浙江浦阳江大型底栖无脊椎动物物种多样性和生态功能恢复研究

为科学评估河流修复效果,研究修复河流中底栖动物物种多样性和生态功能恢复特征,以浙江省浦江县浦阳江干流为研究对象,分别对2个近自然河段、2个城区修复河段和3个郊区修复河段在修复后1,3,4和5年的水质和底栖动物恢复状况进行调查研究。采用广义最小二乘法(GLS)模型探索底栖动物物种多样性(总物种丰富度、EPT丰富度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数)和功能多样性[功能丰富度、功能均匀度和Rao的二次熵指数(RaoQ)]与恢复年份和修复河段类型的相关性。结果表明,修复后河流的NH 3-N和TP浓度显著低于修复前(p<0.001),修复河段和整个调查河段的底栖动物物种多样性和功能多样性总体上随修复年份的增加呈上升趋势。GLS模型分析结果表明,相对于修复河段类型,修复年份对河流修复效果起着更为重要的作用,此外,郊区河段对修复后RaoQ功能多样性指数的改变作用显著(p<0.001)。提出,修复河段底栖动物多样性的恢复与恢复年份和河段受到的干扰类型密切相关。     

新疆地表水水质现状分析

以2008年新疆环保系统的水质例行监测结果为基础，分析了新疆地表水水质现状。结果显示，全疆57条监测河流Ⅰ～Ⅲ类优良水质断面比例为81．9％，29座监测湖库Ⅰ～Ⅲ类优良水质比例为55．2％，总体上全疆地表水污染尚不严重，水质污染主要集中在少数流经城市河流的下游河段以及尾间湖和纳污水库，且不同区域间的水体污染程度和比例存在一定差别。     

广东省某河段健康状况调查、监测与评价

为掌握河流健康状态，精准施策，研究组按照目标层、指标层及准则层逐层加权的方法，从“盆”、“水”、生物、社会服务功能对广东省某河段健康状况进行调查、监测与评价。最终赋分77.67,形态结构完整性、水生态完整性与抗扰动弹性、生物多样性、社会服务功能可持续性等方面良好，处于健康状态；部分指标如“生态流量满足程度”的赋分过低，应加强区域生态环境需水量的研究，并制定科学合理的取用水规划和管理措施。     

七虎林河流域上游溶解性有机质光谱特性分析

七虎林河源头区地表腐殖质随着径流的冲刷进入水体，形成了天然有机质(NOM),其中，溶解性有机质(DOM)易对河流水质造成影响。为了研究七虎林河中DOM的时空分布特征及其对水质的影响，开展了6次采样，分析了水体及土壤吸收光谱和荧光光谱特征参数，利用平行因子(PARAFAC)算法解析了水体DOM的特性及来源。结果表明：七虎林河上游水体五日生化需氧量(BOD₅)、高锰酸盐指数(COD_Mn)、化学需氧量(COD)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)的浓度分别为1.4 mg/L±0.2 mg/L、6.1 mg/L±3.0 mg/L、21 mg/L±8 mg/L、7.0 mg/L±3.2 mg/L,BOD₅/COD平均值为0.08,说明流域内水体DOM的可生化性差，对水质影响较小。光谱特征参数紫外吸收系数(SUVA₂₅₄)、荧光指数(FI)、腐殖化指数(HIX)、生物源指数(BIX)分析结果表明，七虎林河上游云山水库库上林区河段DOM的物质组成与水库及库下河段差异显著。库上河段DOM的芳香碳含量更高、分子量更大、自生源组分...     

一维河流水质模拟研究

根据对流扩散方程推导一维河流水质动态和稳态模型，在此基础上导出多河段一维河流水质模拟（动态和稳态）矩阵公式．在乌鲁木齐地区水磨河上分别对所建模型进行了检验并对检验结果作了简要讨论。     

基于大型无脊椎动物完整性的赤水河健康评价体系构建

作为长江上游珍稀鱼类国家自然保护区的核心区,赤水河流域水系的健康状况虽颇受关注,但相关评价工作却较少。笔者结合现场调查(2016年)和历史数据(2007年),初步构建基于大型无脊椎动物群落的健康评价体系,对赤水河干流和部分支流的不同季节(春季和秋季)和不同河段(上中下游)的健康状况进行评估。指标筛选结果显示:赤水河上游河段在春季和秋季分别包括6、2个核心参数,中游河段分别包括5、4个,下游包括3、2个核心参数。通过四分法将健康状态划分为4个等级:健康、亚健康、一般和不健康。从整体上看,赤水河处于亚健康状态,且春季和秋季河流不同采样点健康状况有所差异,春季健康状况好于秋季。回归分析显示,BOD_5、COD_(Mn)以及NH~+_4-N是影响赤水河健康的主要环境因子。研究所构建的B-IBI评价指标较好地评估了赤水河的健康状况,可作为赤水河流域水体环境监测的有效手段之一。     

基于模糊综合模型的湿地沉积物重金属污染评价

应用模糊综合-加权模型,以及温州市3个典型湿地沉积物中7种重金属含量数据,对温瑞塘河重金属污染进行评价。模糊综合评价结果表明,温州市居民区河流三垟湿地沉积物属于Ⅴ级重金属污染水平,主要污染元素为Zn和Cd;山前上游河段卧龙河沉积物为Ⅲ级污染,主要污染物是Cd。工业区河流牛桥底河沉积物虽然也是Ⅴ级,但是Cu、Cr、Ni、Zn和Cd 5种重金属污染分值为1.0,小于前2个典型河段的1.2和3.3。内梅罗指数法和潜在生态危害系数法评价结果显示,沉积物的重金属污染程度为牛桥底河三垟湿地卧龙河,这与模糊综合评价结果相符。     

关于河流纳污混合水质概率稀释模型及其应用研究

本文以淮河干流上游息县和维滨两个城关纳污河段为例，根据扩散理论和概率学理论，尝试建立了河流纳污混合水质浓度概率稀释模型。并研究确定了概率稀释模型在河流污染控制中的应用方法和技术路线。与实测结果比较，概率稀释模型方法计算更具有准确性和科学合理性．对水质评价和规划河流污染治理方案具有重要指导意义，对实现淮河水质返清目标有积极贡献。     

黑龙江省松花江流域河流中高锰酸盐指数非点源污染负荷分析

采用3种方法分析黑龙江省松花江流域高锰酸盐指数非点源污染的负荷。分析结果显示,非点源污染造成的松花江流域高锰酸盐指数负荷约为70%;松花江流域支流源头属于高高锰酸盐指数河段,本底值约为5mg/L,河流流经1000Km非点源污染会增加高锰酸盐指数约1mg/L;松花江流域河流中高锰酸盐指数含量高的主要原因是流域内土壤有机质含量高。     

忻州市滹沱河主要支流生态系统健康评价

采用河流生态健康评价体系中的水量、水质、生物、水体连通性4个指标,运用综合健康指数法分别对忻州市滹沱河4条支流进行生态健康评价。结果表明:阳武河总指标数值为34.1,呈病态状态;牧马河总指标数值为47.1,呈亚健康状态;云中河总指标数值为15.7,呈濒于崩溃状态;清水河总指标数值为75.0,呈基本健康状态。可见,该区域河流生态健康水平整体不容乐观,同时各河流具有差异性,尤其是云中河、阳武河生态修复非常迫切。     

Indicating appropriate groundwater tables for desert river-bank forest at the Tarim River, Xinjiang, China

Based on data collected over 2 years of monitoring the lower reaches of the Tarim River, the groundwater table depth was divided into six classes; 0 to 2 m, 2 to 4 m, 4 to 6 m, 6 to 8 m, 8 to 10 m, >10 m. We investigated the vegetation in this area to measure the influence of groundwater table depth on plant diversity and species ecological niche. The results indicated that plant diversity was highest at the 2 to 4 m groundwater table depth, followed by that at 4 to 6 m, and then that at 0 to 2 m. When the groundwater depth dropped to below 6 m, species diversity decreased dramatically, and the slope of Hill's index tended to level off. The ecological niche of the major species in this area initially expanded as the groundwater level dropped. The widest niche appeared at the 4 to 6 m groundwater table depth and gradually narrowed with deepening groundwater. Ecological niche analysis also revealed that the 4 to 6 m groundwater table depth was associated with the lowest degree of niche overlap and the richest variety of species. Our findings indicate that in the lower reaches of the Tarim River, the groundwater table depth must be a minimum of 6 m for vegetation restoration; it should be maintained at 2 to 4 m in the vicinity of the water path, and at 4 to 6 m for the rest of this arid area.     

紧急调水后塔河下游生态环境的改善恢复情况

塔里木河下游河道断流已经二十多年，地下水位持续下降，绿色走廊濒临绝境，抢救塔里木河下游绿色走廊已迫在眉睫，2001年4月1日第3次向塔河下游输水，并确保向下游输水3亿m^3至台特玛湖，对此分析了紧急调水后塔河下游生态环境的改善情况。     

孔雀河中下游生态环境治理探讨

孔雀河作为塔里木河流域的一条重要河流，被誉为巴音郭楞州人民的“母亲河”。近年来，由于博斯腾湖水位下降，孔雀河上游无序截水灌溉，导致其中下游极度干旱，巳严重威胁到绿色走廊的畅通以及下游农牧区的生产、生活和可持续发展。本文通过对孔雀河中下游环境现状的分析，从其治理的必要性、重要意义、基本原则、对策、建议等方面进行了探讨。     

Influence of intermittent water releases on groundwater chemistry at the lower reaches of the Tarim River, China

Based on the data of the depths and the chemical properties of groundwater, salinity in the soil profile, and the basic information on each delivery of water collected from the years 2000 to 2006, the varied character of groundwater chemistry and related factors were studied. The results confirmed the three stages of the variations in groundwater chemistry influenced by the intermittent water deliveries. The factors that had close relations to the variations in groundwater chemistry were the distances of monitoring wells from the water channel, the depths of the groundwater, water flux in watercourse, and the salinities in soils. The relations between chemical variation and groundwater depths indicated that the water quality was the best with the groundwater varying from 5 to 6 m. In addition, the constructive species in the study area can survive well with the depth of groundwater varying from 5 to 6 m, so the rational depth of groundwater in the lower reaches of the Tarim River should be 5 m or so. The redistribution of salts in the soil profile and its relations to the chemical properties and depths of groundwater revealed the linear water delivery at present combining with surface water supply in proper sections would promote water quality optimized and speed up the pace of ecological restoration in the study area.     

Monitoring and estimating scale-dependent hierarchical relationships between Sicyopterus japonicus density and stream habitat features in different seasons in northern Taiwan

Biological and physical processes operate collaboratively through spatial or temporal scales to form ecological patterns, which are considered as a key element for understanding the natural liens within an ecosystem. Given the importance of scaling in ecological inference, this study elucidates how physical and biological variables under or within scales interact with each other. Density of Sicyopterus japonicus and environmental variables are examined and quantified at 70 stream sections distributed among 14 reaches in the Datuan stream catchment of northern Taiwan during the fall and winter of 2007, as well as the spring and summer of 2008. Hierarchical linear regression analysis indicates that S. japonicus density and habitat features are related on two levels, i.e., sections within reaches and reaches within streams throughout the year. Moreover, parameter uncertainty is represented by the confidence interval, which is calculated by the variance-covariance matrix of hierarchical linear model (HLM) parameters. According to HLM results, environmental variables at the section level (water depth and current velocity) and the reach level (stream width, water temperature, stream slope, soil erosion index) influence S. japonicus density. Although S. japonicus density varies significantly among reaches and sections within reaches, cross-level interaction may not always influence the distribution, processes and activities of S. japonicus throughout the year. The HLMs of S. japonicus density associated with stream features describe thoroughly multiple processes and the activities of S. japonicus across scales and within scales during different seasons. The annual HLM results represent the overall biological and physical patterns of the Datuan stream annually, explaining why they do not reflect seasonal associations or explain S. japonicus-related activities and environmental features of the stream.     

汉江下游干支流浮游植物群落特征及其对水质的指示评价

浮游植物群落的动态变化可以全面、真实地反映水质的优劣,有利于了解水体污染状况的发展趋势.为及时掌握汉江下游水质变化,基于2019年3—12月汉江下游干流及主要支流浮游植物和水体理化指标监测数据,分析了浮游植物群落结构特征,并通过冗余分析研究了影响浮游植物群落结构的主要环境因子,同时运用浮游植物群落特征对汉江下游水质进行...     

Environmental impact assessment of Attenda abattoir, Ogbomoso southwestern Nigeria on surface and groundwater quality using geo-electrical imaging and microbiological analysis

The impact of Attenda abattoir, Ogbomoso southwestern Nigeria on four water sources was investigated using geoelectrical imaging and microbiological analysis. 2D electrical resistivity imaging indicated groundwater contamination by leachate from the abattoir. Electrical resistivity values measured by the traverse run directly on the waste dump and other areas impacted by the waste from the abattoir are generally very low (6.68-16.7 ?m) in comparison to other positions (135-288 ?m). The total viable bacteria count of the water samples ranged from 0.49 × 10(6) to 2.85 × 10(8) cfu/ml and all samples are contaminated with coliforms with the most probable number (MPN)/100 ml ranging from 110 to ≥ 1,600 MPN/100 ml. Among bacteria isolated from the study site (n = 95), resistance to eight antibiotics ranged from 35.8% to 94%. In addition, 85% of Streptococcus agalactiae (n = 31) and Staphylococci (n = 9) showed haemolytic activity while 92% of all isolates showed β-lactamase activity. These results suggest that operations of the abattoir may impact negatively on surrounding aquatic ecosystem and endanger the health of surrounding residents who use water from the wells for domestic purposes. Furthermore, such aquatic ecosystems may serve as reservoir of antibiotic resistant bacteria.     

Prediction of Leachate Level in Kimpo Metropolitan Landfill Site by Total Water Balance

Kimpo metropolitan landfill has received various kinds of wastessince January 1992. The leachate level was measured to be 10.3 m in May 1995 and the level increased to 12.2 m in August 1996. Therefore, to prove the reason for the increasing leachate level, we calibrated hydraulic conductivity of each waste andintermediate layer using the HELP (Hydrologic Evaluation ofLandfill Performance) model. The leachate generation data measured from February 1993 to October 1995 was used in the model calibration. As a result of a model calibration, we obtained anaverage infiltration ratio and used this in analysis of the total water balance to predict elevation of leachate level. Main causes of the elevation of the leachate level were the high water content of the waste and the degradation of the leachate-drainage system caused by the subsidence of a naturalbarrier layer.     

岷江流域水质状况评价及变化趋势分析

通过岷江断面水质监测数据,利用内梅罗污染指数法进行水质评价,分析了2009—2013年岷江干流水质情况及其变化趋势。阐述了2013年岷江流域水质空间分布、月季变化情况。提出了流域水质污染防治建议。结果表明,岷江干流上游水质较好、中游较差、下游略有好转,体泉河等部分岷江支流水质较差。2013年全年来看,4—5月份水质较差,7—10月相对较好。     

Dynamics of Typical Agricultural Landscape and its Relationship With Water Resource in Inland Shiyang River Watershed, Gansu Province, Northwest China

Shiyang River basin is located in Hexi Corridor, central-west Gansu province, northwest China. It is an area of typical arid to semiarid features. Based on the TM image of Liangzhou oasis and Minqin oasis in 1986 and 2000, this paper calculated and analyzed the changes of percentage and area of land use/cover types, and also have got the transformation matrix of the landscape mosaics. Dynamics of runoff and exploitation of groundwater, the most important factors influencing land use changes were also analyzed. The ratio of utilized water quantity in upper and middle reaches to that in lower reaches has increased largely from less than 2 before 1970 reached up to more than 8 since 1995; groundwater exploitation has developed progressively. As a result of overuse of groundwater, the groundwater table lowering obviously, the lowering rates reached up to 0.6–0.8 m/year in some place. In addition, the cropping patterns in study area were also distributed irrefficiently that if the planting percentage of water-wasting grain crops dropped to 50% in both oases, it could save irrigating water by 1.2×10⁸ m³ in Liangzhou oasis and 0.2×10⁸ m³ in Minqin oasis one year.