新疆生态可持续发展的主要制约因子及脆弱区域分析

自然生态系统的可持续发展是社会一经济系统可持续发展的基本保证，明确区域生态可持续发展的主要制约因子和生态脆弱区域是评价区域生态系统发展的可持续性、制定可持续发展战略及实施综合措施的关键步骤。本文分析了新疆生态可持续发展的主要制约因子和生态脆弱区域。结果表明，水资源危机、土地荒漠化、耕地资源危机及森林减少等是限制新疆生态可持续发展的主要制约因子；干旱绿洲-沙漠过渡地区和内陆河（湖）流域为重点生态脆弱区域。在此基础上，提出了新疆生态系统可持续发展的对策建议。     

克州退耕还林工作的现状、问题及对策

干旱区的生态环境，特别是绿洲的开发，改变了地-气系统的能量交换。几年来对绿洲气候的研究、气候资料的分析和实地考察表明，新疆南部干旱区最近几年的戈壁绿洲开发已改变了整个地州的气候变化，使其变为有利于人类的生存和发展。在戈壁绿洲的开发利用与环境变化之间，存在着2种截然相反的反馈作用：环境变好→绿洲发展→环境更好→绿洲再发展；环境恶化→绿洲退化→环境更坏→绿洲再退化，甚至消失。决定这2种反馈作用的是大环境的变迁和绿洲开发利用中是否合理利用资源和按自然规律办事。本文针对此问题进行了论述。     

干旱区内陆湖泊流域景观格局变化及其对生态环境的影响

以我国干旱区典型内陆湖泊流域——新疆艾比湖流域为研究区，对其平原区1990--2005年的景观格局动态变化特征进行了研究。结果表明，1990--2005年，研究区农田、湿地及人居地景观的面积增加，其中以农田景观的面积增加量最大；而林地、草地、沙地、戈壁和盐碱地景观的面积呈减少趋势，其中草地、盐碱地和林地景观面积减少较多；各景观类型中以盐碱地、林地、草地和戈壁的转出率较高，而以农田、人居地的转入率较高；研究区景观组份构成没有大的变化，戈壁依然是研究区景观的基质。景观格局变化对区域生态环境的影响主要表现为：农田斑块数量和面积的增加，加大了区域水资源利用压力；林地、草地斑块面积减少，使得平原区绿洲遭受风沙的危害性增大；沙地、戈壁和盐碱地面积减少，使绿洲不同区域生态环境呈现不同变化特征；湿地斑块面积略有增加，对减少艾比湖流域沙尘危害较为有利。     

新疆干旱荒漠生态环境监测站建站拉开序幕

新疆干旱荒漠生态站的前期工作是从1985年开始的,在近五年中,新疆环境监测中心站生态室的同志,结合新疆实际进行了大量的可行性研究。于1988年提出了新疆干旱荒漠生态环境监测站的建站方案。在国家环保局的主持下,对新疆干旱荒漠生态环境监测站建设计划任务书进行了论证,专家们认为:由于不合理开发自然资源,致使生态环境恶化,已引起人们的关注。新疆已存在明显的土地沙化、盐渍化、河水断流、湖泊干枯及绿洲生态系统环境质量下降。开展生态监测能及时了解和掌握生态环境的质量变化状况,为环境保护部门强化管理和合利利用自然资源提供科学依据,具有战略意义。国家环保局在     

环境功能区划与绿洲城市及城镇的环境管理

结合新疆绿洲城市及城镇的自然特点及发展实际,从加强城市环境功能区划工作的角,探讨了对绿洲城市及城镇的环境管理问题。     

石河子垦区农业生态环境

对垦区农业环境影响较突出的水污染状况，土壤次生盐渍化及土地沙化等环境问题进行研究分析，认为：垦区农业环境生态保护要兼顾垦区内外，绿洲内制约农业经济发展的重要问题仍然是水资源合理利用和土壤沙漠化问题，城市生态要严格控制工业废水的排放。     

新疆土地生态环境问题与对策

土地生态环境是人类生存发展的基本条件,是经济、社会发展的基础.在当前的经济形势下,包括水土流失、土壤盐碱化、植被破坏等一系列土地荒漠化问题以及由于荒漠化而造成的生物多样性受损引起人们的广泛关注.为了实现经济的可持续发展目标,加强新疆的综合竞争能力,在区域开发过程中要注重土地生态环境建设.本文对新疆土地生态环境现状与存在的问题进行分析,阐明了土地生态环境恶化的原因,提出土地生态环境建设的对策.     

山东省生态环境遥感监测及其动态变化研究

应用遥感技术对山东省生态环境进行监测，利用GIS技术对遥感监测结果进行解译与分析，同时对2004年-2006年间山东省生态环境时空动态变化进行了分析与评价。结果表明，山东省生态环境类型以耕地和城乡、工矿、居民用地为主，未利用土地面积极小。其生态环境动态变化的主要特点是耕地、草地面积普遍有小幅度减少，以工交建设用地为主的城乡、工矿、居民用地增加较多，林地、水域面积无明显变化，未利用土地面积有所减少，以盐碱地面积减少为主。     

新疆番茄酱企业生产废水处理利用方式探析

近年来,新疆番茄酱加工业得到了迅速发展,目前番茄酱的产销量已占全国的90%以上。与此同时，新疆番茄酱生产企业的废水排放量也大幅增加,大量未经处理的废水直接排放,已对当地的水环境构成严重的污染隐患。本文分析了新疆番茄酱企业生产废水的排放特征与目前排放出路的可行性,并结合新疆的自然地理条件及番茄酱企业的分布情况，着重探讨了土地处理这一适合新疆的废水利用方式,以期有利于新疆的环境保护和废水资源的循环利用。     

新疆气候暖湿化背景下干旱分布与演变特征

新疆是我国降水最少、产水能力最低的地区，自然灾害主要是干旱。本文基于实测降水、径流数据，依据全国第三次水资源调查评价形成的新疆降水、径流等值线图，形成干旱分布图，并构建年尺度面降水、径流系列。采用干旱分布图和系列数据，按不同空间尺度量化分析了研究区干旱状态和演变规律。新疆多年平均降水深为157.7 mm,单位面积产水量48.5 mm, 80%以上的面积属干旱、半干旱区，南疆较北疆干旱、山区相对湿润、平原干旱。在气候变暖的背景下，呈现不同程度湿化趋势，但气象干旱和水文干旱的气候形态并未发生改变。近30 a的相对丰水期，由于经济社会用水量的不断增加，加之高温导致的径流年际波动加剧，使新疆面临更为严峻的干旱形势。     

浅论新疆资源的开发与环境保护

开发西部地区已经成为我国一项跨世纪的战略任务,搞好西部地区的生态环境保护是西部大开发的首要任务。新疆地处祖国西北边陲,其国土面积、资源储备和战略地位都在西部开发中占有重要地位。本文针对长期以来新疆在开发自然资源、发展经济的同时产生的环境问题,提出了建议和对策。     

新疆绿洲城市夏季农田区对流层NO_2垂直柱浓度特征分析

2014年夏季6~8月利用地基多轴差分吸收光谱仪(MAX DOAS)在新疆绿洲城市乌鲁木齐市三道坝镇、库尔勒市西尼尔镇及博乐市84团农田区观测的NO_2垂直柱浓度(VCD)数据,结合同期的气象数据分析了NO_2VCD的变化特征。研究表明:1NO_2气体的日变化规律在乌鲁木齐市和库尔勒市农田区呈波浪式多峰特征,博乐市农田区呈明显的双峰形式,且峰值除了库尔勒市在午后外,乌鲁木齐市和博乐市均出现在早晚时段;2新疆绿洲城市农田区在夏季6月(3.327×1015molec/cm~2)的NO_2VCD最高,其次是7月(2.002×1015molec/cm~2),最低是8月(1.656×1015molec/cm2);3NO_2VCD与气温、水汽压气象要素密切相关;由于城市间地势、格局的差异,库尔勒市的NO_2浓度与风速呈显著正相关,乌鲁木齐市、博乐市的NO_2浓度与风速相关性不显著。     

Analysis of patterns and ecological security trend of modern oasis landscapes in Xinjiang, China

Ecological security has become so important that it will affect the national security and social sustainable development. In this paper, a case study on the ecological security indexes of modern oasis landscapes in Beitun Oasis, Xinjiang, was carried out. The spatial neighbouring parameters, such as the contiguous length, measure of area and patch quantity of oasis landscape patches, affected by desert landscape patches were calculated by using GIS-based buffer analysis, the method of calculating ecological security indexes of oasis landscape was developed, and the dynamic changes of patterns and ecological security indexes of the oasis landscapes since recent 30 years were analyzed. The results showed that soil salinization or alkalization and paludification were major factors affecting the ecological security in Beitun Oasis. Therefore, measures should be taken actively to prevent and control secondary salinization and paludification. The ecological security indexes of the oasis landscape in 1972, 1990 and 2005 were 78.91, 82.28 and 83.86, respectively, which showed the degree of security is improving, and the environment was developing harmoniously between human and nature. The methods of evaluating ecological security based on the spatial neighbouring relations between landscape patches can be used to reflect preliminarily the ecological security patterns of landscapes.     

Change detection of sandy land areas in Minfeng oasis of Xinjiang, China

In recent years, much attention has been given to desertification in Xinjiang, China, particularly in the southern edge of the Taklimakan Desert. In this study, an oasis in Minfeng County, which is located in the southern edges of the Taklimakan Desert, was chosen as our case study area. Supervised classification for land types was conducted, and then the change detection and the trend of changes in sandy land areas were analyzed and compared. The results show that the area of sandy land has decreased in the region in the period of 1992-2001. The main change was between sandy land and sparse vegetation in the Desert-oasis ecotone. In addition, the change from woodland to grassland and/or arable land was quite obvious from 1992 to 2001. These changes would probably result in more fragile environment and higher potentiality in land desertification in the area.     

新疆平原区饮用地下水中F-含量的调查与评价

利用1997—1999年2058个饮用地下水中F-含量的测试成果。评价了新疆平原区饮用地下水中F-含量的状况,其结果为：F-含量变化范围为0．05—7．00mg/L,面积加权平均值为0．68mg/L,超标率18．9％。     

“十一五”期间新疆大气降尘量时空分布特征及影响因素分析

通过对"十一五"期间新疆134个大气降尘监测点位数据进行统计分析发现,"十一五"期间,全疆年均降尘量维持在22.2~24.6 t/km2.月,变化幅度小于10%。一年内降尘主要集中在3~6月份,占全年降尘量的51%。在空间分布上,新疆年均降尘量呈现明显的南疆高于北疆的特征,南疆五地、州的总降尘量占全疆总降尘量的70.2%,为新疆降尘的主要集中区。特殊的气象、生态环境是决定新疆大气降尘时空分布特征的主要因素。     

Assessing the changes in land use and ecosystem services in an oasis agricultural region of Yanqi Basin,Northwest China

The Yanqi Basin, one of the most productive agricultural areas, has a high population density in Xinjiang, Northwest China. Land use changes, mainly driven by oasis expansion, significantly impact ecosystem services and functions, but these effects are difficult to quantify. The valuation of ecosystem services is important to clarify the ecological and environmental changes caused by agriculturalization of oasis. This study aimed to investigate variations in ecosystem services in response to land use changes during oasis agricultural expansion activities in the Yanqi Basin from 1964 to 2009. The methods used were based on formula of ecosystem service value (ESV) and ESV coefficients. Satellite data were combined with the ESV coefficients to quantify land use changes and ecosystem service changes in the study area. Sensitivity analysis determined the effect of manipulating the coefficients on the estimated values. The results show that the total ESVs in the Yanqi Basin were $1,674, $1,692, $1,471, $1,732, and $1,603 million in 1964, 1973, 1989, 1999, and 2009, respectively. The net deline in ESV was $71 million in the past 46 years, but the ESVs of each types of landscape changed significantly. The aggregated ESVs of water areas and wetlands were approximately 80 % of the total ESV. Water supply and waste treatment were the two largest service functions and contributed approximately 65 % of the total ESV. The estimated ESVs in this study were elastic with respect to the value coefficients. Therefore, the estimations were robust in spite of uncertainties on the value coefficients. These significant changes in land use occur within the entire basin over the study period. These changes cause environmental problems, such as land degradation, vegetation degeneracy, and changes in aquatic environment.