respectively. Deuterated anthracene was used as internal standard to enhance the precision of the method, for which a relative standard deviation of 4.3% was obtained. The percent recovery of naphthalene obtained from tap water was ranged between 93.8 and 102.2.     

Comparison of pressurized fluid extraction, Soxhlet extraction and sonication for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air and diesel exhaust particulate matter

In order to characterize and compare the chemical composition of diesel particulate matter and ambient air samples collected on filters, different extraction procedures were tested and their extraction efficiencies and recoveries determined. This study is an evaluation of extraction methods using the standard 16 EPA PAHs with HPLC fluorescence analysis. Including LC analysis also GC and MS methods for the determination of PAHs can be used. Soxhlet extraction was compared with ultrasonic agitation and pressurized fluid extraction (PFE) using three solvents to extract PAHs from diesel exhaust and urban air particulates. The selected PAH compounds of soluble organic fractions were analyzed by HPLC with a multiple wavelength shift fluorescence detector. The EPA standard mixture of 16 PAH compounds was used as a standard to identify and quantify diesel exhaust-derived PAHs. The most effective extraction method of those tested was pressurized fluid extraction using dichloromethane as a solvent.     

微波提取高效液相色谱法测定土壤中15种痕量多环芳烃

采用微波提取结合高效液相色谱技术测定了土壤中15种PAHs的含量.比较了用微波提取、索氏提取和超声萃取3种土壤样品的前处理方法对多环芳烃测定的影响,考察了色谱柱的性能、梯度洗脱条件的优化、荧光检潮波长程序变换及柱温等因素对15种PAHs组分之同分离的影响.经优化后的HPLC方法对15种PAHs的最低检测限为0.10～0.80 μg/kg,相对标准偏差为0.60%～4.60%,方法的回收率为58.1%～97.8%.实验结果表明,该方法兵有高效、快速、灵敏等特点,可以用于环境土壤样品中痕量PAHs的检测.