基于地球物理方法的典型DNAPLs污染场地精细化调查

采用高密度电阻率（ERT）和探地雷达（GPR）两种地球物理方法,结合膜界面探测（MIP）和钻孔采样分析手段,综合研究某典型有机污染场地地下水中DNAPLs污染分布情况。结果表明,ERT法和GPR法圈定的场地污染范围基本吻合,DNAPLs污染物主要分布在研究区东北和西南区域,污染深度分别达到4m和9m,视电阻率为0.3Ω·m～5Ω·m,呈带状低阻分布,MIP和钻孔采样分析结果也验证了地球物理方法的准确性。     

基于电阻率法的垃圾渗滤液渗漏及迁移规律动态监测技术探讨

为探讨垃圾渗滤液侵入地下介质的动态变化过程,引入基于电阻率法原理的地球物理探测手段,开展室内和室外渗滤液污染扩散的动态监测试验。结果表明,渗滤液在土壤中的扩散过程会引起不同时期视电阻率低阻异常区的动态变化,且变化幅度和污染程度存在一定量化关系,基于此特征可确定渗漏点和渗滤液扩散区的污染范围、程度及趋势。     

激光雷达在湖北大气环境监测中的应用

介绍了激光雷达通过垂直扫描、水平扫描和车载走航等方法在湖北大气环境监测中的应用实例。利用地基激光雷达并结合星载激光雷达监测一次沙尘传输过程，沙尘传输高度为500~4 000 m之间，且出现3次尘降，地面PM₁₀出现3次峰值。利用激光雷达探测大气边界层高度，颗粒物浓度受边界层高度影响，当边界层高度降到500 m以下时，PM_2.5浓度达到120 μg/m³，边界层高度上升到1 500 m以上时，PM_2.5浓度降到30 μg/m³以下。利用激光雷达水平扫描技术，对襄阳市高新区污染物的影响进行溯源，监测得出颗粒物浓度上升的主要原因为地面扬尘。利用激光雷达车载走航监测技术，监测黄冈市颗粒物空间分布特征，在不同区域监测到2处污染扩散带，分别位于工业区与生活区。     

扩散采样法测定室内空气中的BTEX

建立了扩散吸附管采样,热脱附仪和气相色谱联用测定室内空气中BTEX的监测分析方法,方法的最低检出限为0.0002mg/m3。该方法使用方便、便于携带、无需电源,且与传统的泵采样方法具有较好的可比性,适合于室内空气中BTEX的监测。     

南京钟山风景区对主城环境空气质量的影响

详细监测了钟山风景区环境空气质量现状,利用大气污染扩散模型的扩散模拟,从地形方面研究了钟山风景区对主城大气污染物输送扩散的影响。结果表明,钟山风景区使得主城大气污染物不易扩散,易在主城区附近积累,加重主城区的大气污染。     

气体中毒窒息事故的环境应急监测

以株洲市攸县某矿业公司"5·7"重大中毒窒息事故的环境应急监测为例，详细阐述了该事故开展应急监测的全过程。针对锁定污染因子、查找污染源、判断污染团的扩散趋势以及监控敏感点的安全等监测目的设计监测方案。通过监测数据分析确定事故特征因子为CO，其周边环境空气中浓度随着与抽风口距离的增加而快速下降，监测到附近居民区环境空气质量未受事故影响。     

机动车排气污染对城市道路空气质量的影响

通过对南京市珠江路道路空气质量的监测，掌握了机动车排气污染对街道空气质量的影响，分析了道路中NOx、NO2、CO的变化规律，以及污染物与车流量和大气扩散条件的关系．并通过与城市大气自动监测国控点监测数据的比较，得出国控点NOx、NO2浓度和道路中NOx、NO2浓度变化趋势一致．     

周边烟雾对石家庄市环境质量的影响机理分析

利用极轨卫星监测、环境监测和实时气象观测资料,针对2002年10月石家庄市出现的严重烟雾污染个例进行了分析,对影响石家庄市环境质量的烟雾污染源区和烟雾扩散输送的范围、强度进行了实时监测;对烟雾污染的机理进行了初步探讨,结果表明:(1)华北中南部持续的逆温层阻挡了烟雾的垂直湍流扩散,使得烟雾在水平方向上长距离输送;(2)河北南部地面较强偏南风及低空流场为烟雾输送提供了动力条件;(3)地面及低空风的辐合及太行山地形影响形成的局地环流使得烟雾在石家庄区域汇集;(4)本地不利扩散的气象条件使得烟雾停滞。     

某金属冶炼企业土壤As污染特征及潜在生态风险评价

以某金属冶炼企业原址用地土壤为研究对象,采用单因子污染指数法、地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法探讨土壤As污染累积、潜在生态风险和空间分布特征。结果表明：研究区土壤采样点位超标率为98.85%,2.5~14.0 m深度范围土壤As污染较重、潜在生态风险较高,尤以6.0~10.0 m深度范围内相对最高。从As污染成因看,0~1.0 m深度范围土壤As污染主要受企业生产活动影响;1.0~14.0 m深度范围土壤As污染除受企业生产活动影响外,还与大量回填的含As较高的硫铁矿渣、极强碱性土壤环境、土壤渗透性有关。从As污染空间分布特征看,垂直方向上As污染浓度在0~10.0 m深度范围内随深度增加呈升高趋势,地表10.0 m以下随深度增加呈下降趋势。水平方向上,地表以下5.0、10.0、12.0 m剖面深度处As污染羽分布随深度增加呈增大趋势,12.0 m以下呈减小趋势。土壤As污染分层评价结果与地表以下特定剖面深度处土壤As污染评价结果一致性较好,土壤As污染较重的区域潜在生态风险亦相对较高。可见,采用单因子污染指数法、地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法综合评价土壤As污染与潜在生态风险,具有较高的可靠性。     

测点高度对道路交通噪声监测数据的影响

通过在4城市对132条道路进行了道路交通噪声测点高度试验,系统分析了测点高度从手工监测的1.2 m向自动监测的4.5 m转化后,在不同道路情况对道路交通噪声监测数据的影响。结果表明,测点高度提高后监测结果变化在±3 dB(A)以内。待测道路的车道数和测点与机动车道的距离是其主要影响因素。对两测点高度进行对比,4.5 m高度噪声值随水平距离增加衰减较小,测量结果更稳定。     

江苏省土壤修复产业发展现状及对策分析

简述了江苏省土壤修复市场发展情况及土壤修复技术发展现状。从营商环境、市场竞争力、标准法规建设等方面分析存在的市场问题,提出应规范市场环境、培育企业竞争力,加强标准制定、模式创新和人才培养的建议。针对场地环境调查与风险评估技术有待提升、地下水修复技术研发工作投入不足、修复后土壤监测和安全再利用问题突出等技术问题,提出,应完善环境调查与风险评估技术研究,加强土水修复材料、装备与工艺研发,提升长期监测及修复再利用研究的建议。以期为土壤修复行业的良性发展提供有益参考。     

化工厂场地酸化土壤工程化中和修复案例研究

对江苏某化工厂酸化地块进行了氧化钙中和修复工程研究。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ号地块剖面混合土样pH值分别为3.56、4.68和4.74,土壤修复目标定在pH值为6~8基本近中性。通过室内试验确定Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ号地块土壤生石灰掺混比例为0.5%、0.3%和0.3%;现场中试后Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ号地块石灰掺混比例调整为0.7%、0.35%和0.3%;中试结果用于场地机械搅拌工程修复,修复过程中定期随机采样对中和效果进行连续监测。监测结果基本达标后请第三方对修复效果进行评估,最后土壤回填压实。修复结果表明借助于科学的石灰添加量和工程机械混合措施,能快速有效地修复酸化地块土壤。     

Determination of contaminant levels and remediation efficacy in groundwater at a former in situ recovery uranium mine

There has been increasing interest in uranium mining in the United States via in situ recovery techniques. One of the main environmental concerns with in situ uranium mining is the potential for spreading groundwater contamination. There is a dearth of detailed analysis and information regarding the outcome of in situ uranium mine remediation to ascertain the environmental impacts. Regulatory measurements performed at a Wyoming in situ uranium mine were collected and analysed to ascertain the efficacy of remediation and potential long term environmental impact. Based on the measurements, groundwater sweeping followed by reverse osmosis (RO) treatment proved to be a highly efficient method of remediation. However, injection of a reductant in the form of H(2)S after groundwater sweeping and RO did not further reduce the aqueous concentration of U, Mn, or Fe. Low concentrations of target species at monitoring wells outside the mined area appear to indicate that in the long term, natural attenuation is likely to play a major role at reductively immobilizing residual (after remediation) concentrations of U(VI) thus preventing it from moving outside the mined area. Our analysis indicates the need for additional monitoring wells and sampling in conjunction with long term monitoring to better understand the impacts of the different remediation techniques.     

Using electrical resistivity tomography to assess the effectiveness of managed aquifer recharge in a salinized coastal aquifer

Over 40 years, the detrital aquifer of the Plana de Castellón (Spanish Mediterranean coast) has been subjected to seawater intrusion because of long dry periods combined with intensive groundwater exploitation. Against this backdrop, a managed artificial recharge (MAR) scheme was implemented to improve the groundwater quality. The large difference between the electrical conductivity (EC) of the ambient groundwater (brackish water due to marine intrusion) and the recharge water (freshwater) meant that there was a strong contrast between the resistivities of the brackish water saturated zone and the freshwater saturated zone. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) can be used for surveying similar settings to evaluate the effectiveness of artificial recharge schemes. By integrating geophysical data with lithological information, EC logs from boreholes, and hydrochemical data, we can interpret electrical resistivity (ER) with groundwater EC values and so identify freshwater saturated zones. Using this approach, ERT images provided a high-resolution spatial characterization and an accurate picture of the shape and extent of the recharge plume of the MAR site. After 5 months of injection, a freshwater plume with an EC of 400–600 μS/cm had formed that extended 400 m in the W-E direction, 250 m in the N-S direction, and to a depth of 40 m below piezometric level. This study also provides correlations between ER values with different lithologies and groundwater EC values that can be used to support other studies.     

新疆和田地区人工柽柳生态修复工程生态效益监测初探

通过在和田地区生态修复项目设立样方,监测生态修复项目实施后所取得的生态效益.结果表明,生态修复项目实施后,能够降低项目区的风速,提高温度和相对湿度;提高植被盖度;改善土壤理化性质,但由于项目实施时间较短,作用不是非常显著;生态修复项目的实施取得了较好的生态效益.     

完善省级土壤环境质量监督管理的思考

概述全国土壤环境质量监管体系，分析江苏省土壤环境质量监督管理现状，存在污染管理制度不完善，土壤环境监测能力不足等问题。建议建立健全相关制度、体系和规范，包括加强污染场地管理，分类制定土壤环境管理办法，建立场地土壤环境质量档案，完善土壤环境质量监测管理体系，深化土壤调查和修复，推进土壤标准研究，创新土壤环境管理制度。     

Magnetic susceptibility measurements as proxy method to monitor soil pollution: the case study of S. Nicola di Melfi

The development of in situ, cheep, noninvasive, and fast strategies for soil monitoring is a crucial task for environmental research. In this paper, we present the results of three field surveys carried out in an industrial area of Southern Italy: S. Nicola di Melfi. The monitoring procedure is based on soil magnetic susceptibility measurements carried out by means of experimental protocols that our research group developed during the last years. This field surveys is supported by both geological characterization of the area and analytical determinations of metal concentrations in soils. Magnetic studies were carried out not only in situ but also in laboratory. Results show that, taking into account the influence due to the geomorphologic difference, soil magnetic susceptibility is an optimal indicator of the anthropogenic impact. So, our monitoring strategy discloses that the combined use of magnetic susceptibility measurements and soil geomorphology information may be used as a useful tool for the temporal monitoring of pollution evolution and for a fast screening of polluted zones.     

Post-remediation evaluation of a LNAPL site using electrical resistivity imaging

Present understanding of the earth's subsurface is most often derived from samples at discrete points (wells) and interpolations or models that interpret the space between these points. Electrical resistivity imaging techniques have produced an improved capability to map contaminants (especially NAPLs--NonAqueous Phase Liquids) away from traditional wells using actual field data. Electrical resistivity image data, confirmed by drilling, have demonstrated that LNAPL (Light NAPL--less dense than water, such as gasoline) contaminants exist outside of a delineated and remediated area in Golden, Oklahoma. The data also demonstrate that LNAPL exists between monitoring and remediation wells which indicate low contaminant levels when sampled. Additionally, the electrical images provided the drilling location with the highest concentration of hydrocarbon ever found on the site, even after two phases of remediation work had been performed, although the sampling protocols varied. The results indicate that current methods of post-remediation site characterization are inadequate for complete site characterization.     

Geophysical and hydrological data assimilation to monitor water content dynamics in the rocky unsaturated zone

In recent years, geophysics is increasingly used to study the flow and transport processes in the vadose zone. Particularly, when the vadose zone is made up of rocks, it is difficult to install sensors in the subsurface to measure hydrological state variables directly. In these cases, the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) represents a useful tool to monitor the hydrodynamics of the infiltration and to estimate hydraulic parameters and state variables, such as hydraulic conductivity and water content. We propose an integrated approach aimed at predicting water content dynamics in calcarenite, a sedimentary carbonatic porous rock. The uncoupled hydrogeophysical approach proposed consists in 4D ERT monitoring conducted during an infiltrometer test under falling head conditions. Capacitance probes were installed to measure water content at different depths to validate the estimations derived from ERT. A numerical procedure, based on a data assimilation technique, was accomplished by combining the model (i.e., Richards’ equation) with the observations in order to provide reliable water content estimations. We have used a new data assimilation method that is easy to implement, based on the ensemble Kalman filter coupled with Brownian bridges. This approach is particularly suitable for strongly non-linear models, such as Richards’ equation, in order to take into account both the model uncertainty and the observation errors. The proposed data assimilation approach was tested for the first time on field data. A reasonable agreement was found between observations and predictions confirming the ability of the integrated approach to predict water content dynamics in the rocky subsoil.