高浓度总磷测定方法的改进

测定总磷时，取样量过多(含磷量超过30μg)，会使测定结果超出测定方法的灵敏度。解决办法是减少取样量重新消解，费时、费事，不利于批量样品连续测定。现改为将水样显色后，再用经过相同处理的空白溶液稀释，可取得满意结果。     

总磷测定过程中的几点体会

地表水总磷测定中 ,样品消解时间通常需保持 3 0 min,通过进行缩短时间的试验 ,确认消解时间由 3 0 min缩短至 1 0 min,总磷测定结果符合要求。水中总磷测定时 ,标准系列需加 4ml5 % ( m/v)过硫酸钾溶液消解 0 .5 h,对校准曲线制备方法进行改进 ,省略了加热氧化操作步骤 ,样品测定结果无显著差异。地表水总磷测定中显色温度对显色时间存在很大影响 ,而且它们之间存在着一定的线性关系 ,经对低浓度水样进行显色试验 :在室温 1 5℃时 ,显色时间需 1 5 min,显色持续时间可达 3 0 min;而在室温 3 0℃时 ,显色时间仅需 5 min,显色持续时间为 2 0 …     

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

异烟酸——吡唑啉酮光度法测定高浓度总氰化物的初探

用零浓度空白管经显色后的试液作稀释液，对高浓度总氰化物显色后的样品进行稀释分析测定，这样可提高高浓度总氰化物测定结果的淮确度和精密度，与直接稀释法测定的结果等效。     

离心法去除地表水中浊度对总磷测定的影响

用过硫酸钾-钼锑抗分光光度法测定地表水中总磷时,水样浑浊对测定有严重的影响。一般采用浊度-色度补偿法[1]或消解液过滤法[2]以消除浊度对测定的干扰,但这两法都有不足之处。今采用离心法来消除浊度取得了很好的效果。1　试验11　主要仪器和试剂ＬＸＪ-Ⅱ型离心机;其他仪器及试剂同文献[1]。12　测定水样消解,均按文献[1]有关内容进行。消解液过滤法:用中速滤纸将消解液滤入50ｍＬ比色管中,再用水洗烧瓶及滤纸,一起并入比色管中,加水至刻度,显色步骤同文献[1]。离心法:先定容至50ｍＬ,分别加入抗坏血酸溶液1ｍＬ和钼酸盐溶液2ｍＬ[1],显色…     

测定地表水中总磷时去除浊度干扰的方法比较

测定地表水中总磷可采用过硫酸钾消解--钼锑抗分光光度法,分析时取混合水样,摇匀后连同悬浮物一起经过硫酸钾消解,显色测定.江河水体样品多数较浑浊,对测定结果有严重干扰,一般采用浊度-色度补偿法[1](简称补偿法)去除,但是,当样品只有浊度影响时,用消解液过滤法(简称过滤法)和离心法去除,结果也很满意.     

氰化物分析中显色后稀释测定方法

氰化物分析中显色后稀释测定方法陈勤，厉莲（江苏扬州市环境监测站，扬州２２５００２）用异烟酸－吡唑啉酮光度法测定水中氰化物，对显色后才知其浓度已超出标准曲线线性范围的样品，无须重新取样测定，只须用零浓度空白管内显色后的试液作为稀释液对显色后样品进行稀释...     

在同一消解液中同时测定总磷和总氮

探讨了在同一消解液中同时测定总磷、总氮的分析方法。实验结果表明，选用合适的氢氧化钠和过硫酸钾的加入量，可在同一消解液中同时测定总磷和总氮，并能克服消解液保存时间短的缺点。应用本文所拟最佳条件对标样和水样进行分析，结果准确，方法实用。     

异烟酸——吡唑啉酮显色液的改进

本文采用水代替二甲基甲酰胺溶解吡唑啉酮及以2％氢氧化钠溶液溶解异烟酸的混合溶液作显色液(简称改进显色液)以降低试剂毒性,作了某些条件试验,并对标准物质及电镀工业废水中氰作了对比测定,结果都较为满意。     

硫化钠标准溶液稳定性试验报告

硫化钠标准溶液的不稳定性增加了硫化物测定的困难和费时。每ml含1mg硫的贮备液,实践证明不能久贮,在贮存一定时间后,且可以出现因氧化、聚合等作用而导致下述现象:若用碘量法测定尚有一定浓度,但稀释成使用液后,出现加显色试剂不显色,或所显色泽不是亚甲兰色而是紫红色。由贮备液稀释成使用液后,即时显色和相隔七小时后显色就存在明显差异,若硫化物浓度在4.0～40.0μg范围内,吸光度降低可达7～30％。 文献记载硫化钠标准溶液用除气过的稀醋酸锌溶液来配制的比单独用除气过的水配制来得稳定,所用醋酸锌浓度为0.05％(W/V)左右。本实验以亚甲兰法为测定方法,探讨用稀醋酸锌溶液配制的硫化钠标准使用液的均匀性和稳定性。     

A simple extraction procedure for determination of total mercury in crude oil

The determination of mercury in crude oil and petroleum products is particularly difficult due to the volatile nature of both mercury and the matrix, which may lead to significant loss of the analyte. A simple extraction method for total mercury has been developed to determine total mercury in crude oil using cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The homogenized crude oil sample was diluted to 5, 10, and 20 % (w/w) in toluene. The diluted crude oil samples were spiked with 10 and 40 μg/kg (w/w). The samples were extracted using an oxidant/acid solution, BrCl/HCl. The mercury was extracted into the aqueous phase; the ionic mercury was then reduced to volatile elemental mercury (Hg⁰) by stannous chloride (SnCl₂). The mercury vapor was detected by Merlin cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry at a 253.7-nm wavelength. The average recoveries for mercury in spiked diluted crude oil (10 and 40 μg/kg, w/w) were between 96 and 103 %, respectively, in 5 and 10 % spiked diluted crude oil. Whereas, low recoveries (<50 %) were recorded in 20 % diluted spiked crude oil. The method detection limit was calculated as t _{(0.01)(n ? 1)}?×?SD where t is the student's value for 99 % confidence level and standard deviation estimate with n???1 degrees of freedom. The method detection limit was found to be 0.38 μg/kg based on 5 g of diluted crude oil sample. The method is sensitive enough to determine low levels of mercury in crude oil.     

Cu 2+ 对分光光度法测定水样中COD的影响

通过测定Cr^3＋、Cr2O7^2-和Cu^2＋吸收曲线及标准水样的COD值，研究了Cu^2＋对分光光度法测定COD的影响。结果表明，可改变吸收波长和量程消除较高质量浓度Cu^2＋对COD测定值产生的明显影响。当水样Cu^2＋质量浓度超过400mg／L时，须将水样稀释后采用低量程法进行测定。     

4-氨基安替比林直接光度法测定污水中高浓度挥发酚

以50.00 mg/L的苯酚标准溶液配制校准曲线系列,按4-氨基安替比林直接光度法加入试剂进行显色反应,于波长510 nm,用5 mm比色皿测定溶液的吸光度,可将测定上限扩大到12.5 mg/L。高浓度的含酚污水往往直接或稀释较少倍数就能测定。本法的检出限为0.06 mg/L,显色体系可稳定60 min,RSD<4%,加标回收率为96.8%~102.5%,与标准法的测定结果无显著性差异。     

Determination of rotenoids and piperonyl butoxide in water, sediments and piscicide formulations

Rotenone is a naturally occurring insecticide and piscicide (fish poison) found in many leguminous plants. This paper describes high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods for the quantitative analysis of rotenone's principal biologically active components (rotenone, tephrosin, rotenolone, deguelin) and the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) in various media. Compounds were separated on a C18 reversed phase column with an acetonitrile-0.025 M phosphoric acid mobile phase and detected by UV absorbance or fluorescence (PBO only). Solid phase extraction (SPE) was used in either coupled (on-line) mode with a C18 concentrator column or automated off-line mode using Empore C18 disks. The on-line extraction efficiency was improved significantly by adding small amounts of methanol to water. Method detection limits (MDLs) for rotenoids and PBO in reagent water were 0.3 and 2 micrograms L-1, respectively, with optimal recoveries ranging from 90% to 99%. Aquatic sediments were extracted with methanol and the extracts were diluted in water prior to analysis by coupled SPE-HPLC. In wet sediments, detection limits were approximately 20-100 micrograms kg-1 with recoveries of 71% to 87%. Sonication in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) followed by dilution in acetonitrile and filtration allowed determination of the active ingredients in powdered rotenone formulations. Details of sample preparation, cartridge column cleanup and analyte confirmation are provided.     

原子荧光法测定水中砷含量的不确定度评定

以氢化物-原子荧光法测定水中砷含量为例,应用不确定度理论,从测试过程和计算方法的角度分析了测量不确定度的各种影响因素:标准物质、溶液稀释情况、工作曲线的非线性以及原子荧光光度计的测量性能等,对各测量不确定度分量进行计算和评定。结果表明:原子荧光法测定水中砷含量的测量不确定度的主要影响因素是工作曲线的非线性和原子荧光光度计的测量性能,其次是标准储备液的逐级稀释,当水样稀释倍数非常低时,因水样稀释引入的不确定度可忽略不计。砷含量的扩展不确定度为1.2μg/L,置信水平为95%。     

新形式下工业废水BOD_5稀释倍数的计算

推导了 BOD5稀释系数的量值关系 ,得出 BOD5稀释系数与样品的可生化性成正比 ,与稀释后水样的耗氧量成反比 ,并据此进一步分析了如何对样品的可生化性和稀释后水样的耗氧量进行预期。在此基础上从实际出发 ,根据工作经验简化和优化了稀释倍数的计算 ,达到提高测定准确度 ,降低劳动强度的目的     

Effect of sugar industry spentwash (diluted) on the characteristics of soil and sugarcane (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Saccharum officinarum</Emphasis> L.) growth in the subtropical environment of Sindh,Pakistan

Spentwash is a rich source of organic matter and essential plant nutrients in addition to excess salts. Sugar mills in Pakistan discharge about 3.48 million tons of spentwash annually, with no proper procedures for its disposal or utilization. To test the effect of diluted spentwash on soil and the soil’s ability to support plant growth, sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) variety CPF-237 was planted. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design involving factorial combination of four concentrations of each spentwash (0, 10, 20, and 30%) and mineral fertilizers (0, 1/3, 2/3, and the full recommended rate of NP). The 10% spentwash plus 2/3 mineral fertilizer treatment substituted 33% each of N and P and 100% of K, saving mineral fertilizer cost (Rs. 48600 ～ US$458) in addition to 29.54% increase in yield over full NP fertilizer. The same treatment also improved the soil organic matter (65%), N (20%), P (25%), and K (230%) over full NP treatment alone. An increase in the salt content of the soil was detected within the prescribed limits, with the exception of HCO₃.     

Impact of distillery effluent application to land on soil microflora

A pot culture experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different treatments of distillery wastewater, i.e. raw, treated, diluted and raw distillery wastewater mixed with domestic waste stabilization pond effluent (1:1) on populations of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and nitrogen fixing bacteria. The results indicated that raw wastewater decreased the population of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes. The growth rates of Rhizobium and Azotobacter were also reduced after raw wastewater application. The toxic effect of raw wastewater was minimized when it was mixed with stabilization pond effluent (1:1), this was demonstrated by an increase in the populations of all the microorganisms studied. When a groundnut plant was irrigated with raw distillery wastewater, no fruits were produced and there was also less nodulation. This study indicates that raw distillery wastewater is very toxic to the soil microorganisms which are important in the soil ecosystem.     

Development of an extraction method for perchlorate in soils

Perchlorate originates as a contaminant in the environment from its use in solid rocket fuels and munitions. The current US EPA methods for perchlorate determination via ion chromatography using conductivity detection do not include recommendations for the extraction of perchlorate from soil. This study evaluated and identified appropriate conditions for the extraction of perchlorate from clay loam, loamy sand, and sandy soils. Based on the results of this evaluation, soils should be extracted in a dry, ground (mortar and pestle) state with Milli-Q water in a 1 ratio 1 soil ratio water ratio and diluted no more than 5-fold before analysis. When sandy soils were extracted in this manner, the calculated method detection limit was 3.5 microg kg(-1). The findings of this study have aided in the establishment of a standardized extraction method for perchlorate in soil.     

丙酮萃取分光光度法测定水中叶绿素a实验条件的优化

基于丙酮萃取分光光度法,对叶绿素a测定方法进行深入研究,并通过单因素重复试验对冻存时间、冻存温度、萃取时间、萃取温度、细胞破碎方式、萃取剂浓度及萃取混合液提取方式等7方面的测定条件进行优化。优化后的实验条件为:水样经过抽滤后,置于-25℃低温冰箱中冻存12 h后取出,在常温下加入分析纯丙酮,用力振摇2 min至滤膜充分粉碎后定容到10 m L,静置不超过0.5 h,在离心机内以4 000 r/min的速度离心,取上清液进行比色。