辽河水体主要污染指标时空异质性分析

利用1987～2009年辽河干流8个常规监测断面的历年监测数据,通过统计分析确定辽河水质的主要污染指标为化学需氧量(COD)和氨氮,2007年前辽河水质首要污染指标是COD,2008年和2009年氨氮超过COD成为辽河水质污染首要污染指标;分析干流两项指标的时间、水期、空间分布规律,明确给出水质污染重点治理时段和河段.     

地表水环境质量定性评价

针对目前缺乏统一的地表水环境质量定性评价准则的现状,根据我国主要水体的污染程度,提出了断面、河流、水系水质定性评价方法。     

杭州市钱塘江干支流水质多元统计分析

运用多元统计方法分析了杭州市钱塘江干支流上26个断面的水质监测指标。利用系统聚类分析方法将断面所在河流分为3组,与钱塘江流域污染空间分布现状基本一致。对各组水质的主成分分析表明,第1组河流水质以有机污染为主,水体中氮、磷营养盐浓度较高,水体污染程度较轻,污染来源相对单一;第2组河流水体受有机物、重金属、石油类等多个污染指标的影响,水体水质较第1组差,污染来源相对复杂;第3组河流水体既有一般有机污染,也有重金属、有毒有害物质的污染,水体水质污染严重。     

基于不同方法的水生态健康评估——以北京市典型水体为例

在北京选择密云水库、昆明湖、福海和北运河水系河流等9个典型水体,利用基于不同水生生物的多样性指数法和综合指数法开展水生态健康评价。结果表明,基于浮游植物和底栖动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数所指示的水生态状况分别对应轻污染~中污染和中污染~重污染等级,而结合生境、水质和水生生物指标的两项综合指数反映出的水生态状况分别为健康~亚健康和良好~轻度污染。多数评价方法的评价结果都显示出,近5年各水体的生态环境质量有所改善。其中,综合指数法提供的信息更为全面,对环境变化的响应更加灵敏,具有独特的综合优势和推广应用价值。“十二五”以来,北京市水生态健康水平明显提升,其中以北运河水系最为明显,这与一系列污染防治政策和综合治理工程的实施密切相关。     

利用世界银行贷款灌溉农业二期项目江苏省项目区水环境评价

对利用世界银行贷款灌溉农业二期项目(1998年2002年)江苏省项目区的水环境进行了监测与评价。项目实施期间，对地表灌溉用水河段监测结果表明，各监测河段参评指标的单项污染指数及综合污染指数均小于1，地表灌溉水不构成单项指标污染和综合污染，其水质符合农业灌溉用水水质要求；对地表灌溉退水河段监测结果表明，退水河段中仅有部分监测指标比灌溉用水中的相应指标有所升高，但不构成综合污染，退水水质仍能满足其他地区农业灌溉用水水质要求；对地下灌溉水测井的监测结果表明，有个别地下灌溉井单项指标超标，但所测井的综合污染指数均远远小于l，对地下水环境未造成不利影响。     

太湖南溪水系水体中氨氮的动态变化分析

分析了太湖南溪水系水体中的氨氮在不同河段，不同水期，不同年际的时空变化情况，指出，氨氮在水体中的含量变化受水量控制，与入河的城市污水和沿河两岸地表径流水中的氨氮有直接关系，氨氮含量有逐年升高的趋势。     

伊犁河伊宁市段水质污染特征分析

在对伊犁河伊宁市段历年水质状况进行综合评价的基础上，探讨了城市河段水质的变化规律、污染特征和成因。     

福建晋江水系浮游植物调查及水质状态的评价

2003年2~12月对福建晋江水系15个采样点的浮游植物群落季节性变动的生态特征,进行了种类组成、种群数量、优势种、污染指示种、水质等项目的调查研究。经鉴定晋江水系浮游植物共7个门类,73属,170种。藻量年均值达193.5×103个/升,晋江水系的浮游植物以硅藻门的种类占优势,表明晋江水系属于β_中污水体。并以这些参数对晋江水系的水质污染加以评价。     

汉丹江(陕西段)水质变化特征分析

基于2008—2012年陕西省境内汉江、丹江干流14个断面的水质监测数据,采用单因子评价法、平均综合污染指数法和秩相关系数法等对该段水体的水质变化特征进行研究。结果表明,汉丹江(陕西段)断面水质以Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类为主,水质总体为优;水质综合污染状况呈下降趋势,其中汉江下降趋势显著;水质综合污染状况空间差异和区域分布特征明显,城区段污染大于郊区,各行政区段河流下游污染大于上游。流域水质主要受有机污染和营养盐因子影响,水体污染源主要来自城镇生活源和农业面源,工业源占比不大且排放行业较为集中。     

河道水质监测站位设置

水质监测通常要考虑随时空变化,本文对河道水质监测中如何合理布设观测点,以正确反应水质空间变化规律问题进行探讨.1 河流污染的纵向模式1.1 水体中污染物的行为水体中污染物的行为因物而异,无机物在水体中无明显变化,而多数有机污染指标,如BOD等,在水中有自然降解过程,其降解     

河流物理生境遥感监测研究与应用分析

简述了国内外河流物理生境监测研究进展和应用。从水生态监测体系完整性和物理生境监测手段的优缺点等方面,研究了河流物理生境遥感监测的必要性;结合我国水生态环境管理形势,介绍了河流物理生境遥感监测的应用领域;以辽河干流盘锦段为例,进行了物理生境遥感监测评估的实例分析。     

辽河流域浑河沈阳段地表水重点控制有机污染物的筛选

采用美国环保局工业环境实验室提出的化学物质的“潜在危害指数法”,对辽河流域浑河沈阳段地表水和底质中检出的有机污染物的潜在危害进行了排序,参考国内外有毒化学品优先控制名单的筛选原则和方法,结合本流域的实际情况,制定出重点控制有机污染物的评分标准,提出辽河流域浑河沈阳段重点控制有机污染物名单。考虑到个别有机污染物在水中的浓度很低,但在底质中相对含量较高,所以将底质的检测结果也纳入评分标准。     

快速测试管法现场测定水中总余氯

余氯在水中极不稳定 ,需现场测定。通过研制一种测试管 ,从而能快速、简便地测水中的总余氯。常规法测定时间需要 3～ 5小时 ,而该测试管法仅需 1 0分钟。分析成本也大为降低     

A long-term survey of heavy metals and specific organic compounds in biofilms, sediments, and surface water in a heavily affected river in the Czech Republic

To assess the long-term anthropogenic load of the Bílina River (Czech Republic), the concentrations of heavy metals and specific organic compounds in different river ecosystem matrices (water, biofilms, and sediments) were determined. Although the current concentrations of pollutants in surface water are low, frequently below the limits of the quantitative analytical methods used, the river ecosystem is still heavily loaded by anthropogenic pollution, mainly from the chemical and mining industries. This was demonstrated by analyzing biofilms and sediments. These matrices are more accurate representatives of the actual situation in the river and do not depend on hydrological conditions or random variability in water quality. The results indicate that the middle and the lower parts of the river are heavily polluted by mercury, arsenic, vanadium, polychlorinated biphenyls, hexachlorobenzene, and dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane. As a tributary of the Elbe River, the Bílina River represents a significant risk for the development of quality in this major European river.     

大同市地表水及工业废水中氯苯和酚类化合物的监测

对流经大同市的主要河流和重点工业污染源所排放废水中的氯苯和酚类化合物做了分析测定.对酚类化合物的测定方法进行了改进.研究表明,大同市污染源对御河氯苯类污染物贡献较小,焦化厂酚类化合物排放量较高.     

城镇化对西苕溪大型底栖动物群落的影响

于2004—2010年5月对西苕溪流域20个参照点,5个中度干扰点以及2个重度干扰点的底栖动物进行了调查,共鉴定出74科190属226个种;受干扰后,底栖动物群落物种丰富度、EPT物种丰富度、Shannon-wiener多样性指数和B-IBI指数显著下降,BI指数显著升高。CCA分析结果表明,参照、中度和重点干扰样点的底栖动物群落差异明显。城镇化引起的溪流水温上升、营养盐升高、泥沙输入量增多和堤岸固化是导致溪流底栖动物群落退化的主要原因。     

Heavy metal concentrations in groundwaters and soils of Thane Region of Maharashtra, India

Thane district is one of the most industrialized districts in Maharashtra. The heavy industrialization and the increasing urbanization are responsible for the rapidly increasing stress on the water and soil environment of the area. Therefore, an attempt has been made through comprehensive study on the groundwater contamination and soil contamination due to heavy metals in Thane region of Maharashtra. The area undertaken for the study was Thane and its suburbans Kalwa, Divajunction, Dombivali, Kalyan, and Ulhasnagar. Industrialization and urbanization lead to generation of large volumes of wastewater from domestic, commercial, industrial, and other sources, which discharged in to natural water bodies like river and creek in this region. Groundwater samples and soil samples were collected from residential, commercial, agriculture, and industrial areas. Groundwater samples were analyzed for various water quality parameters. The analytical data shows very high concentration of total dissolved solids, total hardness, total alkalinity, chemical oxygen demand, chloride etc. Groundwater and soil samples were analyzed for ten heavy metals by inductively coupled plasma (ICPE-9000) atomic emission spectroscopy. The analytical data reveal that, very high concentration level of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and nickel throughout the industrial area. The random dumping of hazardous waste in the industrial area could be the main cause of the groundwater and soil contamination spreading by rainwater and wind. In the residential areas the local dumping is expected to be the main source for heavy metals. A comparison of the results of groundwater with WHO guidelines show that most of the groundwater sampling station are heavily contaminated with organic matter and heavy metals. Groundwater samples are heavily contaminated by arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and nickel. Similarly, the results of heavy metals in soil compared with Swedish soil guideline values for polluted soil show that soil samples collected from residential, commercial and industrial areas are heavily contaminated by arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and nickel.     

电镀废水中重金属的回收处理技术

电镀企业产生的漂洗水中含有大量的重金属,处理后生成的电镀重金属污泥属于危废,国家有相关的处置规定,若处置不当,会对环境造成二次污染,并且造成重金属的流失。介绍了利用离子交换法、电解法、膜分离技术、电去离子法等相关方法回收电镀漂洗废水中重金属的国内外的研究进展;从源头抓起,减少了电镀企业重金属元素的排放量,同时对废水的合理回用提供一些可行性方案。     

Geochemical characteristics of inorganic sulfur in Shijing River, South China

Different inorganic sulfur species distributed in overlying water, pore water and sediment in a heavily polluted river were determined. The concentrations of S(2-) and SO(4)(2-) in the overlying water were much more than those in the pore water. This result perhaps indicates the S(2-) was mainly from discharged wastewater, not from sediment resuspension. In the sediments, acid-volatile sulfide, chromium(ii)-reducible sulfide, and elemental sulfur were determined by a modified diffusion method. The results indicate that acid-volatile sulfide was the dominant component of the reduced inorganic sulfur, making up about 62% of the total reduced inorganic sulfur.