合肥市典型臭氧污染特征及成因分析

综合利用环境空气质量常规监测、挥发性有机物(VOCs)在线监测,以及后向轨迹聚类分析、权重潜在源区分析和正交矩阵因子分解法等多种监测分析方法,基于合肥市经历的一次典型臭氧(O₃)污染过程(2020年9月1—10日),系统分析了合肥市O₃污染的典型特征及成因。结果显示,此次污染过程的O₃小时平均浓度高达96 μg/m³,且O₃浓度波动较大,在9月6日13:00达到了224 μg/m³,呈现出快速生成、快速消耗的污染特征,并在夜间呈现出非典型的二次峰值过程。污染期间,合肥市基本处于VOCs控制区,芳香烃对O₃生成潜势的贡献最大(45.2%),其次是烷烃(31.8%)和烯烃(21.5%);污染阶段的VOCs主要来自机动车排放源(44.1%)、燃烧源(21.3%)、工业源(15.3%)、溶剂使用源(12.4%)和天然源(6.9%),累积阶段和污染阶段均受机动车尾气排放和溶剂使用的影响较大。此外,台风外围下沉气流和高温、低湿、低风速等气象条件是引发此次O₃污染过程的主要外因,而合肥市周边的高污染区域则是此次O₃污染过程的潜在外部源区。     

威海市秋季VOCs污染特征及来源解析

为探究威海市秋季挥发性有机物（VOCs）污染特征及来源，于2021年9月10—20日采用手工加密监测法对威海市秋季大气中VOCs进行监测，分析了气象因素对臭氧（O₃）及其前体物的影响和VOCs污染特征，并利用正交矩阵因子模型（PMF）方法对VOCs来源进行了研究。结果表明，威海市温度对O₃生成影响明显，尤其是高温、低湿、扩散较差气象条件下，有利于O₃前体物的反应消耗，促使O₃生成及累积。观测期间，威海市秋季φ（VOCs）平均值为47.84×10^-9，VOCs中体积分数占比最高的为含氧挥发性有机物（OVOCs），占比为58.0%，其次为烷烃（21.6%）、卤代烃（10.2%）。O₃生成潜势（OFP）平均值为393.95μg/m³，对OFP的贡献占比最高的为OVOCs（74.1%），其次为芳香烃（12.6%）、烷烃（7.0%）和烯烃（5.4%）。PMF源解析结果显示，机动车尾气排放源、工艺过程源、船舶尾气排放源和溶剂使用源是威海市秋季VOCs排放主要来源，贡献占比分别为30.4%，23.9%，21.1%，16.5%。控制机动车排放和工艺过程排放是控制威海市秋季VOCs污染的重要途径。     

遂宁市夏季大气挥发性有机物污染特征及来源解析

2019年7-8月在四川省遂宁市实验学校、遂宁中学、金鱼小学、石溪浩4个点位同步开展为期20d的挥发性有机物(VOCs)离线观测,分析了遂宁市VOCs浓度时空分布特征、臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和VOCs主要来源。遂宁市TVOC体积浓度为39.4×10^-9,占比较高的组分为OVOCs和烷烃,体积浓度分别为15.6×10^-9和13.3×10^-9,占比分别为39.5%和33.6%。遂宁中学、金鱼小学、石溪浩24 h平均体积浓度分别为29.8 ×10^-9、58.4 ×10^-9、30.0×10^-9;加密点实验学校的小时平均浓度为22.9×10^-9。遂宁市总OFP为166.7 μg/m³,占比最大的为烯烃(33.1%)。实验学校、遂宁中学、金鱼小学、石溪浩OFP浓度分别为101.2、134.4、243.6、122.1 μg/m³。金鱼小学采样点位于工业园区下风向,受工业园区企业排放源影响,VOCs浓度和OFP值均明显高于其他点位。PMF模型源解析结果表明:遂宁市VOCs来源占比最大的为工业排放源,达32%;其次为机动车尾气源、燃烧源,占比均达17%;油气挥发源、天然源、溶剂使用源分别占13%、11%、10%。工业源、机动车尾气来源占比最高的均是金鱼小学,分别为39%、30%;天然源占比较高的是实验学校(13%)和石溪浩(10%)。     

基于转置EKMA曲线的湖南省臭氧生成敏感性分析

基于湖南省2015—2020年夏秋季的污染物及气象观测数据，分析了臭氧（O₃）污染的时空特征和生成敏感性。湖南省中部和北部的O₃污染较为严重，且主要发生在9月，午后O₃峰值常与早高峰的NO₂浓度有较高的相关性。采用转置EKMA曲线方法探究了O₃在NO₂维度和VOCs反应活性维度下的生成敏感性。在 NO₂维度下，NO₂控制区和NO₂-VOCs过渡区的NO₂质量浓度为7 ~ 13 μg/m³，NO₂-VOCs过渡区和VOCs控制区的NO₂质量浓度为15~17 μg/m³。在VOCs反应活性维度下，当NO₂质量浓度大于10 μg/m³时，VOCs反应活性越高，O₃浓度越高。在高VOCs反应活性（30 ℃或以上）时，NO₂浓度每降低1 μg/m³，各区域的O₃质量浓度能降低约8 ~ 9 μg/m³。结合NO₂ 和VOCs反应活性2个维度，得出湖南省午后O₃生成以 NO₂控制区和NO₂-VOCs 过渡区为主，在晴天干燥和高温条件下，减排NO₂可有效降低O₃浓度。转置EKMA曲线方法为缺少长期VOCs观测的区域提供了研究O₃生成敏感性的新思路。     

石家庄夏季典型时段臭氧污染特征及来源解析

在石家庄臭氧(O₃)污染较重的7月,开展连续10 d(2018年7月6—15日),8次/d的加密监测,获得大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)苏玛罐样品数据及O₃在线监测数据,分析了采样期间O₃污染特征、VOCs组成及O₃生成潜势(OFP)特征,并对VOCs来源进行了研究。结果表明,采样期间O₃-3 h浓度最高为243 μg/m³,与相对湿度存在明显的反相关关系,与温度和风速存在良好的正相关关系。VOCs平均体积分数为(75.28±5.81)×10-9,各组分浓度所占比例为OVOCs>烷烃>卤代烃>烯炔烃>芳香烃>其他组分。各类VOCs中,OVOCs对OFP的贡献最大,占64.12%。作为光化学反应的中间产物,OVOCs的一次来源较少,表明二次污染物对石家庄大气O₃生成有重要贡献。从具体组分来看,OFP值排名前十的组分以OVOCs为主,其中最高的为甲基丙烯酸甲酯。采样期间,VOCs一次来源主要为汽油车和柴油车尾气排放,贡献率分别为38%与32%；溶剂使用、汽油挥发、生物排放分别占13%、11%、6%。VOCs主要受本地排放影响。     

工业园区和城区VOCs组成及化学活性的空间差异对清远大气臭氧污染分布的影响

工业化与城镇化交替演进使珠三角及其周边地区土地利用类型较为复杂。快速的城市化进程使城市建成区与大量村镇工业园区互相交错。这种变化势必会增加挥发性有机物(VOCs)在组分构成和空间分布上的复杂性,并对臭氧(O₃)污染的时空变化产生影响。为厘清这种排放的空间异质性特征及其对O₃污染分布的影响,分别选取可以代表清远市典型工业园区和城市建成区的站点开展观测研究。结果表明:工业园区和城市建成区VOCs浓度水平和污染特征有较大的空间差异,其中代表村镇工业园区的龙塘站VOCs日均浓度为30.42×10^-9,高于代表城市建成区的技师学院站(17.32×10^-9)。龙塘站二甲苯和甲苯的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)比技师学院站高57.6×10^-9,且该值相当于技师学院站排名前10位物种OFP的总和。气象分析表明:2个站点之间并非彼此的上、下风向,而是共同受到局地气团的影响。源解析结果表明:源排放是造成这种空间异质性的内因,其中交通源对技师学院的贡献更高,而工业相关排放源对龙塘的贡献更高。该研究进一步比较了周边站点O₃时间序列的一致性,并模拟2个站点的O₃生成速率。研究发现O₃在局地范围内变化较小,高VOCs排放的地点对局地O₃有较高的贡献,局地内不同地点的O₃生成过程也存在较大差异。据此,笔者提出O₃污染防控建议:短期内可通过技术手段和观测数据发现O₃污染的重要贡献点,并进行针对性的"散乱污"清理整治和涉VOCs行业综合整治,长期看应科学合理规划城市发展布局和产业布局,预留城市通风廊道,以有效减少O₃污染。     

兰州市城区夏季大气挥发性有机物污染特征及来源解析

2020年7月对兰州市城区大气挥发性有机物进行连续24 h测定,研究其污染特征和臭氧生成潜势等,并进行来源解析。结果表明:兰州超级站点 VOCs的平均质量浓度为99.59 μg/m³,各类挥发性有机物中烷烃占比最大,占总挥发性有机物浓度的33.81%;对挥发性有机物进行臭氧生成潜势分析,排名靠前的物种为甲苯、乙烯、乙酸乙烯酯;利用PMF模型对挥发性有机物进行源解析,结果显示VOCs来源贡献为机动车源(31.30%)、油气挥发或泄漏(24.10%)、溶剂使用源(18.60%)、燃烧和化工工艺源(17.20%)、天然源(8.80%)。建议将控制机动车排放、油气挥发和泄漏、溶剂使用等作为消减城市大气挥发性有机物和臭氧污染的重点。     

北京市城区挥发性有机物污染特征及其对臭氧影响分析

对2020年4月—2021年3月北京市建成区挥发性有机物（VOCs）的化学特征、污染来源及其对臭氧（O₃）污染的影响进行了研究。结果显示：O₃日最大8 h滑动平均值在臭氧季（4—9月）均值为134 μg/m³,是非臭氧季（10月至次年3月）均值（59.6 μg/m³）的2.2倍。臭氧季VOCs体积浓度均值为14.3×10^-9,明显低于非臭氧季（21.1×10^-9）,可能与光化学反应速率和VOCs来源的季节性差异有关。臭氧生成潜势（OFP）贡献率排名前10位的物种在臭氧季和非臭氧季相似,均包括间/对-二甲苯、甲苯、乙烯、邻二甲苯、异戊烷、正丁烷、丙烯、反式-2-丁烯和1,2,4-三甲基苯,但排名有所差异,燃煤源特征明显的乙烯等物种在非臭氧季上升明显,与溶剂使用、油气挥发相关的间/对二甲苯、甲苯、异戊烷和正丁烷等物种在臭氧季上升明显。甲苯/苯的值和异戊烷/正戊烷的值在臭氧季明显高于非臭氧季,反映出机动车排放和油气挥发等在臭氧季影响突出,非臭氧季是燃煤影响显著。基于正交矩阵因子分解模型（PMF）,臭氧季解析出机动车尾气排放（40.9%）、溶剂使用（20%）、油气挥发（16.4%）、工业排放（17.6%）和植物排放（5.1%）等5种污染源;非臭氧季解析出机动车尾气（38.9%）、燃烧源（26.3%）、工业排放（17.8%）和溶剂使用（17%）等4种污染源。     

污染天气条件下人工降雨对成渝西南区域环境空气质量的影响评估

基于成渝地区大气污染防控形势的严峻性,选取该区域西南部的乐山市作为研究对象,对2016—2020年人工降雨对该城市环境空气质量的影响进行研究。评估发现:冬季改善效果最好,平均每毫米降雨量可降低环境空气质量指数(AQI)约10,对应的SO₂、NO₂、CO、O₃、PM₁₀、PM_2.5浓度分别降低1.8 μg/m³、3.8 μg/m³、0.1 mg/m³、8.1 μg/m³、6.9 μg/m³、8.9 μg/m³;其次是春季,每毫米降雨量可降低AQI约8,对应的6项污染物浓度分别降低1.0 μg/m³、3.3 μg/m³、0.1 mg/m³、8.1 μg/m³、6.1 μg/m³、8.4 μg/m³;再次是夏季,每毫米降雨量可降低AQI约3,对应的6项污染物浓度分别降低0.6 μg/m³、1.6 μg/m³、0.03 mg/m³、6.9 μg/m³、1.2 μg/m³、2.0 μg/m³;秋季每毫米降雨量可降低AQI约1,对应的6项污染物浓度分别降低0.4 μg/m³、0.6 μg/m³、0.01 mg/m³、3.5 μg/m³、0.1 μg/m³、0.1 μg/m³。计算不同季节降雨总量与污染物削减量之间的Pearson相关系数,结果表明,春季人工降雨总量与O₃浓度削减总量呈显著正相关,夏、秋两季人工降雨总量与PM_2.5浓度削减总量呈显著正相关。     

基于走航监测的珠海市金湾区夏秋季大气VOCs污染特征

于2021年夏、秋季利用单光子电离飞行时间质谱仪（SPI-MS）在珠海市金湾环境空气自动站（以下简称“金湾站”）周边开展挥发性有机物（VOCs）走航观测。结果表明，金湾站周边大气中总VOCs（以TVOC表示）质量浓度为11.7～203μg/m³（5%～95%分位值浓度），平均值为104μg/m³。烷烃在VOCs组成中占比最高（39.7%），其次为芳香烃（30%）和含氧含氮烃（13.9%）。2021年秋季（9—11月）为ρ（TVOC）的主要高值时段，且在10—11月，芳香烃和含氧含氮烃对TVOC的贡献显著升高。臭氧（O₃）生成贡献分析结果表明，烷烃和芳香烃对O₃生成的贡献最高，二甲苯、乙苯、三甲苯、甲苯、戊烷/异戊烷是珠海市O₃污染防治的优控VOCs物种，其对O₃生成的贡献高达56.0%。其中，戊烷/异戊烷主要来自金湾站周边的电子专用材料制造企业，二甲苯/乙苯主要来自周边的电线、电缆制造，橡胶、塑料制品生产企业。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

一起河流砷污染事故的处置与监测分析

介绍了大沙河砷污染事故的处置和监测分析。多介质排查监测摸清了污染的范围和程度,为治理工作提供了科学依据,污染治理措施有效控制了污染的扩散;监测数据表明,治理措施将水中砷污染物沉降至河床使污染水质达标排放。吸附了大量砷化合物的底泥被清理并进一步处置,多介质跟踪监测应持续进行直至不存在潜在危害。     

核应急辐射环境监测的准备和响应

日本核泄漏事故引发的核危机为人类安全和平地利用核能又一次敲响了警钟.核事故应急工作作为减小核电站危害环境和公众安全的最后屏障,将起到重要的作用,必须做好相关的准备和响应工作.核应急辐射环境监测工作是核应急工作的重要组成部分,在对核应急辐射环境监测进行准备和响应时主要遵循实用性、适用性和适度性并兼顾常规和应急监测的“平战...