太湖蓝藻水华的自动监测和手工监测比对分析

对夏季太湖野外水华蓝藻样本进行梯度稀释,将自动监测法与手工监测法(人工镜检法和分光光度法)进行比对分析,同时通过对野外样品的连续监测对实验结果进行验证。结果表明,对于以微囊藻为绝对优势种的夏季太湖水体,YSI-6600型和EXO2型便携式水质监测仪测得的叶绿素与人工镜检法测得的藻密度的调整后相关系数(R_(adj)~2)均值分别为0.906和0.936,高于它们与分光光度法测得的叶绿素a的R_(adj)~2值(0.816,0.789),且这2种指标在各蓝藻浓度区段的回归系数变化较小,变异系数分别为0.24和0.19,可根据回归方程得到的自动监测法测得的叶绿素,预测人工镜检法测得的藻密度。对同期同点位野外实际水样的监测结果表明,YSI-6600便携式水质监测仪测得的叶绿素与人工镜检法测得的藻密度、分光光度法测得的叶绿素a的R_(adj)~2分别为0.899和0.769。相较于分光光度法,自动监测法在夏季太湖蓝藻水华的监测预警中具有更大优势。     

YSI 6600传感器在太湖蓝藻预警工作中的应用

通过对太湖饮用水源地2个取水口水体中的蓝藻密度(CBD)和叶绿素(Chl)分别进行 YSI 6600-v2水质多参数仪和实验室显微镜检分析,探讨了CBD和Chl在预警工作中的应用.结果表明,在CBD与Chl相关性显著时期内,藻类群落结构相对稳定;CBD和Chl相关性不显著时期内,藻类群落结构变化较大.ρ(CBD)/ρ(...     

动植物油测定方法研究

自配动植物油的四氯化碳溶液.用红外分光光度法进行测定,测定浓度小于配制浓度.测定浓度与配制浓度线性相关性良好.测得相关性方程.在水样测定时,将测定值作为信号值代入线性方程,对测定值进行校正,校正后所得结果更加符合动植物油的实际浓度.     

生物监测中叶绿素a浓度与藻类密度的关联性研究

通过测定叶绿素a浓度、藻类密度和藻类分类计数等,获取"水华"水体生物监测数据。统计分析结果表明,叶绿素a浓度和藻类密度在蓝藻"水华"(微囊藻为优势种)暴发期间存在显著相关,并拟合出了回归直线。且叶绿素a浓度和藻类密度的自然对数比值也与藻类发生和兴衰存在着规律性联系。     

2002-2021年渤海叶绿素a浓度变化及环境响应分析

基于2013-2021年渤海遥感反射率和叶绿素a浓度等实测数据,开展了该海域MODIS影像的叶绿素a浓度遥感反演模型研究。选择OC3经典模型形式,采用渤海的实测数据进行拟合分析,获取了适用于渤海的模型局地化参数,通过真实性检验得到叶绿素a浓度的遥感反演结果与实测值的决定系数为0.84,平均相对误差为24.77%,均方根误差为5.56 μg/L,反演精度较佳。利用该算法反演获取了渤海2002-2021年叶绿素a的月度、季度和年度平均浓度,分析了其时空变化特征,同时结合2001-2021年渤海非优良水质比例开展了环境响应分析。分析结果显示:2001-2021年,渤海非优良水质比例与同时期叶绿素a浓度变化趋势基本一致,呈现先变差后变好的倒V形趋势;5年平均的非优良水质比例与叶绿素a浓度变化趋势更直观地反映了2001-2021年渤海整体的水环境变化趋势,与非优良水质比例相比,叶绿素a浓度对渤海水环境的改善响应更快。     

千岛湖藻类及相关环境因子多元线性回归和鱼腥藻预测模型的建立

文章以千岛湖 1998～ 2 0 0 1年连续监测资料为基础 ,运用多元线性回归手段 ,以水温等 7项环境因子对叶绿素a、藻类细胞密度、鱼腥藻细胞密度作回归统计 ,建立多元回归方程 ,初步建立千岛湖蓝藻鱼腥藻细胞密度的预报模型。结果表明 ,水温和溶解氧是千岛湖藻类细胞密度的显著相关因子 ,在控制蓝藻鱼腥藻方面 ,削减入湖的 COD和磷元素总量具有现实意义     

淡水中叶绿素a测定方法的探讨

对分光光度法测定叶绿素a中样品研磨转移损失,离心后750nm处吸光值达不到0.005要求,加酸消除脱镁叶绿素,加酸量及加酸后测定时间等方面进行对比实验研究,提出了对分光光度法测定叶绿素a修改建议.     

叶绿素a在监视赤潮和评价水环境中的应用

阐述了赤潮的发生与水中藻类浮游植物的关系。指出测定水中叶绿素的含量 ,是对水中浮游植物的一种定量测量方法。重点介绍了叶绿素a监测的原理和方法。例举了叶绿素a在监视赤潮和评价水质环境方面的事例     

基于Landsat系列卫星分析1985—2015年东平湖叶绿素a浓度变化趋势

基于Landsat-5 TM数据和地面同步水质监测数据发现，近红外波段与红色波段比值与叶绿素a实测浓度存在较高相关性，并以此建立了提取水体表层叶绿素a浓度的遥感信息模型。经验证，该模型用于叶绿素a浓度反演的精度良好，平均相对误差为14.5%。将该模型应用于Landsat卫星系列数据，提取了东平湖1985-2015年每年度丰水期叶绿素a浓度信息，得到共31幅东平湖叶绿素a浓度分布图，并对其进行了时空分析。结果表明：1985-2015年，东平湖叶绿素a平均浓度范围为32.4~81.4 μg/L，空间分布上一般表现为湖周边浅水区高于湖中心深水区，且空间差异变化明显；时间序列上，东平湖叶绿素a浓度表现出一定的波动性，在1987、1988、1992年出现较高值，总体看来，在95%置信水平上秩相关系数为-0.592，浓度呈下降趋势。     

洪泽湖藻类与环境因子逐步回归统计和蓝藻水华初步预测

以洪泽湖2008—2010年的连续监测资料为基础,运用多元逐步回归统计方法,选择水温等12项环境因子与藻类叶绿素a等5项生物因子进行逐步回归分析,找出与生物因子显著相关的因子,建立多元逐步回归方程,预测洪泽湖藻类密度的变化情况,初步进行了洪泽湖蓝藻水华的预测预报。结果显示,总磷、总氮、氨氮和水深为洪泽湖藻类密度的显著相关因子,透明度、水温、水深为蓝藻密度的显著相关因子。     

Performance evaluation of phycocyanin probes for the monitoring of cyanobacteria

The performance of two field probes (YSI 6600 and TriOS), used for the measurement of in vivo phycocyanin fluorescence, was compared and validated in the laboratory in 2008 and 2009 with cultures of Microcystis aeruginosa and field samples. The background noise of the two probes was low and the detection limits were estimated at 1500 cells mL(-1) for the YSI and 0.69 μg PC L(-1) for the TriOS. The linearity and repeatability of both probes have been excellent. Strong relationships were observed between the in vivo fluorescence and the total cyanobacterial biovolume (R(2) = 0.82 YSI; 0.83 TriOS) or the abundance (R(2) = 0.71 YSI; 0.75 TriOS) of cyanobacteria. However, the difference between cell densities determined by microscopy and measured by the YSI can be very large and has been associated to the variability of cell volume among cyanobacteria. This last observation makes the YSI a qualitative tool if a post-calibration is not done. The analysis of filtrated samples showed that dissolved phycocyanin (extracellular) may represent a significant fluorescence signal. No relationship could be established between the abundance, the total cyanobacterial biovolume or the in vivo fluorescence of phycocyanin and the concentrations of cyanotoxins (R(2) ≤ 0.22).     

Monitoring of potentially toxic cyanobacteria using an online multi-probe in drinking water sources

Toxic cyanobacteria threaten the water quality of drinking water sources across the globe. Two such water bodies in Canada (a reservoir on the Yamaska River and a bay of Lake Champlain in Québec) were monitored using a YSI 6600 V2-4 (YSI, Yellow Springs, Ohio, USA) submersible multi-probe measuring in vivo phycocyanin (PC) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) fluorescence, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, temperature, and turbidity in parallel. The linearity of the in vivo fluorescence PC and Chl-a probe measurements were validated in the laboratory with Microcystis aeruginosa (r(2) = 0.96 and r(2) = 0.82 respectively). Under environmental conditions, in vivo PC fluorescence was strongly correlated with extracted PC (r = 0.79) while in vivo Chl-a fluorescence had a weaker relationship with extracted Chl-a (r = 0.23). Multiple regression analysis revealed significant correlations between extracted Chl-a, extracted PC and cyanobacterial biovolume and in vivo fluorescence parameters measured by the sensors (i.e. turbidity and pH). This information will help water authorities select the in vivo parameters that are the most useful indicators for monitoring cyanobacteria. Despite highly toxic cyanobacterial bloom development 10 m from the drinking water treatment plant's (DWTP) intake on several sampling dates, low in vivo PC fluorescence, cyanobacterial biovolume, and microcystin concentrations were detected in the plant's untreated water. The reservoir's hydrodynamics appear to have prevented the transport of toxins and cells into the DWTP which would have deteriorated the water quality. The multi-probe readings and toxin analyses provided critical evidence that the DWTP's untreated water was unaffected by the toxic cyanobacterial blooms present in its source water.     

前处理方法对水体总磷测定值的影响研究

研究了水样静置30 min和全部混合立即测定2种前处理方法对江苏省环太湖15条主要出入湖河流总磷测定值的影响,结果表明,采样后静置30 min测定的总磷浓度较低,仅为全部混匀立即测定总磷浓度的46%～80%;水体中漂浮水华蓝藻数量是影响2种前处理方法总磷测定结果差异性的重要因素,去除漂浮水华蓝藻较多的7条入湖河流监测数据后,静置30 min测定的总磷浓度为全部混匀立即测定总磷浓度的71%～80%。提出,基于不同的测定目的,应有针对性地选择总磷前处理方法,在水环境质量状况评估时,可参照国家标准或最新技术规定的前处理方法执行,以保证总磷浓度的可比性;在进行总磷入湖通量研究时,建议采用全部混合立即测定的前处理方法,以反映水体中实际总磷浓度;在不同国家水体总磷浓度比较时,建议采用相同的前处理方法进行总磷浓度测定。     

全自动甲基汞分析仪测定水和废水中甲基汞

建立了全自动甲基汞分析仪测定水和废水中甲基汞的方法,对较清洁的地表水和一般废水样品可直接衍生化测定,对基体复杂水样则需蒸馏后再衍生化测定。该法在水样中甲基汞含量为0~1 000 pg范围内线性良好,相关系数r为0.999 7,检出限为0.002 ng/L,标准参考物质测定结果均在参考值范围内,相对标准偏差为1.1%,加标回收率为83.2%~96.6%。该法适用于水及废水中甲基汞的检测。     

Use of in vivo phycocyanin fluorescence to monitor potential microcystin-producing cyanobacterial biovolume in a drinking water source

The source water of a drinking water treatment plant prone to blooms, dominated by potential microcystin-producing cyanobacteria, was monitored for two seasons in 2007-2008. In the 2008 season, the median value for potential microcystin-producing cyanobacterial biovolume was 87% of the total phytoplankton biovolume in the untreated water of the plant. Depth profiles taken above the plant's intake identified three sampling days at high risk for the contamination of the plant's raw water with potentially toxic cyanobacteria. Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae caused false positive values to be generated by the phycocyanin probe when cyanobacteria represented a small fraction of the total phytoplanktonic biovolume present. However, there was little interference with the phycocyanin probe readings by other algal species when potential microcystin-producing cyanobacteria dominated the phytoplankton of the plant's untreated water. A two-tiered method for source water monitoring, using in vivo phycocyanin fluorescence, is proposed based on (1) a significant relationship between in vivo phycocyanin fluorescence and cyanobacterial biovolume and (2) the calculated maximum potential microcystin concentration produced by dominant Microcystis sp. biovolume. This method monitors locally-generated threshold values for cyanobacterial biovolume and microcystin concentrations using in vivo phycocyanin fluorescence.     

A phycocyanin probe as a tool for monitoring cyanobacteria in freshwater bodies

In many countries, the presence of cyanobacteria in freshwater bodies used for both drinking water and recreational purposes is under increasing public health attention. Water managers are considering how to implement monitoring that leads to a minimization of the risks incurred by the users of potentially contaminated sites. To address this question, this study involved assessing the performance of a submersible probe for measuring phycocyanin-specific fluorescence as a function of cyanobacterial biomass, with the aim of applying it as a tool for surveillance management. Its advantages and limits compared to more traditional analyses are discussed. The monitoring of cyanobacteria in the water bodies of western France was carried out using a minifluorimeter specific to the fluorescence of phycocyanin, a pigment specific to cyanobacteria. The results are compared with the analyses recommended by the World Health Organisation (chlorophyll a and cell counting). This study based on nearly 800 samples shows a significant correlation between the phycocyanin content and the cyanobacterial biomass, expressed as the number of cells per mL (R2 = 0.73). This submersible probe is simple and rapid to use, making it possible to take into account horizontal and vertical heterogeneities in the proliferation growth. In this way, we are able to detect at an early stage the conditions that could potentially lead to a risk, in order to start sampling. Due to its sensitivity, this tool proves suitable for monitoring aimed at reducing the risks incurred by the users of contaminated sites and launching preventative actions. The use of the phycocyanin probe provides an effective tool to complement traditional analyses of cyanobacterial presence. It is suggested that a surveillance protocol based on phycocyanin concentration can significantly improved the accuracy of the extent of cyanobacterial bloom development in the light of spatial and temporal variabilities associated with these occurrences.     

Application of statistical modeling to optimize a coastal water quality monitoring program

The long-term water quality monitoring program implemented by the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority in 1992 is extensive and has provide substantial understanding of the seasonality of the waters in both Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay and the response to improvements in effluent quality and offshore transfer of the effluent in September 2000. The monitoring program was designed with limited knowledge of spatial and temporal variability and long-term trends within the system. This led to an extensive spatial and temporal sampling program. The data through 2003 showed high correlation within physical parameters measured (e.g., salinity, dissolved oxygen) and in biological measures such as chlorophyll fluorescence. To address the potential sampling redundancies in the measurement program, an assessment of the impact of reduced levels of monitoring on the ability to make water quality decisions was completed. The optimization was conducted by applying statistical models that took into account whether there was evidence of a seasonal pattern in the data. The optimization used model survey average readings to identify temporal fixed effects, model survey-average-corrected individual station readings to identify spatial fixed effects, corrected the individual station readings for temporal and spatial fixed effects and derived a correlation model for the corrected data, and applied the correlation model to characterize the correlation of annual average readings from reduced monitoring programs with true parameter levels. Reductions in the number of sampling stations were found less detrimental to the quality of the data for annual decision-making than reductions in the number of surveys per year, although there is less of a difference in this regard for dissolved oxygen than there is for chlorophyll. The analysis led to recommendations for a substantially lower monitoring effort with minimal loss of information. The recommendation supported an annual budget savings of approximately $183,000. Most of the savings was from fewer surveys as approximately $21,000 came from the reduction in the number of stations monitored from 21 to 7 and associated laboratory analytical costs.     

Phytoplankton and water quality in a Mediterranean drinking-water reservoir (Marathonas Reservoir, Greece)

Phytoplankton and water quality of Marathonas drinking-water Reservoir were examined for the first time. During the study period (July-September 2007), phytoplankton composition was indicative of eutrophic conditions although phytoplankton biovolume was low (max. 2.7 mm3 l?1). Phytoplankton was dominated by cyanobacteria and diatoms, whereas desmids and dinoflagellates contributed with lower biovolume values. Changing flushing rate in the reservoir (up to 0.7% of reservoir's water volume per day) driven by water withdrawal and occurring in pulses for a period of 15-25 days was associated with phytoplankton dynamics. Under flushing pulses: (1) biovolume was low and (2) both 'good' quality species and the tolerant to flushing 'nuisance' cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa dominated. According to the Water Framework Directive, the metrics of phytoplankton biovolume and cyanobacterial percentage (%) contribution indicated a moderate ecological water quality. In addition, the total biovolume of cyanobacteria as well as the dominance of the known toxin-producing M. aeruginosa in the reservoir's phytoplankton indicated a potential hazard for human health according to the World Health Organization.     

Association between biotic and abiotic parameters and the occurrence of cyanobacteria in a Brazilian reservoir

The water reservoir of Vargem das Flores, Brazil, has been subject to eutrophication problems. The occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms in this water body has raised concerns regarding the presence of toxic metabolites. In order to understand the factors that promote the proliferation and distribution of cyanobacteria in the reservoir, physicochemical parameters, species composition, and toxicity of the reservoir water column were analyzed at monthly intervals over a 3-year period (2004-2007) using a range of analytical techniques. The results showed that cyanobacteria were absent in the dry period, returning after the onset of stratification. A succession pattern was observed within this group. The Aphanocapsa genus was dominant in the last rainy period of the study (October 2006 to March 2007). However toxicity was only detected when the genera Microcystis and Sphaerocavum were present (October 2005). The principal components analysis showed negative correlation between cyanobacteria and orthophosphate. The change of dominant cyanobacteria along the 3 years of study and the final prevalence of nontoxic genera in the reservoir is an evidence of water quality improvement in response to the management techniques implemented in the reservoir basin.