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1.
利用人工淋洗的方法模拟自然径流对土壤的冲刷,测定城市不同区域的各类土壤中重金属的冲刷量。通过电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法对铜、锌、铅、铬、镍5种重金属元素进行连续测定,回收率为96%~103%,线性相关系数r均大于0.999,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于5%。该方法灵敏度、精密度、和准确度均能满足相关检测标准的质量控制要求,具有多元素同时分析、样品前处理简单、干扰少、测定快速、准确等优点。该方法可以提高工作效率,对于大批量或突发性土壤重金属污染的监测具有实际应用价值。  相似文献   

2.
建立了测定土壤中高氯酸盐的离子色谱法,通过前处理条件优化和色谱条件优化形成准确高效的测定方法,并采集实际土壤样品进行实验验证。称取 1.00 g土壤样品,用20 mL超纯水混合均匀,超声提取40 min,离心后采用水系微孔滤膜过滤的前处理方式,土壤中高氯酸盐的加标回收率最稳定;在淋洗液浓度和流速都满足测定条件的前提下,为了缩短高氯酸盐的保留时间,避免复杂基质干扰,延长淋洗液发生器的使用寿命以及保护色谱柱,选择淋洗液浓度为40 mmol/L,流速为1.0 mL/min。在优化条件下,高氯酸盐的方法检出限为0.04 mg/kg。实际样品加标中高氯酸盐的相对标准偏差为1.9%~8.8%,加标回收率为91.0%~106%,结果表明离子色谱法测定土壤中高氯酸盐简单、灵敏、快速。  相似文献   

3.
利用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱,建立土壤和沉积物中痕量氨基甲酸酯农药的分析方法。该方法用体积比1:1的二氯甲烷/甲醇对土壤和沉积物样品进行加速溶剂萃取,GCB/PSA固相萃取小柱对萃取液进行净化,内标法定量,用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法分析土壤和沉积物中20种氨基甲酸酯农药。20种氨基甲酸酯农药在0.02~1.0 μg/mL范围内线性良好(r≥0.99),检测限为0.20~0.60 ng/g。沉积物加标样品(20ng/g)和土壤加标样品(20ng/g)的回收率分别为33.2%~101.9%、38.8%~120.5%,相对标准偏差为6.1%~28.0%、2.3%~16.0%。沉积物加标样品(2.0 ng/g)回收率为43.0%~100.0%,相对标准偏差为2.1%~11.3%。  相似文献   

4.
应用固体测汞仪,采用多标准土壤样品(n20)绘制校准曲线法和单一标准土壤样品绘制校准曲线法,分别对土壤中的汞进行测定。结果表明,两者的方法检出限分别为0.30、1.49 ng,平行样(n=6)的相对标准偏差分别为3.6%~4%、5.4%~9.0%,90 d内的重复性精密度为4.1%,对国家土壤标样进行测定,结果与标准值相符。表明与单一标准土壤样品绘制校准曲线法相比,多标准土壤样品绘制标准曲线法具有更好的精密度、更低的检出限,更强的适用性,并且由于校准曲线长期稳定性,有效缩短土壤中汞的检测周期。  相似文献   

5.
通过优化顶空条件(氯化钠加入量、顶空平衡温度、顶空平衡时间),对采用顶空-气相色谱-质谱联用法测定地下水中55种挥发性有机物的方法进行探究。结果表明:该方法检出限为0.24~2.30μg/L,相对标准偏差为0.76%~13.2%,实际样品加标回收率为82.7%~119%。该方法具有较高的灵敏度、精密度和准确度,操作简便,可用于企业用地地下水中挥发性有机物的检测。  相似文献   

6.
采用快速溶剂提取处理土壤样品,利用气相色谱质谱内标法测定土壤中多环芳烃,其检出限范围为2.01~3.68μg/kg,相对标准偏差为2.6%~14.7%,加标回收率为67.1%~119%。结果表明,此方法具有良好的灵敏度、准确度和精密度。本研究对11个不同采样点土壤进行了检测分析,并考察了土壤中多环芳烃的污染水平。  相似文献   

7.
建立了气质联用同时检测土壤中8种菊酯类农药残留的方法。试样用1%乙酸-乙腈溶液提取,经QuEChERS(Quick、Easy、Cheap、Effective、Rugged、Safe)方法进行净化,用DB-5UI色谱柱(30m×0.25mm×0.25μm),外标法定量。考察了乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷(PSA)、氨基(NH2)和C18吸附剂对土壤中8种菊酯类农药的净化作用。结果发现,PSA吸附剂的净化效果最好并且对8种菊酯类农残的回收率效果最高。该方法在0.05~1μg/ml内相关系数大于0.99。对8种菊酯在土壤中3个添加水平(0.1、0.2、0.5mg/kg)下的回收率进行了测定,回收率为69.7%~107.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.4%~8.0%。该方法样品前处理简单、灵敏、可靠,灵敏度、准确度和精密度均符合农药残留检测要求,适用于土壤中菊酯类农残的检测。  相似文献   

8.
建立了土壤中多环芳烃的气相色谱—质谱联用的快速检测方法。样品经过加速溶剂萃取、凝胶色谱净化、GC—MS分离测定,优化了加速溶剂萃取和凝胶色谱净化的条件。结果表明,多环芳烃的平均回收率为82.1%~106.4%,相对标准偏差为1.2%~4.8%。方法具有灵敏度高、准确度好、快速、消耗溶剂少的优点,适用于土壤等固体样品中多环芳烃的分离、净化和分析。  相似文献   

9.
用氢氧化钾淋洗离子色谱法同时测定降水样品中的氟离子、乙酸、甲酸、氯离子、硝酸根、硫酸根离子等无机和有机阴离子。该方法简便、快速、精密度好、6种阴离子在12min内全部分析完毕。8次测试的相对标准偏差小于2.8%,检出限在0.39~7.6μg/L之间,加标回收率在94.7%~105.3%之间,能满足降水样品中阴离子的检测,是降水样品中阴离子检测的理想方法。  相似文献   

10.
采用加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱/质谱法测定土壤中15种酞酸酯类有机污染物。实验表明,以二氯甲烷为溶剂萃取样品,经净化、浓缩后,用气相色谱质谱检测,能达到满意的效果。方法检出限为20.3~39.9μg/kg,实验室内实际样品加标回收率为65%~124%,相对标准偏差为3.76%~12.0%。  相似文献   

11.
微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬   总被引:29,自引:5,他引:24       下载免费PDF全文
用微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜,锌,铅,镉,镍和铬。通过硝酸-氢氟酸-过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解,选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸-盐酸-过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸-氢氟酸-过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验,发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解,后者能将样品消解完全,但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽,否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比,操作简便快速,可提高工作效率。  相似文献   

12.
An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO2 emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.   相似文献   

13.
Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor 3H, 90Sr, total U, 238Pu, 239, 240Pu,241Am, and 137Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10-3 mSv y-1and 1.6 × 10-3 mSv y-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10-4 mGyd-1 and 4.7 × 10-4 mGy d-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.  相似文献   

14.
The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> -1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.  相似文献   

15.
This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.  相似文献   

16.
The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.  相似文献   

17.
A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.  相似文献   

18.
The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.  相似文献   

19.
The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.  相似文献   

20.
Assessments of long-term relationships between changes innutrient inputs and wetland nutrient concentrations can becomplicated by fluctuations in other environmental factors aswell as by problems typical of long-term monitoring data.Consequently, statistical analysisof these types of data sets requirescareful consideration of environmental covariates, potentialbiases in the monitoring design, and irregularities caused bychanges in field sampling protocols. We evaluated therelationship between anthropogenic phosphorus (P) inputs andwater-column total P (TP) concentrations in a northernEverglades marsh by statistically analyzing available datacollected from several sampling programs over the past 20 years(1978–1997). Canal inputs of agricultural runoff contributemost of the P to the marsh and have produced a zone ofenrichment within the marsh during the past few decades.Regression analyses showed that both canal and marsh TPconcentrations increased during the 1980s and then decreased inthe 1990s. However, the statistical relationship between canal Pinputs and marsh TP, while significant, generally was weakexcept for marsh locations adjacent to the canal. Strongerrelationships existed between marsh TP and hydrologic parameterssuch as marsh water depth, which is controlled by changes inweather patterns and marsh management. In particular, dryconditions during the 1980s may have contributed to observedincreases in marsh P concentrations and the movement of a P`front' further into the marsh. Higher rainfall and water depthsand agricultural best management programs initiated during the1990s have been associated with reduced P concentrations incanal waters entering the marsh. While it is anticipated thatthis reduction eventually will result in lower marsh TPconcentrations, this effect is not yet evident, possibly due tointernal loading of P from enriched marsh soils. Our findingsillustrate some of the environmental factors that can complicateattempts to develop empirical relationships between P inputs andwetland P concentrations and to use such relationships to forecast changesin marsh concentrations based on past monitoring data alone.  相似文献   

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