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 共查询到19条相似文献,搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
通过实例分析了在排气筒组中,以不同的排气筒高度作为起点依次等效,不会影响等效排气筒污染物排放速率和等效排气筒位置的计算结果,但会对等效排气筒高度的计算产生影响。研究表明,在排气筒组中,将排气筒从高到低排列进行等效,计算出的等效排气筒高度最低,相应执行标准最严。  相似文献   

2.
强化汽车排气污染治理改善兰州大气环境质量   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
分析了兰州废气主要污染物排放量,表明机动车排气污染物排放量已上升到占兰州废气污染物排放总量的30%。指出了其严重性和危害性。对汽车排气污染防治技术作了简析,提出了防治汽车排气污染的建议和对策。  相似文献   

3.
汽车排气污染问题的探讨   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
本文主要研究了汽车排气对城市造成的污染危害,在对本市汽车保有量发展趋势现状调查的基础上,探讨了汽车排气污染问题的主要污染源和主要污染成分,以及汽车污染控制各个阶段的控制技术  相似文献   

4.
机动车排气污染新标准颁布对管理模式变革的探讨   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
回顾了机动车排气检测方法和相关标准。根据国内外机动车排气污染的管理经验,提出了上海市实施新标准后机动车排气污染的7种管理模式,并对限制高污染机动车行驶范围和行驶时间的效果进行了评估。  相似文献   

5.
通过对南京市机动车排气污染物的年检监测,表明南京市的汽油车、柴油车、摩托车排气合格率总体呈上升趋势,2002年全市机动车排气监测总合格率为99.9%,比1993年上升了8.6个百分点;汽车尾气达标率也呈上升趋势,2002年达83.8%,比1993年上升了2.6个百分点。对机动车排气路检结果表明,CO超标的车辆占84.4%,CO、HC两项指标都超标的车辆占31.1%。对各类汽油助力车排气监测结果表明,二冲程汽油助力车尾气中CO、HC排放量要高于四冲程汽油助力车的排放量。对各类正三轮摩托车排气抽检结果表明,大部分四冲程正三轮摩托车尾气排放污染物能达标,且排气管无碳烟;二冲程正三轮摩托车尾气中HC值偏高,排气管碳烟明显。  相似文献   

6.
深圳地狭人多,特区人口密度高达7310人/平方公里,是中国人口密度最大的城市之一。随着社会经济的高速发展,汽车拥有量的急剧增加,汽车排气污染已成为深圳市最主要的大气污染问题。文章分析了深圳市汽车排气污染的状况及其对城市空气质量的影响,简要介绍了近年来深圳市在控制汽车排气污染方面所做的工作。  相似文献   

7.
南京鼓楼隧道汽车排气对环境的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为弄清鼓楼隧道汽车排气对环境的影响,南京环境监测中心站于1996年夏季和1997年冬季对该隧道汽车废气排放的主要污染物CO,NOx进行了监测,监测结果表明,该隧道CO和NOx浓度超过国家空气质量三级标准,污染的程度与隧道中汽车行驶工况,车流量,气象条件等诸多因素有关,针对该隧道汽车废气的污染状况,提出了防治对策。  相似文献   

8.
杨红 《干旱环境监测》1999,13(4):248-249
国家技术监督局1994年12月27日发布的《声学 环境噪声测量方法》GB/T3222-94于1995年8月1日正式实施。其中的等效声级Ld、Ln、Ldn作为评价值,是反映城市某区域或整个城市环境噪声水平非常重要的指标,在环境质量季报及年报中经常用到。因Ldn计算公式较繁琐,手工计算费时费力,特别是在进行大批量数据统计时尤为突出。为此,寻找一个便捷、有效的方法是必要的。应用FoxBASE和BASIC2种计算机语言分别编制程序进行计算,可有效提高数据的准确性,且简便、易行,从而为环境质量季报及年报的…  相似文献   

9.
南京市机动车排气污染控制和管理对策   总被引:5,自引:6,他引:5  
简述了南京市机动车排气污染控制和管理对策。对新机动车排气控制实施了新车上牌的环保注册登记目录制,鼓励生产厂家采用先进的排放控制技术,达到国家制定的排放控制目标和排放标准;对在用机动车排气控制实施检测/维护(I/M)制度,对尾气排放不达标车辆进行正常的维修和保养,保证其发动机处于正常技术状况;对高排放污染机动车辆,安装尾气净化装置,以改善机动车排放水平。定期检测中各类型车辆维护前后排气污染物削减结果表明,85%的高排放污染车辆能达标,且CO的削减率最高,达50%左右;定期检测中各类型车辆安装机内净化器前后排气污染物削减结果表明,二次补气机内净化器对CO的净化率为22.5%~30.0%,对HC的净化率为9.7%~30.0%;高能电子点火机内净化器对CO的净化率为5.4%~22.2%,对HC的净化率为17.2%~30.8%。不定期检测中,一些高排放污染车辆安装三元催化反应器后,其净化率可达80%~90%。  相似文献   

10.
空气污染指数简易计算方法   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
环境空气质量周报、日报、预报均采用空气污染指数 (API)的形式报告 ,而空气污染指数的计算方法 ,是由各污染物的实测浓度值按照分段线性方程计算 ,涉及到各空气污染物的标准浓度限值 ,计算公式繁琐 ,费时费力。今结合实践 ,由原空气污染指数计算方法推导出一组简易计算公式 ,此简易算式与原计算方法等效 ,供参考。1 简易计算法1 1 计算公式由于空气污染指数中 5 0、1 0 0、2 0 0分别对应于我国环境空气质量标准中日均值的一、二、三级标准的污染物浓度限值 ,对应的环境空气质量等级分别为优、良、轻度污染 ,同时考虑到总悬浮颗粒物在…  相似文献   

11.
Human induced climate change is one of the single most significant indicators that human society is not pursuing a sustainable trajectory. Managing the risks requires a major transformation of the way energy needs are met. Such a transformation includes changes in the production and consumption system and the incentive structure that shapes this system. The major driving force for transformation is the public concern about the environmental impact of the present fossil fuel based energy system. We may expect that energy producers, encouraged by governments, NGOs and consumer preferences will be responding to these concerns and expectations sooner or later. In fact a number of major international energy companies are presently adjusting their strategies to the needs and concerns of the public. A mix of measures including energy efficiency, a switch to natural gas, major investments in low carbon and renewable energy technologies and underground storage of carbon are elements of such new strategies. Consumers in a number of OECD countries have expressed their willingness to pay more for energy, provided it is green and clean. NGOs continue to put pressure on governments to deal with the climate problem. The challenge for governments is to develop an institutional framework that helps the producers and consumers to go through a transformation of the energy system. As different groups in society are likely to support different strategies, this paper suggests that a pluralistic policy approach including efficiency standards, renewable energy portfolio standards, carbon taxes, and the introduction of a system of tradable emission permits is the most promising approach for a transformation towards a low carbon energy economy. Research can support a transformation of the energy system by exploring the various transformation scenarios. Such research should take a multi-disciplinary approach, it should focus on the energy system as a whole, including production, consumption and the incentive structure that shapes the interaction between the two and it should be international in scope. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

12.
两种环境应急监测仪器在突发性环境污染事故中的作用   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
突发性环境污染事故虽然出现频率小,但危害极大,是威胁人类健康、破坏生态环境的重要因素。对于突发性污染事故的应急监测和处置,必须做到及时、快速、简便、准确。在某次苯泄漏事故的应急监测中,采用先进的傅里叶红外便携式气体分析仪监测环境空气质量,采用便携式气相色谱仪监测水质,结果表明,便捷、高效的监测仪器为此次污染事故的成功处置提供了技术支持,为以后类似突发污染事故的应急监测提供了参考。  相似文献   

13.
Strongyloidiasis presents a major health hazard when reusing wastewater. Albendazol with a concentration of 4 mg/l, a contact time of 45 min, pH 1.2 and pH 10.2, killed the larva. The larva was also killed with a 0.03% concentration of iodine and a detention time of 30 min or a 0.04% concentration of iodine and a contact time of 10 min. The required detention time to inactivate larva in water was found to be 17 days. The minimum revealed residual chlorine to kill the larvae was 4 mg/l with 120 min of detention time, and a minimum contact time was found to be 80 min with a residual of 23 mg/l. Many methods are available to inactivate the Strongyloides stercoralis, which could be acids, alkaline chemicals, larvicidal chemicals, super chlorination, or just detention time. The best method must be determined according to the prevailing specific environmental site and the feasibility of the selected method(s).  相似文献   

14.
The concept of a sampling scale triplet of spacing, extent and support is used to define the spatial dimensions of a monitoring network or a field study. The spacing is the average distance between samples, the extent is the size of the domain sampled and the support is the averaging area of one sample. The aim of this paper is to examine what is the bias and the random error (uncertainty) introduced by the sampling scale triplet into estimates of the mean, the spatial variance and the integral scale of a variable in a landscape. The integral scale is a measure of the average distance over which a variable is correlated in space. A large number of two dimensional random fields are generated from which hypothetical samples, conforming to a certain sampling scale triplet, are drawn which in turn are used to estimate the sample mean, spatial variance and integral scale. The results indicate that the biases can be up to two orders of magnitude. The bias of the integral scale is positively related to the magnitude of any of the components of the scale triplet while the bias of the spatial variance is different for different components of the scale triplet. All sampling scale effects are relative to the underlying correlation length of the variable of interest which is closely related to the integral scale. The integral scale can hence be used for sampling design and data interpretation. Suggestions are given on how to adjust a monitoring network to the scales of the variables of interest and how to interpret sampling scale effects in environmental data.  相似文献   

15.
We develop a reserve design strategy to maximize the probability of species persistence predicted by a stochastic, individual-based, metapopulation model. Because the population model does not fit exact optimization procedures, our strategy involves deriving promising solutions from theory, obtaining promising solutions from a simulation optimization heuristic, and determining the best of the promising solutions using a multiple-comparison statistical test. We use the strategy to address a problem of allocating limited resources to new and existing reserves. The best reserve design depends on emigration, dispersal mortality, and probabilities of movement between reserves. When movement probabilities are symmetric, the best design is to expand a subset of reserves to equal size to exhaust the habitat budget. When movement probabilities are not symmetric, the best design does not expand reserves to equal size and is strongly affected by movement probabilities and emigration rates. We use commercial simulation software to obtain our results.  相似文献   

16.
This article reports on the evaluation of existing ecologicalmonitoring variables from a variety of sources to select a suiteof core variables suitable for monitoring at the Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network (EMAN) sites located acrossCanada. The purpose of EMAN is to promote the acquisition of relevant and consistent data that can be used to report on national trends and provide an early warning of ecosystem change. Existing monitoring variables were evaluated in twosteps. In the first step, three primary criteria were used to pre-screen preliminary variables. In the second step, a moredetailed evaluation considered twenty criteria based on dataquality, applicability, data collection methods, data analysisand interpretation, existing data and programs, and cost effectiveness to select a draft set of core monitoring variables(CMV). An ecological framework was developed to organize the CMVin a manner that permitted a gap analysis to confirm the CMV assessed a wide range of relevant environment components. Thesuite of CMV were then tested to determine their effectiveness in detecting ecosystem change caused by stressors with ecosystemresponses that have been well documented in the literature. Thisproject is part of a process lead by Environment Canada to select CMV to detect and track ecosystem change at EMAN sites. It is anticipated that the proposed CMV will undergo future discussion and development leading to the final selection of asuite of CMV for use at EMAN sites.  相似文献   

17.
The microalgal community as primary producers has to play a significant role in the biotic and abitoic interactions of anyaquatic ecosystem. Whenever a community is exposed to a pollutant, responses can occur because individuals acclimate topollutant caused changes and selection can occur favouring resistant genotypes within a population and selection among species can result in changes in community structure. The microalgal community of industrial effluent treatment systems arecontinuously exposed to pollutants and there is little data available on the structure and seasonal variation of microalgalcommunity of industrial effluent holding ponds, especially of acomplex effluent like that of refinery. The aim of the presentstudy was to investigate the annual variation in the ecology,biomass, productivity and community structure of the algalcommunity of a refinery effluent holding pond. The results ofthe study showed the pond to be a eutrophic system with a resistant microalgal community with distinct seasonal variation in species composition.  相似文献   

18.
In order to establish a monitoring method to track long term changes of the amount of anthropogenic contamination in a district of Bavaria (Germany), a biomonitoring campaign with honey bees was performed in spring 2002. Expected anomalies from the industry or from residential areas in the sampled district could not be detected. An anomaly over a considerable part of the sampling area correlating with other phenomena lead to the hypothesis of a prehistoric cosmic impact. Moreover a principal component analysis of the data showed evidence for a biogenic, an anthropogenic and an unknown component hypothetically related to a possible cosmic impact.  相似文献   

19.
Canada's current National Forest Inventory is a periodic compilation of existing inventory material from across the country. While the current approach has many advantages, it lacks information on the nature and rate of changes to the resource, and does not permit projections or forecasts. Beinga compilation of inventories of different dates, the current national forest inventory cannot reflect the current state ofthe forests and therefore cannot be used as a satisfactory baseline for monitoring change. The current format of Canada's National Forest Inventory has served its purpose by providingnational statistical compilations and reporting. However, itsuseful life is coming to a conclusion. To meet new demands, Canada is considering a new National Forest Inventory design consisting of a plot-based system of permanent observational units located on a national grid. The objective of the new inventory design is to assess and monitor the extent, state andsustainability of Canada's forests in a timely and accurate manner. Details of the new inventory design are described. A strategy to respond to Canada's national and international forest reporting commitments through a National Forest Information System is also discussed.  相似文献   

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