太原市2013年环境空气质量变化特征分析

为全面了解太原市的环境空气质量状况及污染物的时间变化规律,本文选取太原市8个站点2013年1月至12月六种主要污染物(SO2、NO2、PM10、CO、O3、PM2.5)为期一年的监测数据,评价该市2013年环境空气质量的总体情况,研究各污染物在不同时间尺度的变化特征及相互之间的关系。结果表明,2013年太原市环境空气质量以良和轻度污染为主,首要污染物主要为PM2.5和PM10;SO2、NO2、PM10、CO和PM2.5的小时变化规律较为一致,都呈现"双峰型"的变化特征,O3则呈显著的"单峰型"变化规律;上述六种污染物具有明显的季节变化特征,SO2的浓度峰值主要集中在供暖期,NO2和O3—8h浓度在夏季要高于其他季节,PM10的浓度峰值出现在春季(3月)和秋季(10月),CO的浓度峰值集中在11月和12月,PM2.5的浓度峰值主要集中在冬季;相关性分析结果表明,SO2、NO2、PM10、CO、PM2.5浓度日均值在全年各时段均具有很好的正相关性,化石燃料的燃烧可能是上述污染物质的共同来源。     

北京地区PM_(2.5)与空气污染物的关系模型

为了研究北京地区PM2.5与空气污染物的质量浓度关系。从PM2.5监测网收集2013-04-01~2014-05-15期间PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、CO、O3等主要空气污染物数据,用多元线性回归模型建立PM2.5与空气污染物的质量浓度关系。结果表明:北京地区PM2.5与空气污染物PM10、SO2、NO2、CO、O3的质量浓度相关系数分别为0.9172、0.6332、0.7683、0.8166和-0.1797,优化的拟合方程为:[PM2.5]=-22.5925+0.569109×[PM10]+23.94913×[CO]+0.113025×[BPM2.5],模型的估算值与观测值相关系数为0.9426,此方程能较好地模拟北京地区的PM2.5质量浓度。     

沈阳市冬季环境空气质量统计预报模型建立及应用

利用沈阳市2013年1—2月大气自动监测数据和同期气象资料,选取19项预报因子,采用逐步回归方法建立了沈阳市冬季环境空气质量统计预报模型,预报项目包括细颗粒物(PM2.5)、可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)、一氧化碳(CO)日均浓度及臭氧(O3)日最大8 h平均浓度。2013年11月至2014年1月,应用该模型并结合人为经验修订,开展了沈阳市环境空气质量预报工作,预报结果与实测结果的对比验证结果表明,环境空气预测结果级别准确率达到79.1%,首要污染物准确率为73.6%。     

2016年武汉市大气污染物时空分布特征及影响因素

利用统计学和GIS方法对2016年武汉市各区不同污染物的时空分布特征及相关性进行分析。结果表明：武汉市大气污染季节性特征明显，春季和冬季颗粒物（PM2.5、PM10）及NO2污染突出,夏季O3污染严重。污染物空间差异显著，主城区和东西湖区颗粒物及NO2污染严重，郊区O3污染严重。平均气温、平均水汽压与SO2、NO2、CO、PM2.5和PM10均呈显著负相关，而与O3呈显著正相关；降水量与SO2、NO2和CO呈显著负相关。     

广东不同环境大气污染特性比较

利用2014年广东南岭背景站、天湖郊区站、磨碟沙城区站和受体区域桃源站SO2、NO2、PM10、O3、PM2.5与CO自动监测数据,分析不同环境大气污染特性。结果表明,4个站点的SO2、NO2、PM10与CO整体平均年均值较低,分别为14,28,59μg/m3和0.7 mg/m3;PM2.5整体平均值为36μg/m3,O3日最大8 h第90百分位数平均值为172μg/m3,二者高于国家二级标准限值。磨碟沙城区站和桃源站的污染物日变化规律较为明显,NO2、PM10和PM2.5在早晚交通高峰或紧接其后的时段出现峰值区。南岭背景站PM2.5质量浓度日间略高于夜间;O3未呈典型单峰分布,而是维持在较平稳、较高浓度水平。周末与工作日O3平均值的相对高低多与NO2、PM10和PM2.5的情况相反。4个站点O3日最大8 h值第90百分位数均未达标;南岭背景站和天湖郊区站O3值尤高,除10月外,在1月或6月也易出现O3高值。区域性的O3污染控制亟须深化开展。     

佛山市高明区环境空气污染物变化分析

根据佛山市高明区2007—2012年环境空气监测数据资料,分析该区近6年来空气污染物的变化趋势和影响因素。结果表明,2007—2012年该区空气污染呈现由单一型污染向复合型污染转变,综合污染指数总体上升,污染物以SO2、PM10为主。SO2、NO2浓度呈逐年增长,PM10则呈平稳状态。三者污染浓度最高值均在每年第4季度出现。该区的SO2浓度主要受工业污染源影响;NO2也受工业影响显著,与机动车数量呈正相关;PM10与烟粉尘排放量呈正相关,与降水量呈负相关。因此,改善该区环境空气应着重从控制工业污染源、扬尘污染、机动车排气污染3大方面开展工作。     

泰州市冬季空气质量变化特征

为了解泰州市冬季空气质量变化特征,于2013年12月27日—2014年1月7日对NO2,SO2,O3,CO,PM10和PM2.5进行了监测,结合地面气象资料和HYSPLIT轨迹模式分析了污染物的来源与传输过程。结果表明,观测期间AQI优良率仅为25%,PM10和PM2.5日均值超标率分别为58.3%,75.0%;有机碳是泰州市ρ(PM2.5)中最高的化学组分,其次是富钾和元素碳。PM2.5主要来源为汽车尾气、工业源、燃煤,分别占来源比例21.76%,16.52%,15.54%。局地污染源和不利气象条件是造成大气污染的主要原因。     

环境空气质量新标准对郑州和开封空气质量评价的影响

利用河南省环境空气质量新标准实施一期城市(郑州、开封)2013年的环境空气自动监测数据,分析了实施《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)对这2个城市空气质量评价的影响。研究发现,若采用新标准,郑州、开封污染物年均浓度超标情况加重;城市空气质量达标率从51%、71%下降到35%和31%,下降了16和40个百分点;PM2.5的纳入是空气质量达标率下降的最主要原因,大于NO2标准的收严和CO、O3纳入评价指标的影响,其超标率分别为58%(郑州)和63%(开封);且PM2.5取代PM10成为郑州、开封的首要污染物,其作为首要污染物的比例均大于70%。     

聊城市春季交通源大气污染特征分析

为研究交通源空气污染状况，通过采用自动监测系统，于2009年春季期间，对在聊城市主干道附近布设的6个监测点的空气质量进行监测，获得了其空气污染物浓度特征：（1）所有监测点SO2、NOx日均值与O3小时均值均未超标，且O3污染指数很低，表明二次污染甚微；（2）CO是首要污染物，PM10次之，两者日均值超标率均为100％。分析了超标污染物与交通流量的关系，结果表明，PM10浓度与交通量有较高的线性相关性，而CO浓度与交通流量无显著相关性。     

春节除夕燃放烟花爆竹对环境空气质量影响分析

结合2003—2014年南京城区春节除夕前后主要空气污染物监测数据,分析烟花爆竹集中燃放时空气污染指数及PM10、SO2、NO2质量浓度的变化趋势。指出除夕燃放烟花爆竹会引起PM10、SO2、NO2质量浓度上升,在大气扩散条件不佳的情况下影响了环境空气质量。建议在大中城市城区采取适当的禁放措施,并加快研制安全环保型的烟花爆竹替代产品。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

Assessment of Air Quality After the Implementation of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) as Fuel in Public Transport in Delhi, India

Public transport in Delhi was amended by the Supreme Court of India to use Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) instead of diesel or petrol. After the implementation of CNG since April 2001, Delhi has the highest fraction of CNG-run public vehicles in the world and most of them were introduced within 20 months. In the present study, the concentrations of various criteria air pollutants (SPM, PM₁₀, CO, SO₂ and NO_x) and organic pollutants such as benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were assessed before and after the implementation of CNG. A decreasing trend was found for PAHs, SO₂ and CO concentrations, while the NO_x level was increased in comparison to those before the implementation of CNG. Further, SPM, PM₁₀, and BTX concentrations showed no significant change after the implementation of CNG. However, the BTX concentration demonstrated a clear relation with the benzene content of gasoline. In addition to the impact of the introduction of CNG the daily variation in PAHs levels was also studied and the PAHs concentrations were observed to be relatively high between 10 pm to 6 am, which gives a proof of a relation with the limited day entry and movement of heavy vehicles in Delhi.