超高效液相色谱—串联质谱快速测定水中的溴氰菊酯

建立了超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)快速测定地表水及饮用水中溴氰菊酯的方法,并应用于实际水样的检测分析。结果表明:水样经0.22μm滤膜过滤后可直接采用超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱仪多重反应监测(MRM)模式定量检测水中溴氰菊酯;最优分析条件下,溴氰菊酯的检出限为0.30μg/L,其线性检测范围为0.30~20.0μg/L,相关系数为0.999 7;采用该方法检测水中的溴氰菊酯,不同水平(2.00、5.00μg/L和20.0μg/L)样品加标回收率为95.5%~98.5%,相对标准偏差为1.37%~3.59%。方法快速简便、灵敏度高、定性定量准确,适合日常批量水样的快速分析。     

UPLC-MS/MS法同时测定水中甲萘威、呋喃丹和阿特拉津

水样经聚四氟乙烯滤头过滤,直接用超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定甲萘威、呋喃丹和阿特拉津。通过试验考察不同材质滤头和各仪器条件对测定的影响,并确定最佳分析条件,使该方法在0.01μg/L~10.0μg/L范围内线性良好。甲萘威、呋喃丹和阿特拉津的方法检出限分别为6.1 ng/L、2.8 ng/L、3.1 ng/L,空白水样的3个质量浓度加标回收率在96.4%~110%之间。该方法用于测定实际水源水及饮用水中的甲萘威、呋喃丹和阿特拉津,结果均未检出,实际水样平均加标回收率为81.4%~97.2%。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定水中痕量双酚A

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定水中痕量双酚A,水样经预处理后,以BEH C18超高效液相色谱柱分离,在质谱电喷雾离子源负离子多反应监测模式下测定.方法在0.200μg/L～10.0μg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数r为0.9992,方法检出限为0.06μg/L,空白及实际样品加标回收率为87.4% ～114%,RSD为3.6% ～7.4%.     

超高效液相色谱-质谱法测定地表水中丁基黄原酸

建立了直接测定水中丁基黄原酸的超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联四极杆质谱法,无需对水样进行富集,水样过滤后就可直接测定。该方法简单、快捷、灵敏度高,方法检出限可达0.2μg/L。     

超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联四级杆质谱法快速分析水中微囊藻毒素LR

建立超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联四极杆质谱快速测定水中微囊藻毒素LR(MC-LR)的方法。水样经0.2μmGHP一次性针头过滤器过滤,应用超高效液相色谱/电喷雾串联四极杆质谱仪多离子反应监测(MRM)法定量检测MC-LR。经方法学验证,该方法对MC-LR的最低检出限LOD为0.08μg/L(进样量10μl),最低定量限LOQ是0.10μg/L。在0.2~20.0μg/L的线性范围中,相关系数r=0.9982,回收率范围91.5%~110.3%。方法灵敏度高,专属性强,操作简便快速,定量准确,测定浓度范围宽,是环境水质样品中MC-LR含量检测的理想方法。     

水中微囊藻毒素的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法研究

建立测定水体中微囊藻毒素(MCYST)的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法.水样通过固相萃取富集净化,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定,6min内完成3种MCYST的分离及检测.MCYST-LR、MCYST-RR、MCYST-YR检出限分别为3.5、2.5、5.0ng/L,回收率为85.6％～107.9％,为水质微囊藻毒素监测提供了一种快速、准确、灵敏的分析方法.     

固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法测定水中5种雌激素

建立了固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱组合联用技术同时测定地表水、饮用水和污水处理厂出厂水中的5种雌激素(17β-雌二醇、雌三醇、雌酮、17α-炔雌醇、己烯雌酚)的方法。水样经过全自动固相萃取仪富集,以OASIS HLB柱为萃取柱,甲醇为洗脱剂,用液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱联用仪分析定量。分别在0.5~8、5~80μg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数为0.995~0.998。17β-雌二醇、雌三醇、17α-炔雌醇的检出限均为5μg/L,雌酮与己烯雌酚的检出限为0.5μg/L。5种雌激素的纯水加标回收率为63.6%~120.2%,地表水加标回收率为59.8%~91.5%,自来水加标回收率为55.3%~92.1%,精密度为3.7%~10.7%,该方法简单、可靠,可用于水中雌激素类污染物的同时测定。     

超高效液相色谱/串联质谱法测定饮用水源水中多种藻毒素

饮用水源水样品经过直接进样或固相微萃取法净化后,用超高效液相色谱/串联质谱测定水中11种藻毒素。通过试验优化测定条件,使该方法在0.500μg/L~50.0μg/L范围内线性良好,检出限为0.01μg/L~0.05μg/L。对同一实际环境样品做3个质量浓度水平加标回收试验,6次测定结果的RSD为2.2%~9.3%,回收率为76.1%~108%。将该方法用于测定环巢湖湖面12个监测断面水样,结果 3组样品中MC-YR、MC-LR和MC-RR值为0.3μg/L~0.8μg/L。     

在线富集固相萃取-超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定地表水中对硝基苯酚

建立了在线富集固相萃取-超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定水中对硝基苯酚的方法。经过滤的水样用在线固相萃取系统富集后,以氨水-甲醇系统作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,通过超高效液相色谱串联质谱仪进行检测。方法的检出限为3. 52 ng/L,回收率为91. 6%～108%,相对标准偏差为5. 5%～9. 5%。该方法可大大简化复杂的前处理过程,提高灵敏度及准确性,可用于大批量地表水中对硝基苯酚的测定。     

直接进样-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测地表水中丙烯酰胺

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定地表水中丙烯酰胺的分析方法。水样经0.22μm微孔滤膜过滤,直接进样,通过多反应监测(71.8→54.9)定性,外标法定量,方法的检出限为0.1μg/L,回收率为97.8%~98.7%,6次测定值相对标准偏差小于7.0%,为地表水中丙烯酰胺的监测提供了一种快速、准确、灵敏的分析方法。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

一起河流砷污染事故的处置与监测分析

介绍了大沙河砷污染事故的处置和监测分析。多介质排查监测摸清了污染的范围和程度,为治理工作提供了科学依据,污染治理措施有效控制了污染的扩散;监测数据表明,治理措施将水中砷污染物沉降至河床使污染水质达标排放。吸附了大量砷化合物的底泥被清理并进一步处置,多介质跟踪监测应持续进行直至不存在潜在危害。     

核应急辐射环境监测的准备和响应

日本核泄漏事故引发的核危机为人类安全和平地利用核能又一次敲响了警钟.核事故应急工作作为减小核电站危害环境和公众安全的最后屏障,将起到重要的作用,必须做好相关的准备和响应工作.核应急辐射环境监测工作是核应急工作的重要组成部分,在对核应急辐射环境监测进行准备和响应时主要遵循实用性、适用性和适度性并兼顾常规和应急监测的“平战...