区域规划环评中大气环境监测点位布设研究

探讨了大气环境监测点位的布设方法,在区域规划环境影响评价布设大气监测点位时,应综合考虑开发区的功能区划分、区内产业分布及环境敏感点分布等情况;结合规划区内外现状及规划实施后重点污染源的位置及排放高度,根据区域污染气象条件,采用Gauss模式预测最大浓度落地点,并以此作为区域大气环境监测点的布设依据.对某区域开发规划案例进行了大气环境监测点位布设研究,通过实践,该布设方法不仅可以反映区域大气环境质量现状的空间分布特征,而且可以为区域大气环境预测提供良好的数据支持,为优化区域规划提供依据;同时,对规划后的污染源最大浓度落地点的监测,可以为单个项目的环境预测提供背景值,起到简化入区建设项目环评的作用.     

支撑京津冀区域大气污染联防联控的大气监测体系构建

京津冀区域已成为全国大气污染最严重的地区之一,并且呈现出明显的区域性污染特征,加强区域间的环境合作,实施区域联防联控是解决京津冀区域大气污染问题的有效手段。对照《生态环境监测网络建设方案》的要求,目前京津冀区域大气监测体系还存在着监测网络不健全、监测项目覆盖不全面、监测新技术应用不足、质控体系不完善、信息产品供给与公众需求有差距等问题,与京津冀区域大气污染联防联控的要求不相适应。为全面提升京津冀区域大气监测体系对区域联防联控的技术支撑能力,亟需进一步完善京津冀区域的监测网络,增设传输研究、污染监控等特殊监测点位;逐步拓展监测项目,开展颗粒物化学组分和O_3前体物监测;加快遥感监测等立体监测技术在大气监测中的应用,全面分析污染物时空分布特征与传输规律;加强空气质量预报预警能力建设,为重污染天气应对提供技术支持;规范监测事权上收后的全过程质控体系,建立颗粒物标准方法比对和O_3量值传递质控机制;构建环境监测大数据平台,加强数据分析应用与信息公开。     

广东某铅锌矿周边地区大气颗粒物重金属水平及人群暴露风险评价

以广东某典型铅锌矿周边地区为研究区域，通过实地监测空气中颗粒物重金属浓度水平，并结合暴露量计算，进行健康风险评价。结果表明：研究区大气TSP浓度满足所属功能区环境空气质量标准要求，但PM10浓度在个别监测点出现有单次超标现象，铅平均浓度符合年平均参照标准要求，镉平均浓度则超年平均参照标准要求；颗粒物重金属分析表明，该区域气象扩散条件较好，对照点中重金属含量与其他监控监测点的含量相当；靠近冶炼厂或铅锌矿的降尘重金属总量比远离的高，所以冶炼厂和铅锌矿对环境大气中重金属含量还是有一定的影响。大气颗粒物重金属暴露人群风险评价结果表明，研究区域不存在非致癌健康风险，但个别监测点则存在镉致癌风险警戒级别。     

泸州市降水监测布点优化研究

在泸州市2016—2020年大气降水监测数据的基础上，借助聚类分析、多元方差分析等统计分析手段，对原有降水监测点位进行优化研究，并验证优化结果。在遵循《酸沉降监测技术规范》(HJ/T 165—2004)点位布设要求的前提下，建立了降水监测点位评价体系，从原有7个降水监测点位中优化筛选出3个。优化后的点位对监测结果的影响显著性均>0.05,表明优化前后全市降水数据无显著性差异，该优化方案不会影响区域整体代表性。     

大气颗粒物手工比对监测体系滤膜称量质控技术探讨

健全大气颗粒物手工比对监测体系是"十三五"环境空气自动监测质量管理的一项重点任务,其中颗粒物滤膜的称量直接影响手工监测数据质量。研究调研了国内各级环保部门所属环境监测机构颗粒物滤膜称量工作情况,结合国内外方法标准、技术规范等,重点探讨了称量实验室环境、称量设备、称量影响因素等滤膜称量质控要点,并针对环境管理与监测需求对大气颗粒物手工比对监测滤膜称量质控提出建议。     

在线单颗粒气溶胶质谱在大气重金属铅污染事故中的应用研究

重金属铅由于其对人体健康的影响而广受关注。利用在线单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪对2012年发生在华南地区的一次金属铅污染事故中的含铅颗粒物的质谱特征、粒径分布及排放规律进行了分析。监测发现A、B两个监测点位的含铅颗粒物比例多在夜间或凌晨达到高峰,高峰时刻含铅颗粒物数浓度占比最高可达67%,对比广州市区、鹤山超级站的含铅颗粒物浓度占比,可知该地区含铅颗粒物的污染程度较高。两监测点位的含铅颗粒物质谱特征及粒径分布情况非常相似,可能存在相同的排放源或具有相同的形成机制。质谱中都均含有明显的铅、元素碳、硫、硫酸盐等信号,可能来自于燃煤源的排放。通过进一步对比分析燃煤烟气排放的含铅颗粒物质谱特征,判断其为燃煤源排放。     

发展我国大气颗粒物标准样品的国际经验和建议

介绍了国内外大气颗粒物标准样品体系构成及制备技术,分析了我国大气颗粒物标准样品存在的种类和目标组分单一、研制技术薄弱等问题。在借鉴国外发展经验和考虑我国需求和研究能力的基础上,提出了拓宽大气颗粒物标准样品基质和污染物种类、完善标准样品体系、加强合作与科研投入、逐步攻克研制技术难点等对策和建议。     

太湖流域生态安全监测体系的构建

针对太湖流域水质污染、湖体富营养化、饮用水质受影响和水生植被减少等生态问题，提出了构建生态安全监测指标体系、布设四类监测点位、引入科学的监测技术与评价体系，从而构建流域生态安全监测体系的设想。     

一次典型灰霾天气过程及成因分析

结合2008年10月28日南京市出现的灰霾天气，利用环境空气自动监测数据、气象观测数据、卫星遥感监测秸秆焚烧信息及后向轨迹模型等资料，对灰霾天气过程及成因进行分析。结果表明，由于当晚大气扩散条件不利，周边地区秸秆焚烧产生的大量气溶胶污染物在地面东北气流的引导下向南京市城区输送，使得大气监测点颗粒物浓度异常上升，导致能见度恶化，形成了典型性重度灰霾污染天气。     

β射线法固定污染源废气颗粒物快速测定方法研究

通过实验室模拟及现场检测,对烟道外过滤的β射线法测定固定污染源废气中颗粒物浓度的检出限、精密度、准确度、可靠性等进行分析研究。结果表明：β射线法监测颗粒物方法检出限为0.1 mg/m3;低、中、高3个不同质量浓度水平的颗粒物标准样品6次监测结果的RSD分别为4.6%、2.7%、1.6%,相对误差分别为（2.9±9.5）%、（0.8±5.5）%、（1.5±3.2）%,标准样品测定的颗粒物质量浓度越高,精密度和准确度越好。将该方法与重量法监测结果对比,发现两种方法测量数值变化趋势一致,且颗粒物浓度越高,两种方法相对偏差越小,一致性越高。     

乌鲁木齐市冬季大气颗粒物PM_(10) 和PM_(2.5)污染水平及相关性研究

为研究乌鲁木齐市冬季采暖期间大气颗粒物污染特征,通过采样和在线监测二种手段分析了2015年1~2月大气颗粒物样品,采用重量法分析颗粒物质量浓度,并对其相关性进行分析。结果表明:依据《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012),采样期间乌鲁木齐市大气PM_(10) 和PM_(2.5)的日均质量浓度均超过了国家二级标准,颗粒物污染严重;PM_(10) 和PM_(2.5)存在显著相关性,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10) 浓度的比值均大于0.5,采暖期PM2.5对乌鲁木齐市大气颗粒物贡献显著。     

Characterisation of particulate matter on the receptor level in a city environment

Airborne particulate matter (PM) has become one of the dominant pollutants with the increasing material and energy demand due to global economic growth. The main objective of this research is to provide a comprehensive receptor level characterisation of the particulate matter collected in a city environment. Particulate matter samples were collected on Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM) filters from five monitoring sites over a period of 1 year. An Andersen eight-stage cascade impactor was also used to collect airborne PM samples from three other locations to compare with the samples collected by TEOM. All the samples were then subjected to individual particle morphology and chemical composition analysis by SEM/EDS. Bulk chemical composition of the samples were also analysed through ICP–OES. Based on these analyses, possible sources of the PM samples were identified. The results showed that the monitoring sites in residential environments were dominated by transportation-derived particles and other migratory particulates. Monitoring sites near the city centre were dominant by particles from transportation, with biological particles abundant for the site closer to a river. The monitoring station located close to the industrial area, despite only 200 m away from a motorway, has low contribution of non-exhaust particulates from vehicles. Instead, the particulates collected from this site were dominated by industrial sources. An air dispersion modelling package was also used to model the particulate matter dispersion in the city area for the period of sampling. The results from the model showed that the points of high emissions were around industrial areas.     

校园空气微生物和悬浮物污染评价及相关性分析

在对广西师范大学育才校区教学区、宿舍区、运动场和交通区大气微生物和总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)进行监测的基础上,评价与分析了育才校区大气污染状况。依照中国科学院生态中心推荐使用的空气微生物评价标准,育才校区大气微生物污染轻微,其中交通区和运动场大气微生物含量相对较高,但都能达到清洁空气的标准;大气总悬浮颗粒物污染下午较严重,多数测定值超过了国家环境空气质量标准中的二级标准限值,而上午的测定值相对较低;四个功能区中TSP浓度值为交通区>运动场>教学区>宿舍区。上午空气中TSP浓度与细菌总数具有显著相关性,与霉菌总数相关关系不显著;下午TSP测定值与空气中细菌总数和霉菌总数的相关关系均不显著;校园空气中细菌总数和霉菌总数为极显著相关。     

Investigation into presence of atmospheric particulate matter in Marikana, mining area in Rustenburg Town, South Africa

An investigation to find out presence of particulate matter in Marikana, a mining area in Rustenburg town, South Africa, was carried out in the months of August and November of 2008. Samples were collected for measurements of particulate matter (PM) of particle diameters of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1. After gravimetric analysis of daily measurements, it was found that PM10 concentration values ranged between 3 and 9 ??g/m³, PM2.5 concentration values ranged between 16 and 26 ??g/m³, and PM1 concentration values ranged between 14 and 18 ??g/m³ for the month of August 2008. For the month of November, it was found that PM10 concentration values ranged between 2 and 8 ??g/m³, PM2.5 concentration values ranged between 0 and 5 ??g/m³, and PM1 concentration values ranged between 4 and 15 ??g/m³. This study was undertaken as preliminary work having in mind that mining activities could be emitting high levels of particulate matter in the atmosphere which might be degrading the quality of the air. It was observed, however, that the daily particulate matter especially of PM10 emitted were quite low when compared to laid down International Air Quality Standards. The standards did not give guidelines for particulate matter of diameter 2.5 ??m. It was concluded that particulate matter came from three major sources: platinum mining, domestic biomass burning, and traffic emissions due to fuel burning.     

Particulate Matter Over A Seven Year Period in Urban and Rural Areas Within, Proximal and Far from Mining and Power Station Operations in Greece

Lignite mining operations and lignite-fired power stations result in major particulate pollution (fly ash and fugitive dust) problems in the areas surrounding these activities. The problem is more complicated, especially, for urban areas located not far from these activities, due to additional contribution from the urban pollution sources. Knowledge of the distribution of airborne particulate matter into size fraction has become an increasing area of focus when examining the effects of particulate pollution. On the other hand, airborne particle concentration measurements are useful in order to assess the air pollution levels based on national and international air quality standards. These measurements are also necessary for developing air pollutants control strategies or for evaluating the effectiveness of these strategies, especially, for long periods. In this study an attempt is made in order to investigate the particle size distribution of fly ash and fugitive dust in a heavy industrialized (mining and power stations operations) area with complex terrain in the northwestern part of Greece. Parallel total suspended particulates (TSP) and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm (PM10) concentrations are analyzed. These measurements gathered from thirteen monitoring stations located in the greater area of interest. Spatial, temporal variation and trend are analyzed over the last seven years. Furthermore, the geographical variation of PM10 – TSP correlation and PM10/TSP ratio are investigated and compared to those in the literature. The analysis has indicated that a complex system of sources and meteorological conditions modulate the particulate pollution of the examined area.     

PM10 in the ambient air of Chandrapur coal mine and its comparison with other environments

This study compares the ambient air particulate matter (PM10) data of 15 different coal mine environments. For most of these mine environments, the monitoring was carried out by different researchers using respirable dust sampler (RDS) that separates PM10 by centrifugal inertial separation. At two sites — Padmapur and Ghugus (Chandrapur, Maharashtra, India) — mass inertial impaction-based sampler was used for PM10 monitoring. It is observed that the spatiotemporal average value of ambient air PM10 monitored using mass inertial impactor reports relatively higher values (240–372 μg/m³) compared to those monitored using RDS (<227 μg/m³). In order to realize the severity of mine area pollution, it is compared with PM10 values found in an urban area (Delhi, India). It is found that PM10 values in Delhi (using mass inertial impactor) are much higher (300–400 μg/m³) than those reported for the mine environment. The data seems to indicate that the mine environment is relatively cleaner than urban air and therefore raises doubt about the appropriateness of using either mass impactor or RDS for PM10 sampling.     

Characteristics of Hazardous Airborne Dust Around an Indian Surface Coal Mining Area

Surface coal mining creates more air pollution problems with respect to dust than underground mining . An investigation was conducted to evaluate the characteristics of the airborne dust created by surface coal mining in the Jharia Coalfield. Work zone air quality monitoring was conducted at six locations, and ambient air quality monitoring was conducted at five locations, for a period of 1 year. Total suspended particulate matter (TSP) concentration was found to be as high as 3,723 μg/m³, respirable particulate matter (PM10) 780 μg/m³, and benzene soluble matter was up to 32% in TSP in work zone air. In ambient air, the average maximum level of TSP was 837 μg/m³, PM10 170 μg/m³ and benzene soluble matter was up to 30%. Particle size analysis of TSP revealed that they were more respirable in nature and the median diameter was around 20 μm. Work zone air was found to have higher levels of TSP, PM10 and benzene soluble materials than ambient air. Variations in weight percentages for different size particles are discussed on the basis of mining activities. Anionic concentration in TSP was also determined. This paper concludes that more stringent air quality standards should be adopted for coal mining areas and due consideration should be given on particle size distribution of the air-borne dust while designing control equipment.     

Monitoring of cotton dust and health risk assessment in small-scale weaving industry

The present study describes the estimation of particulate matter (cotton dust) with different sizes, i.e., PM(1.0), PM(2.5), PM(4.0), and PM(10.0 μm) in small-scale weaving industry (power looms) situated in district Hafizabad, Punjab, Pakistan, and the assessment of health problems of workers associated with these pollutants. A significant difference was found in PM(1.0), PM(2.5), PM(4.0), and PM(10.0) with reference to nine different sampling stations with p values <0.05. Multiple comparisons of particulate matter with respect to size, i.e. PM(1.0), PM(2.5), PM(4.0), and PM(10.0), depict that PM(1.0) differs significantly from PM(2.5), PM(4.0), and PM(10.0), with p values <0.05 and that PM(2.5) differs significantly from PM(1.0) and PM(10.0), with p values <0.05, whereas PM(2.5) differs non-significantly from PM(4.0), with a p value >0.05 in defined sampling stations on an average basis. Majority of the workers were facing several diseases due to interaction with particulate matter (cotton dust) during working hours. Flue, cough, eye, and skin infections were the most common diseases among workers caused by particulate matter (cotton dust).     

Chemical and micromorphological properties of TSP and PM10 particles: case study in Bucharest urban area

The purpose of this work was to determine some aspects of micromorphology of total suspended particles (TSP) and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm (PM(10)) and their major elemental components in order to highlight the main characteristics of the atmospheric particles from an urban environment, having a case study in the urban area of Bucharest. The sampling of PM(10) and TSP were conducted in the close vicinity of a high traffic road for 72 h per sample and also priority pollutants in air: Pb and Cd were quantified and correlations between their concentrations and local wind directions were also found. The parameters characterizing the micromorphology of particle-roughness of the particle surface and area of particle-were correlated with wind direction.