环境铅污染来源及其对人体健康的影响

详细分析了铅对环境和人体的污染途径,指出人为排放到空气中的铅对人体健康的影响,介绍了目前上海和其它地区儿童血铅水平,得出燃油机动车无铅化已刻不容缓,最后介绍了国外铅污染的状况及发展趋势。     

广东省煤电行业大气铅污染现状分析

采用基于多排放系数的煤电行业大气铅排放量计算方法,计算2011—2013年广东省铅排放量,并分析铅污染的地区分布和排放特征。结果表明:全省煤电行业每年向大气中排放铅污染物80.6 t,占燃煤中含铅总量的3.72%;燃煤铅排放系数呈逐年下降趋势,平均值为6.33 kg/万t;燃煤机组大气铅排放量由高到低分别为珠三角粤东粤西粤北,东莞、广州和江门3市铅排放量最高;铅集中排放强度高的城市大多为沿海城市,大气污染扩散条件较好;山区城市中梅州铅集中排放强度较高,其余城市较低;珠三角出海口主要大气铅排放点源分布密集,易形成区域污染,存在一定风险。     

人体有机氯化合物暴露分析人体暴露分析协作组

环境污染物可以通过饮水、食物、空气以及接触等途径进入人体,在体内畜积并引起对人体健康的潜在危害.为评价这种危害的程度及提供制订有关环境保护对策的依据,我国北京市和江苏省,选择试验点参加了世界卫生组织(WHO)和联合国环境规划署(UNEP)组织的人体暴评价点规划(HEALSPROGRAMME).根据规划要求,于1990年在无锡市进行人体有机氯化合物暴露评价点规划(HEAL PROGRAMME).根据规划要求,于1990年在无锡市进行人体有机氯化合物暴露分析及其体负荷的研究.本次研究目标为:     

兰州市小儿血铅水平与环境铅污染关系调查

采用随机抽样的方法对兰州市103对新生儿及其母亲、1月至36月的146名婴幼儿以及808名3～7岁儿童的毛细血管血铅进行了分析,同时对上述幼儿园室内外尘土或土壤样品采用石墨炉原子吸收法进行了铅分析测定,通过相关分析,说明城市环境铅污染是小儿血铅升高的主要原因之一。     

无污染农产品对土壤铅环境质量标准要求的变化——个案研究

研究了江苏南通某乡镇土壤铅的污染以及水稻对土壤铅的吸收。结果表明,研究区土壤与稻米铅污染严重。通过盆栽实验建立了水稻对铅的吸收积累及评估模型,提出了符合该地区大米安全生产的土壤铅临界含量值,为土壤铅环境质量标准的研究提供了参考实例。同时结合国内外环境质量标准的对比,提出无污染农产品对土壤铅环境质量标准要求的变化,建议制/修订土壤铅环境质量标准值。土壤环境二级标准值由现行的250～350mg/kg改为80mg/kg。     

美国湖泊底泥中铅与大气中铅浓度的相关性研究

美国湖泊底泥中铅与大气中铅浓度的相关性研究林贻非编译（中国环境监测总站北京１０００２９）环境中的铅来自人类排放和自然过程,不过前者要远甚于后者。人类排放的铅可以高达自然源贡献总量的３０倍。伴随着汽车的出现和加铅汽油的使用,使近代大气中的铅污染趋向高峰...     

铅锌冶炼厂周边土壤铅源的铅同位素示踪

以某铅锌冶炼厂周边土壤为研究对象,通过对其原料及周边土壤中铅含量的检测,结果显示：该冶炼厂周边土壤铅质量比在22.73mg/kg～126.51mg/kg之间,平均值为42.68mg/kg,是当地土壤铅背景值的1.85倍.采用铅质量比空间分布分析和同位素混合模型计算分析了冶炼厂周边土壤中铅的可能来源,分析表明：土壤铅质量比的空间分布及铅同位素比值与冶炼厂的焦化原料煤相近,焦化原料煤对周边土壤铅污染贡献最大.     

城市街道空气中铅污染及其对机体无机盐影响的研究

本文对兰州市不同交通路口铅污染现场监测及交警人群健康体检，结果表明各路口受汽车尾气污染严重，铅浓度在１．１６～２．６４μｇ／ｍ３之间。将１２０名交警分外勤警７０人作为污染组，内勤警及户藉警５０人作为对照组，调查结果尿中δ－氨基乙酰丙酸两组比较没有统计学差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；污染组发铅、尿铅浓度均显著高于对照组，发锌、铜、钙及血中ＩｇＡ、ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ均低于对照组，并具有统计学差异（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示街道空气铅污染对交警体内无机盐水平及机体免疫能力具有一定的影响。     

城市土壤重金属污染研究现状与趋势

阐述了城市土壤重金属的主要来源、空间分布特征、化学形态与影响因素,以及对人体的健康风险与生物效应,指出今后的研究重点与趋势是建立城市土壤重金属污染概念和标准体系,研究其在环境中的迁移转化机制与规律及城市土壤重金属复合污染,发展判源分析新技术.     

郑州市13种绿化带植物中铅质量比的对比研究

利用石墨炉-原子吸收光谱法测定郑州市13种绿化带植物叶片中铅质量比,结果表明:植物叶片中铅质量比范围在0.16 mg/kg~7.65 mg/kg之间。不同空间分布的植物铅质量比差异显著,总体呈现草坪植物灌木乔木的趋势;同一采样点不同植物叶片铅质量比不同;同一植物不同组织部位铅质量比也不同;其中月季花、金叶女贞、白花三叶草作为铅富集能力较强的绿化带植物,有望成为城市空气铅污染修复的理想植物材料。     

Minimizing human health effects of urban air pollution through quantification and control of motor vehicular carbon monoxide (CO) in Lahore

Impact of urban air pollution has variety of focuses such as urban ecology, human health, economy, etc. But human health is always given priority. Air pollution is threat to the lives of people living in big cities of Pakistan. In Lahore only there die 1,250 people annually because of air pollution. A strong correlation exists between urban air pollution and human health in Lahore. Growth of COPD is highest among other air pollution borne diseases. Existing mass transit system (one of driving forces behind motor vehicular emission) in Lahore due to frequent stoppages, entering and exit in flow of traffic causes excess discharge of motor vehicular carbon monoxide (CO) which is a hazardous to human health. Quantification and enumeration of this discharge is essential for environmental management. The paper is an attempt to highlight human health effects of urban air pollution through correlation and regression analysis. Further it is focused upon quantifying excess motor vehicular carbon monoxide through application of simplified mobile emission model. In light of results emission control measures are recommended.     

Heavy metal pollution of ambient air in Nagpur City

Heavy metals released from different sources in urban environment get adsorbed on respirable particulate matter less than 10 μm in size (PM₁₀) and are important from public health point of view causing morbidity and mortality. Therefore, the ambient air quality monitoring was carried out to study the temporal and special pattern in the distribution of PM₁₀ and associated heavy metal content in the atmosphere of Nagpur, Maharashtra State, India during 2001 as well as in 2006. PM₁₀ fraction was observed to exceed the stipulated standards in both years. It was also observed that minimum range of PM₁₀ was observed to be increased in 2006 indicating increase in human activity during nighttime also. Six heavy metals were analyzed and were observed to occur in the order Zn > Fe > Pb > Ni > Cd > Cr in 2006, similar to the trend in other metro cities in India. Lead and Nickel were observed to be within the stipulated standards. Poor correlation coefficient (R ²) between lead and PM₁₀ indicated that automobile exhaust is not the source of metals to air pollution. Commercial and industrial activity as well as geological composition may be the potential sources of heavy metal pollution. Total load of heavy metals was found to be increased in 2006 with prominent increase in zinc, lead, and nickel in the environment. Public health impacts of heavy metals as well as certain preventive measures to mitigate the impact of heavy metals on public health are also summarized.     

Biomonitoring of Lead in Atmospheric Environment of An Urban Center of the Ganga Plain, India

Monitoring of atmospheric lead from the Dalbergia sissoo treewas undertaken at Lucknow urban centre of the Ganga Plain, India.Atotal of 26 leaf samples were collected in spring, monsoon and winter seasons from 16 sampling sites and was analysed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry method. Lead concentrations were low in spring season, increased in monsoon to winter seasons and range from 2.1 to 28.2 μg/g (dry wt.). This accumulative response of lead in the tree leaves is directly linked with the exposure time of automobile emission that is considered to be the predominant source for it. Highway localities show higher lead concentrations by a factor of 2 as compared to urban localities. Highest concentration was recorded at Sitapur Road (National Highway No. 24) in winter season. A linear quantitative relationship between urban air-lead levels and lead-in-the Dalbergia sissoo leaves is used to infer the qualitative assessment of present day atmospheric lead pollution. Reported results suggest a drastic reduction in mean lead concentration in Lucknow urban air from 1.32μg/m3 in 1994 to 0.19μg/m3 in 2002. Similarly, mean lead concentration in the tree leaves during winter season also dropped from 17.9 μg/g in 1994 to 8.1 μg/g in 2004. Despite of increasing urban population, urban area, vehicle population and traffic density, the introduction of unleaded-petrol (vehicular fuel) keeps lead level in the urban environment of Lucknow much lower than the past. Like Lucknow, other urban centres of the Ganga Plain are also on way to the exponential increase in pressure of urbanization. An appropriate urban public transport planning is required to provide healthy atmospheric environment for millions of people especially future young generation.     

Impacts of lead/zinc mining and smelting on the environment and human health in China

Mining and smelting are important economic activities. However, mining-related industries are also some of the largest sources of environmental pollution from heavy metals. China is one of the largest producers and consumers of lead and zinc in the world. A large amount of lead, zinc, and related elements, such as cadmium, have been released into the environment due to mineral processing activities and have impacted water resources, soils, vegetables, and crops. In some areas, this pollution is hazardous to human health. This article reviews studies published in the past 10 years (2000–2009), on the environmental and human health consequences of lead/zinc mineral exploitation in China. Polluted areas are concentrated in the following areas: the junction of Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan provinces, west-central Hunan province, central Guangxi province, northern Guangdong, northwestern Henan province, the border between Shanxi and Gansu provinces, and the region of Liaoning province near Bohai. Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are the main pollutants and are associated with human health effects such as high lead blood levels in children, arthralgia, osteomalacia, and excessive cadmium in urine.     

苏州市水环境质量调查

简述了1990年—2000年苏州市区水系的变化及京杭运河苏州段沿岸主要工业污染源的变化，对苏州市区水环境质量的变化进行了分析。指出，苏州市区水环境质量的变化主要受水系的改变和污染源防治的共同影响。提出，除继续加强对工业污染源的防治外，还需对水系范围内的生活、农业等方面产生的污染进行防治；在规划水利建设工程时，应将水环境质量的改善与生态建设全面地比较与评价，按其结果再实施工程建设；已建成的环太湖闸在不影响其主要功能的情况下，应保持开启，让优质的太湖水补给运河，从根本上改善苏州市区水环境质量。     

生活垃圾焚烧二噁英排放对人群健康影响研究进展

综述了二噁英对人体健康的危害特性, 以及我国生活垃圾焚烧厂二噁英排放浓度水平，及其周边环境空气和土壤中二噁英污染浓度水平、人群暴露途径、剂量和健康影响。指出，现有研究显示，我国生活垃圾焚烧排放的二噁英浓度在合理范围之内，垃圾焚烧厂周边人群二噁英暴露量普遍低于世界卫生组织（WHO）推荐的容许标准，但也有研究发现，垃圾焚烧会导致周边环境介质中二噁英浓度水平增高。提出，应重点关注垃圾焚烧排放二噁英的长期低剂量暴露对人群健康的影响。     

环境中氡水平及其对人体健康危害

简介了环境中氡的水平、污染来源、变化规律、对人体的健康危害及防治措施。 并提示，新疆环境中氡的调查研究应引起有关部门的重视，对于氡及子体致癌机理、 多因素的综合 影响及危险估计等都待深入研究以及加紧氡的测量方法的研制。