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1.
采用两种模糊贴近度,聚类分析模式评价了南通市11条河流的年监测均值,通过评价,分析了聚类分析模式传统建立矩阵的方法和贴近度模式评价水质的缺陷,对非归一化法、归-化法处理贴近度(标准化数值)建立矩阵聚类分析结果进行了比照,提出了用环境单元与水质标准单元相应参数的贴近度建立矩阵聚类分析的方法。  相似文献   

2.
本文根据模糊聚类分析原理,建立了城市大气质量分类图,并以此为基础,提出了改进城市现有大气监测系统的再优化方法,本法的优点是克服了城市大气质量监测点设置数量以功能区多少及面积大小为主要依据的不足。  相似文献   

3.
水质模糊聚类分析的应用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
目前的模糊聚类方法一般是直接采用量化指标或人为评分组成样本进行聚类分析.聚类结果虽然能够表示同一类中各样本之间的相似性和不同类别样本之间的不相似性,但是却不能说明这种相似程度和不相似程度的大小,且聚类结果中究竟哪一个最符合实际情况,仍然要由人来作判定,往往会带来一些主观随意性,这表明目前所用的这种模糊聚类方法其聚类结果表示的意义尚不是十分明确.为此,本文在前人工作的基础上提出一种新的模糊聚类方法,该方法以各环境单元监测值模糊子集与各级环境质量标准模糊子  相似文献   

4.
环境政策是主体功能区区域政策的重要组成部分,从环境准入政策、环境管理政策和环境经济政策3个方面研究提出了不同主体功能区域的环境政策导向,以推动主体功能区分类别环境政策框架体系的形成。  相似文献   

5.
浅析《江苏省地表水(环境)功能区划》   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
地表水(环境)功能区划是水资源和水环境管理的重要依据。为了有利于水资源保护和水污染防治工作的开展,江苏省水利厅和江苏省环保厅以《江苏省地面水水域功能类别划分》和《江苏省水功能区划报告》为基础,共同编制了《江苏省地表水(环境)功能区划》,2003年3月经江苏省人民政府批准实施。  相似文献   

6.
水环境功能区是水环境管理的基本单元,把GIS技术与水环境功能区划工作结合起来,将分散、零碎的数据系统化、条理化,建立水环境管理的GIS平台,从而将水环境功能区信息在地图上生动形象的表现出来,实现了水环境管理的可视化和动态化管理.  相似文献   

7.
采用模糊聚类分析方法.对哈密市多年来城市环境噪声监测数据,进行了质量评价。结果表明,该市受到噪声中污染的Ⅳ级水平,提出了相应建议。  相似文献   

8.
以往的环境功能区划将城市或某一区域作为整个目标范围的功能区划,这种方法划分环境功能区不是过细就是过笼统,使保护目标定的过高或过低。环境功能区划模糊,无法从整体上解决城市结构性污染和布局不合理的现象,达不到“分级管理、分类保护、分区防治”的环境管理目的。针对新疆特殊绿洲环境特征,本文提出新的区划方法,重新对全疆各地环境功能进行特殊环境功能区划,以期明确各类特殊环境功能区的主要特点、主要问题、主导功能和建设要求,在今后的可持续发展过程中,为国民经济和社会发展提供科学的决策依据,将对新疆社会经济的快速、稳定、持续发展具有十分现实和深远的意义。  相似文献   

9.
以上海市长兴岛的环境空气降尘点位为例,采用聚类分析法对点位进行优化分析,快速完成点位的分类;再引入主成分分析法进行分析,不仅验证了聚类分析结果,并可根据原信息量需要保留的比例,来合理确定优选的类别数,使得优化调整的过程更为科学,结果也更为可信。  相似文献   

10.
依据大量环境监测数据,应用污染负荷、模糊聚类分析等环境统计方法,科学、综合地总结了近几年全省各城市尘类污染状况,找出污染严重的季节和地区,为沙尘暴监测点位的选择提供了依据。  相似文献   

11.
Understanding the relationship between human disturbance and ecological response is essential to the process of indicator development. For large-scale observational studies, sites should be selected across gradients of anthropogenic stress, but such gradients are often unknown for a population of sites prior to site selection. Stress data available from public sources can be used in a geographic information system (GIS) to partially characterize environmental conditions for large geographic areas without visiting the sites. We divided the U.S. Great Lakes coastal region into 762 units consisting of a shoreline reach and drainage-shed and then summarized over 200 environmental variables in seven categories for the units using a GIS. Redundancy within the categories of environmental variables was reduced using principal components analysis. Environmental strata were generated from cluster analysis using principal component scores as input. To protect against site selection bias, sites were selected in random order from clusters. The site selection process allowed us to exclude sites that were inaccessible and was shown to successfully distribute sites across the range of environmental variation in our GIS data. This design has broad applicability when the goal is to develop ecological indicators using observational data from large-scale surveys.  相似文献   

12.
以北京西部某典型城市区域声环境为研究对象,在采集2010年该区域声环境质量历史监测数据的基础上,经完善声环境质量相关属性数据及定量化后,采用聚类分析方法对该研究区域声环境质量的网格样本进行统计分类研究。结果表明:研究区域分为3类较适宜,结合相关类别声环境网格空间中其他属性的定量特征,探讨了区域声环境质量影响的主控因素,提出了针对不同类别改善区域声环境质量的措施建议。  相似文献   

13.
14.
The current work presents an innovative statistical approach to model ordinal variables in environmental monitoring studies. An ordinal variable has values that can only be compared as "less", "equal" or "greater" and it is not possible to have information about the size of the difference between two particular values. The example of ordinal variable under this study is the vas deferens sequence (VDS) used in imposex (superimposition of male sexual characters onto prosobranch females) field assessment programmes for monitoring tributyltin (TBT) pollution. The statistical methodology presented here is the ordered logit regression model. It assumes that the VDS is an ordinal variable whose values match up a process of imposex development that can be considered continuous in both biological and statistical senses and can be described by a latent non-observable continuous variable. This model was applied to the case study of Nucella lapillus imposex monitoring surveys conducted in the Portuguese coast between 2003 and 2008 to evaluate the temporal evolution of TBT pollution in this country. In order to produce more reliable conclusions, the proposed model includes covariates that may influence the imposex response besides TBT (e.g. the shell size). The model also provides an analysis of the environmental risk associated to TBT pollution by estimating the probability of the occurrence of females with VDS ≥ 2 in each year, according to OSPAR criteria. We consider that the proposed application of this statistical methodology has a great potential in environmental monitoring whenever there is the need to model variables that can only be assessed through an ordinal scale of values.  相似文献   

15.
Earlier studies on land change (LC) have focused on size and magnitude, gains and losses, or land transfers between categories. Therefore, these studies have failed to simultaneously show the complete LC processes. This paper examines LCs in the Legedadie-Dire catchments in Oromia State, Ethiopia, using land-category maps with intensity analysis (IA) at three points in time. We comprehensively analyze LC to jointly encompass the rate, intensity, transition, and process. Thirty-meter US Geological Survey (USGS) Landsat imagery from 1986, 2000, and 2015 (<?10% cloud) is processed using TerrSet-LCM and ArcGIS. Six categories are identified using a maximum likelihood classification technique: settlement, cultivation, forest, water, grassland, and bare land. Then, classified maps are superimposed on the images to statistically examine changes with an IA. Considerable changes are observed among categories, except for water, between 1986–2000 and 2000–2015. Overall land change occurred quickly at first and then slowly in the second time interval. The total land area that exhibited change (1st?≈?54% and 2nd?≈?51%) exceeded the total area of persistence (1st?≈?46% and 2nd?≈?49%) across the landscape. Cultivation and human settlements were the most intensively increased categories, at the expense of grassland and bare ground. Hence, when grassland was lost, it tended to be displaced by cultivation more than other categories, which was also true with bare land. Annual intensity gains were active for forest but minimal for cultivation, implying that the gains of forest were associated with in situ reforestation practices and that the gains in cultivation were caused by its relatively large initial area under a uniform intensity concept. This study demonstrates that IA is valuable for investigating LC across time intervals and can help distinguish dormant vs. active and targeted vs. avoided land categories.  相似文献   

16.
In India, groundwater assessment units are classified as overexploited areas, critical areas, semi-critical, or safe areas based on the stage of groundwater development and long-term water level trends. Intuitively, in the safe units, wells are expected to function and have good yields. Besides, in the safe units, new wells are expected to be successful. Conversely, the expectation of a successful well or wells with good yields is much lesser in the overexploited units. However, when these expectations are not met in the field, doubts are raised about the quality of assessment and its usefulness, and there is outright distrust on the agencies assessing groundwater resource by the common man as well as on the planners, administrators, and the politicians. Therefore, there is a need to present the results in a way that does not create confusion. One of the methods is to combine the assessment results with aquifer characters using geographic information system (GIS); when this is done, a whole set of newer classes emerge, which can be mapped. These classes are termed as groundwater typologies in this study. Each typology has some characteristics or traits in common, which include basic aquifer character as well as the stage of groundwater development. Thus, a class may be safe, but if the aquifer is poor, then it is separated from a class that is safe and where the aquifer is good and so on. In Andhra Pradesh, which is taken as the case study for this purpose, eight main typologies emerged, and two of these main typologies were further divided into four subtypologies each. This new way of understanding the pattern of groundwater abstraction (using GIS) has a better visual impact. Groundwater typologies are found to be much more rational and useful in developing management strategies, rather than simple listing as overexploited areas, critical areas, semi-critical areas, and safe areas as is commonly done. The typologies so delineated indicate on the map (or table) that balanced usable groundwater is in between 5 and 6 bcm/a as against the estimated balance of 20.5 bcm/a, and it is largely in poor hard rock type of aquifers, which occupy about a third of the area of the state.  相似文献   

17.
The improvement of land management practices on lands susceptible to desertification requires information on the status and condition of the existing resources as well as any change occurring in the resource condition over time. The Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has developed a statistical survey design for monitoring the condition of ecological resources on large spatial scales. EMAP-Rangelands used a uniformity sampling study in 1993 to evaluate response plot designs for three categories of indicators (soils, vegetation, and spectral reflectance) to be used for monitoring ecological condition of a site. The response plot design study was developed to integrate on-site measurements for the three indicator categories. The study was conducted on the Colorado Plateau in southern Utah in three rangeland resource classes (grassland, desertscrub, and conifer woodland) of differing productivity levels in an attempt to develop a common plot design for all three resource classes. Basic measurement units were developed to facilitate integration of data collection. Preliminary spatial analysis of the sampling study found considerable differences in variation patterns among the study sites and measurement categories for the indicator classes used by EMAP-Rangelands. Evidence of substantial trends in the indicator measurements on monitoring sites relative to regional trends leads to the conclusion that nonstationary spatial models for biological processes on a monitoring site may be needed to fulfill the requirements for developing plot designs and indicator criteria.The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, through the Office of Research and Development, funded the research described here. This paper has been subjected to the Agency's peer and administrative review and has been approved as an EPA publication. The U.S. Government has the right to retain a nonexclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright covering this article.  相似文献   

18.
Fourteen (14) characters from six (6) water samples collected from springs, ponds, and streams located in Lower Cretaceous sedimentary area of Afikpo Basin have been analyzed. These include pH, turbidity, conductivity, total dissolved solid, hardness, Fe2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, NO3 ?, Cl?, SO4 2?, and Na+. These sediments, which are Turonian and Coniacian in age, are subdivided into two by a basic rock dyke. Results of the analyses show clearly that the Turonian sediments, intruded by dolerite, have net Fe2+, HCO3 ?, Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Cl?, and SO4 2? concentration while those from the younger Coniacian sediment have net higher amounts of K+, Na+, and Mn2+. The overriding mafic minerals in the basic intrusive rock possibly led to higher leaching into ground water system near it. On the other hand, the presence of feldsparthic to kaolinitic sands of the younger Coniacian units led to higher K+ and Na+ matter in the water from these zones. The formations dip away from the older sediments. Concentrations of these characters are within acceptable drinking water standards by World Health Organization but noticeable anomalous zones for Fe2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ are zones of basic rock suites. Areas with greater Na+ and K+ are traceable to sandy units. It is thus concluded that more analysis of surface, subsurface, and pond water samples can be utilized for minerals search and geological mapping. At this stage, it forms a veritable reconnaissance tool.  相似文献   

19.
固相微萃取技术及其在环境监测中的应用   总被引:7,自引:4,他引:3  
介绍了90年代初推出的一种新的样品前处理技术-固相微萃取技术。它与传统的萃取法相比具有分析周期短、简捷、灵敏度高,无须使用溶剂,适于现场监测等优点,目前已成功地用于各基质样品如:土壤、水、大气中环境污染物的分析。文章还对其基本原理、固相涂层、操作模式展开了讨论。经分析认为该技术有着广阔的推广和应用前景。  相似文献   

20.
Yongding New River has been polluted by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which are carcinogenic and mutagenic. In three periods (the abundant water period, mean water period, dry water period), ten sites (totally 30 samples) in Yongding New River were clustered into four categories by hierarchical cluster analysis (hierarchical CA). In the same cluster, the samples had the same approximate contamination situation. In order to eliminate the dimensional differences, the data in each sample, containing 16 kinds of PAHs, were standardized with normal standardization and maximum difference standardization. According to the results of the cubic clustering criterion, pseudo F, and pseudo t 2 (PST2), the proper number of clustering for the 30 samples is 4. Before conducting hierarchical CA and K-means cluster analysis on the samples, we used principal component analysis to obtain another group data set. This data set was composed of the principal component scores which are uncorrelated variables. Hierarchical CA and K-means cluster analysis were used to classify the two data sets into four categories. With the classification results of hierarchical CA and K-means cluster analysis, discriminant analysis is applied to determine which method was better for normalization of the original data and which one was proper to cluster the samples and establish discriminant functions so that a new sample can be grouped into the right categories.  相似文献   

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