黄河宁夏段水体重金属时空分布特征及健康风险评价

通过2019—2020年在黄河宁夏段布设12个采样点监测各季节水体中Cu、Zn、Cd、Hg 4种重金属的质量浓度,分析重金属污染状况和来源,并评价对人体的健康风险。结果表明：黄河宁夏段水体4种重金属质量浓度由高到低为Zn＞Cu＞Cd＞Hg,除了Hg质量浓度有超过Ⅱ类标准限值外,其余重金属均未超标。4种重金属春、夏、秋的浓度高于冬季,Zn浓度分布差异最大。4种重金属对人体产生的总健康风险最大值成人为3.76×10-6 a-1,儿童为4.40×10-6 a-1,远低于最大可接受水平1×10-4 a -1 ,Cd为主要贡献因子。水体中Cu、Cd、Hg可能来源于工农业生产和降雨稀释,Zn可能来源于旅游交通运输和土壤淋溶。     

梁子湖水体和沉积物中邻苯二甲酸酯分布特征及生态健康风险评价

对枯水期、平水期和丰水期梁子湖水体和沉积物中7种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的污染水平及分布特征进行了研究,并评价了其健康风险和生态风险.结果表明,枯水期、平水期和丰水期梁子湖水体中7种PAEs总量(∑PAEs)分别为0.10～3.56、0.16～1.78、0.57～2.16μg/L,沉积物中∑PAEs分别为0.10～0....     

兰州市土壤中PAHs和PCBs的分布特征及风险评价

通过采集兰州市各功能区表层土壤样品,分析土壤中PAHs和PCBs的分布特征及潜在风险。结果表明,兰州市土壤中16种PAHs的平均质量比为5 734μg/kg,其中7种致癌芳烃的平均质量比为276μg/kg;18种PCBs的平均质量比为45.9μg/kg,其中7种指示性PCBs的平均质量比为10.8μg/kg。风险评价结果表明,除苊为高生态风险外,兰州市土壤中PAHs其他组分和PCBs均处于低中生态风险。16种PAHs的毒性当量浓度为59.9μg/kg,主要贡献者为苯并[a]芘和苯并[b]荧蒽;7种指示性PCBs的毒性当量浓度为1.96×10~(-4)μg/kg,主要贡献来源为PCB138和PCB118。     

骆马湖地区水体、沉积物中农药筛查和分布特征

采用气相色谱/质谱（GC/MS）非靶向筛查技术,分别于2019年11月5—7日（枯水期）、2020年4月24—26日（平水期）和2020年7月15—16日（丰水期）对骆马湖地区水体和沉积物中的农药残留进行了筛查并对其空间分布特征进行研究。结果表明,水中筛查出主要农药13种,除草剂占比62%,检出率＞95%的农药有丁草胺、环嗪酮、异丙甲草胺、多效唑、噻氟菌胺、稻瘟灵、毒死蜱、阿特拉津、避蚊胺和莠灭净,阿特拉津检出质量浓度最高（ND～10 599 ng/L,平均值为725.5 ng/L）,其次为多效唑（ND～2 089 ng/L,平均值为237.0 ng/L）和噻氟菌胺（ND～1 991 ng/L,平均值为237.2 ng/L）。与国内其他地区相比,骆马湖地区水中农药污染处于中等水平,其中阿特拉津、稻瘟灵和毒死蜱的生态风险值得重点关注。骆马湖及入湖河流水中农药总质量浓度呈现丰水期＞平水期＞枯水期的特点,与地表径流、农药的性质及其在水体中的释放等因素有关,丰水期入湖口和省界来水中农药对饮用水水源地的影响较大。沉积物中筛查出9种农药,总体含量不高,且仅扑灭净和避蚊胺检出率>95%,其余<20%。     

清水河流域水体中5种重金属的分布特征及健康风险评价

通过2018年在清水河流域布设32个采样点监测各水期Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn和Cd 5种重金属质量浓度,分析重金属污染状况和来源,并评价对人体产生的健康风险.结果表明:总体上清水河流域5种重金属质量浓度较低,除了Fe在丰水期平均质量浓度超过标准值外,其余均未超标.各采样点重金属质量浓度存在较大差异,总体表现为支流高于干流...     

千岛湖沉积物中碳、氮、磷的分布特征及污染评价

通过测定千岛湖柱状沉积物中有机质（OM）、总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）含量,分析其污染分布特征,并评价污染水平。结果表明,千岛湖沉积物中OM、TN、TP平均值分别为1.44%、1.86mg/g、0.89mg/g。空间分布差异明显,城区库湾、新安江干流沿线污染相对较重;垂直分布,OM、TN、TP整体上均从湖底由下而上呈逐步上升变化过程。相关性分析表明,该湖沉积物中OM、TN、TP具有较高的同源性,氮、磷多以有机形式存在。C/N值表明,该湖沉积物中有机质主要来自内源的水生生物分解。评价结果显示,综合污染指数范围为1.1～4.2,该湖整体上处于重度污染水平,TP污染重于TN;有机指数范围为0.04～0.52,整体上属于轻度污染水平。     

淄博城市污泥中多环芳烃分布特征及风险评价

在淄博市6家代表性城市污水处理厂采集12个污泥样品,采用GC-MS法测定污泥中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,研究分析PAHs分布特征和来源,并作风险评价。结果表明,淄博城市污泥中共检出15种PAHs,总质量比(∑₁₆PAHs)范围为0.23 mg/kg～3.76 mg/kg,平均值为1.20 mg/kg,各污泥间∑₁₆PAHs差异显著;7种致癌性PAHs的质量比为0.11 mg/kg～2.56 mg/kg;污泥以6环PAHs为主。来源分析显示,污泥中PAHs主要来源于生物质和煤的燃烧,兼有汽车尾气排放的特征。风险评价结果显示,6家污水处理厂污泥中PAHs毒性当量浓度(∑₁₆TEQ)由高到低为Z2>Z5>Z6>Z4>Z1>Z3,7种致癌性PAHs是致癌风险的主要贡献者,其中二苯并[a, h]蒽贡献率最高。     

典型废酸油渣中54种VOCs和16种PAHs的分布特征研究

通过运用GC-MS方法对3家润滑油生产企业废酸油渣中的54种挥发性有机物(VOCs)和16种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行定性及定量分析.结果表明,54种VOCs有12种被检出,检出率为22.2％,其中1,2,4-三甲苯在75个样品中均有检出,检出率为100％.54种VOCs质量分数为ND～12.5 mg/kg,其中质量分数...     

长江南京段水体及市政自来水中多种OPEs的分布特征

采用HPLC-MS/MS法监测长江南京段横断面水、水源水、出厂水中12种有机磷酸酯类化合物(OPEs)残留,考察其分布特征及自来水厂对其处理效果。结果表明:12种OPEs在采集的横断面水和水源水水样中8种被检出,自来水出厂水水样中除TEHP外其余11种OPEs均为检出,OPEs暴露于水源水与地表水程度相似;除TCPP、TDCP、TCEP浓度出现降低外,其余OPEs浓度水平均未出现明显的处理效果;生态风险评估显示长江南京段横断面水、水源水、出厂水主要检出物质OPEs的风险熵值均低于1,表明不具有环境生态高风险。     

Distribution of PAEs in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, China

Samples of water, sediment and suspended particulates were collected from 13 sites in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in China. Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) concentrations in different phases of each sample were determined by Gas Chromatogram GC-FID. The results are shown as follows: (1) In the Xiao Langdi–Dongming Bridge section, PAEs concentrations in water phase from the main river ranged from 3.99 × 10⁻³ to 45.45 × 10⁻³ mg/L, which were similar to those from other rivers in the world. The PAEs levels in the tributaries of the Yellow River were much higher than those of the main river. (2) In the studied branches, the concentration of PAEs in sediment for Luoyang Petrochemical Channel (331.70 mg/Kg) was the highest. The concentrations of PAEs in sediment phase of the main river were 30.52 to 85.16 mg/Kg, which were much higher than those from other rivers in the world. In the main river, the concentration level of PAEs on suspended solid phases reached 94.22 mg/Kg, and it reached 691.23 mg/Kg in the Yiluo River – one tributary of the Yellow River. (3) Whether in the sediment or on the suspended solid phases, there was no significant correlation between the contents of PAEs and TOC or particle size of the solid phase; and the calculated Koc of Di (2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) in the river were much less than the theoretical value, which inferred that PAEs were not on the equilibrium between water and suspended solid phases/sediment. (4) Among the measured PAEs compounds, the proportions of DEHP and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) were much higher than the others. The concentrations of DEHP exceeded the Quality Standard in all the main river and tributary stations except those in the Mengjin and Jiaogong Bridge of the main river. This indicates that more attention should be paid to pollution control and further assessment in understanding risks associated with human health.     

三江源畜牧业示范区土壤重金属含量特征及评价

为了明确三江源智慧生态畜牧业示范区内土壤重金属元素含量特征及潜在风险,2015年7月在三江源智慧生态畜牧业示范区11个示范村镇进行土壤样品采集,带回实验室分析Pb、Cd、Hg、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni含量。对数据进行统计分析并采用内梅罗综合污染指数和生态危害指数进行风险等级评价。结果显示:部分采样点重金属元素含量高于青海省背景值;Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni主要受土壤母质的影响,Cd受自然和人为因素的双重影响,Hg主要受人为因素影响;内梅罗综合污染指数显示11个点位的指数都小于1,该地未出现污染状况;生态危害指数显示除GMY点位处于轻微风险等级,其余采样点为中等风险等级。总体上示范区内土壤未出现强污染和面源污染状况,但需要加强点源污染的风险防范。     

Influence of High Levels of Total Suspended Solids on Measurement of Cod and Bod in the Yellow River, China

Using the Yellow River, China, the study explores the problem of the use of COD and BOD₅ as water quality management parameters in the presence of very high levels of suspended sediment (TSS) that characterize this river. Although the amount of natural organic matter per unit of suspended sediment of the Yellow River is not high, the very high concentration of mineral sediment in the Yellow River results in a large concentration of organic matter, which artificially inflates the laboratory values of COD and, as a consequent, leads to greatly exaggerated reports of pollution of the Yellow River. BOD₅ can more accurately reflect the pollution of the Yellow River than COD; however, measured values of BOD under-report the actual values due to settling of the sediment in the incubation chamber resulting in values that are 21.6--38.3% less than the actual values. Therefore corrections are required for laboratory COD and BOD values so that the values are not artifacts of the sediment regime. Our work provides new insight into this phenomenon and demonstrates how correction factors may be determined and used with pollution data. Our work also suggests that the actual pollution levels of the Yellow River are probably not as high as reported by monitoring agencies.     

Contamination of Oxygen-Consuming Organics in the Yellow River of China

Contamination of oxygen-consuming organics (OCOs) was one of the most serious problems in the Yellow River of China. This study was conducted to analyze monitoring of the data on OCOs contamination for the river in 1980 and during 1992–1999 as well as examining the effect of suspended solids (SS) on chemical oxygen demand (COD_Mn) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) of river water. Several significant results have arisen from the study. First, COD_Mn and BOD₅ of the river water showed an increasing trend from the upper to the lower reaches of the mainstream. BOD₅ values of river water in 1992 were significantly higher than those in 1980 and showed an increasing trend during 1992–1999. Second, OCOs in river water of the mainstream was attributed mainly to point sources; the ratio of point to non-point sources of BOD₅ was about 2.81. The load from point sources showed an increasing trend during 1992–1998. In contrast, the load from non-point sources manifested a decreasing trend during this period; this was caused by the decreasing trend of SS content in river water. The total load of BOD₅ from point and non-point sources displayed an increasing trend during 1992–1998. Third, as the humic substances in SS can hardly be biologically oxidized in natural conditions but can be oxidized by chemical oxidants such as potassium permanganate, COD_Mn was not suitable for being regarded as a parameter reflecting the pollution degree of OCOs in river water with a high SS content.     

黄河流域水生生物资源评估及问题诊断

近几十年来,随着全球气候的变化和社会经济的发展,受筑坝建闸、河道断流、水质恶化、酷渔滥捕、人工引种、海水入侵、调水调沙等因素影响,黄河流域水生生物多样性及资源量呈下降趋势。在目前流域内多目标同步推进的要求下,黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展正不断面临新的挑战。通过分析黄河流域水生生物多样性和资源量在时空分布上的演变规律,明确了是水资源短缺、工程建设、水环境恶化等因素的共同作用导致了黄河流域的水生态危机。基于绿色生态、高质量发展的科学管理理念,提出了新时代黄河流域水文-环境-生态协同保护与修复的发展策略,为促进黄河流域水资源保护和生态系统可持续发展提供数据支持与理论参考。     

河流水系编码规则的研究与应用

以黄河流域为主要研究区,利用ArcGIS、SQL Server等专业软件,针对1∶250000基础地理信息数据开展环境系统河流水系编码研究。通过对编码定义、规则及编码流程的具体阐述,提出了一种科学可行的河流水系编码方法。验证结果表明,该方法具有良好的应用性和推广价值,对于加强环境管理信息化以及更加科学高效地完成流域水环境监控与预警工作同样具有十分积极的意义。     

Distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in sediment of the Second Songhua River, China

The Second Songhua River was subjected to a large amount of raw or primary effluent from chemical industries in Jilin city in 1960s to 1970s, resulting in serious mercury pollution. However, an understanding of other trace metal pollution has remained unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate trace metal contamination in the sediment of the river. Bottom sediment samples were taken in the river between Jilin city and Haerbin city in 2005. An uncontaminated sediment profile was taken in the Nen River at the same time. Total concentrations of Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, K, Na, Ti, Mn, V, Sc, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn in the sediment samples were measured by ICP-MS or ICP-OES, following digestion with various acids. Concentrations of Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn in the surface sediments were 5.1–14.7, 18.5–78.9, 2.4–75.4, 7.2–29.0, 13.5–124.4, and 21.8–403.1 mg/kg, respectively, generally decreasing along the course of the river from Jilin city to Haerbin city. Background concentrations of trace metals were reconstructed by geochemical normalization to a conservative element scandium. Results showed that concentrations of Co, Cr, and Ni in the sediment were generally only slightly higher than or equal to their background values, while concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Zn in the some sediment samples were significantly higher than their background values. In detail, the sediment at Jilin city was moderately contaminated by Cu, and the sediment of the Second Songhua River was moderately contaminated by Pb and Zn. The top layer (0–10 cm depth) and bottom layers (30–46 cm depth) of one sediment profile at Wukeshu town were generally moderately polluted by Pb and Zn. Synthetically, the surface sediment in the studied river section was classified as natural sediment without ecological risk by the sediment pollution index (SPI) of Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn. Only the 30–45 cm depth of the sediment profile at Wukeshu town was classified as low polluted sediment by the SPI of these metals, recording a historical contamination of the river in the 1960s to 1970s. This buried contamination of trace metals might pose a potential risk to water column under disturbance of sediment. Foundation item: The National Basic Research Priorities Program of China (2004CB418502)     

贵州煤矿区表层水-沉积物重金属分布特征及来源分析——以新寨河为例

为探索贵州煤矿区表层水-沉积物中重金属的分布特征及来源,科学制定环境保护与污染治理措施,以新寨河为研究对象,在11个样点共采集66个表层水体和沉积物样品,通过对Cd、Pb、Cr、Zn、Cu、As、Hg、Fe、Mn等9种重金属元素进行分析,揭示其在新寨河的空间分布特征。同时,利用多指数法开展了有毒重金属元素污染状况评价,通过相关性分析和主成分分析解析了重金属的来源。结果表明,新寨河流域表层水体中,Fe、Mn点位超标率达100%。表层水中重金属元素的平均含量排序为Fe＞Mn＞Zn＞Cu＞Cr＞As＞Cd＞Pb＞Hg,而沉积物中重金属元素的平均含量排序则是Fe＞Mn＞Zn＞Cr＞Cu＞As＞Pb＞Cd＞Hg,表明新寨河表层水体和沉积物中重金属元素的空间分布存在一定差异。各重金属元素的内梅罗综合污染指数介于0.59~1.13之间,表明新寨河表层水体中重金属的污染程度达到轻微污染水平。单种重金属元素的潜在生态危害系数计算结果显示,90.91%和9.09%的沉积物样点分别被归类为轻微风险和中等风险。所有样点沉积物的潜在生态危害指数介于14.57~120.55之间(均值为72.08),表明新寨河沉积物的潜在生态风险较低。Cu、As在多个样点存在污染现象,需予以重点监控管理。新寨河流域重金属的来源可分为三大类:Cd、Pb、Cr、Zn、Cu为第一类,对应地表径流源;As、Fe、Mn为第二类,对应煤矿开采源;Hg为第三类,对应复合源。     

黄河多泥沙水体油污染物的测定

研究了石油醚的吸收光谱 ,分析了泥沙对紫外分光光度法测定油污染物的影响 ,探讨了消除泥沙影响的方法 ,提出了紫外分光光度法测定黄河多泥沙水体中油污染物的改进方法。