全国及重点区域臭氧污染现状

分析2013—2016年中国开展臭氧(O_3)监测的338个城市(港、澳、台不在统计范围)O_3污染现状和时空变化特征,结果表明:中国城市O_3污染日益突出,2015年54个城市O_3超标,75.9%的O_3超标城市位于京津冀及周边、长三角、珠三角区域,O_3区域污染特征显著。74个城市O_3浓度整体呈上升趋势并向高值区集中,京津冀区域O_3污染最为严重。O_3污染季节变化特征明显,O_3污染主要集中于5—10月,京津冀、长三角和珠三角区域O_3最高超标天数分别出现在6、5、10月。建议加强O_3成因分析,建立O_3污染控制策略,有效应对O_3污染,实现科学减排。     

京津冀区域臭氧污染趋势及时空分布特征

为研究京津冀区域的臭氧(O_3)污染情况及其时空分布特征,对2013—2015年京津冀区域13个城市80个国家环境空气监测点位的监测数据进行了统计分析。结果表明:2013—2015年,京津冀区域O_3污染状况整体呈加重趋势,其中2014年污染状况最为严重。13个城市中O_3污染最严重的城市为北京和衡水,连续3年均超标,且处于上升态势中。区域内不同城市O_3污染趋势并不相同。京津冀区域O_3浓度变化呈明显的季节变化特征,春末和夏季的O_3污染最严重。O_3-8 h(臭氧日最大8 h均值)年均值的高值区主要分布在北京中北部、承德和衡水等,2013—2015年第90百分位O_3-8 h的高值区均集中分布在北京。O_3的浓度峰值时间要晚于NOx2~5 h。O_3在春、夏季呈单峰分布,白天15:00左右出现最大值,在秋、冬季浓度较低,全天波动不大。     

青岛市臭氧污染现状及特征分析

基于2015—2018年青岛市O_3监测数据,分析了近年来青岛市区及各子站的O_3浓度变化趋势,并以O_3浓度最高的2017年4月至9月为例,分析O_3浓度高发季节的时空分布特征。结果表明,2015—2018年,青岛市区O_3-8 h第90百分位浓度范围为146～171μg/m~3,O_3浓度总体呈现升高的趋势,2017年达到最高值,2018年有所回落。2017年4月至9月,青岛市区O_3-8 h日浓度范围在52～270μg/m~3,其中有50 d超出国家二级标准。O_3浓度的日变化曲线呈单峰型,14:00～15:00达到峰值。郊区县市的O_3浓度较市区整体偏高,平度、胶州处于较高水平。     

京津冀地区臭氧污染特征与来源分析

2013—2014年京津冀地区13个城市O_3日最大8 h平均值第90百分位数平均为155~162μg/m3,京津冀地区已成为全国O_3污染最严重的地区之一,京津冀地区O_3污染程度有所加重。京津冀地区夏季O_3浓度高,冬季浓度低,O_3质量浓度较高的月份集中在5—9月,12月—次年1月浓度最低。在O_3污染较重的夏季,每日6:00~7:00,O_3质量浓度最低,15:00~16:00 O_3浓度最高。在空间分布上郊区点位的O_3质量浓度往往高于主城区点位。京津冀区域夏季O_3小时浓度和NO2浓度呈高度负相关关系,和其他污染物无明显的相关性。O_3质量浓度和气温呈显著的正相关关系,和大气相对湿度呈显著的负相关关系。京津冀区域O_3的主要来源为NOX和VOC等一次污染物在日光照射下发生光化学反应而产生,控制O_3前体物的源排放,尤其是控制好VOC的排放是控制O_3污染的有效途径。     

2015—2019年汾渭平原臭氧污染状况分析

基于全国空气质量监测网数据,分析了2015—2019年汾渭平原11个城市臭氧(O_3)污染状况。结果表明:2015—2019年,汾渭平原11个城市O_3平均浓度总体呈升高趋势,年平均升高12.2μg/m~3,其中,2017—2019年均超过二级标准限值(160μg/m~3)。O_3单项污染物的空气质量分指数占空气质量指数的比例逐年升高,O_3超标使汾渭平原2015—2019年各年度空气质量优良天数比例分别减少了1.4、5.4、13.0、11.1、14.4个百分点。O_3浓度呈春夏季(5—9月)高、秋冬季(11—12月)低的特点,其中,5—9月O_3超标天数占全部O_3超标天数的97%以上。各年度O_3日最大8小时平均质量浓度(O_3-8 h)的最大值分别为152、176、224、195、202μg/m~3,均出现在5—7月。O_3-8 h介于150～160μg/m~3的日期主要集中在6—8月,介于160～170μg/m~3的日期主要集中在5—7月,两区间对应的日期属于O_3达标敏感天。2017—2019年,区域内各年度首次出现O_3小时污染的日期有逐渐提前的趋势。2019年,汾渭平原11个城市O_3-8 h第90百分位浓度介于138～204μg/m~3,9个城市超过二级标准限值,O_3超标使临汾、洛阳、晋中、运城、渭南、西安、吕梁、咸阳8个城市的空气质量优良天数比例减少了10个百分点以上。     

天津市臭氧污染特征与影响因素分析

2013—2015年,天津市臭氧(O_3)浓度整体呈下降趋势,污染状况略低于京津冀区域的其他城市。O_3浓度春、夏季高,冬季低,高值主要集中在5—9月,浓度从早上06:00开始升高,至中午14:00达到峰值。污染主要集中在中心城区、西部和北部地区,东部、南部和西南部地区污染相对较轻。O_3浓度在温度303 K以上、相对湿度70%以下或西南风为主导时较高。VOCs/NOx比值低于8,O_3的生成处于VOCs控制区。芳香烃类和烯烃类对天津市O_3生成贡献最大,其中,乙烯和甲苯为O_3生成潜势贡献最大的物种,其次为间/对二甲苯、丙烯、邻二甲苯、异戊二烯、反-2-丁烯、乙苯等,通过控制汽车尾气、化工行业及溶剂使用等对O_3生成潜势贡献大的VOCs排放源可有效控制天津市O_3污染。     

安徽省臭氧污染特征及气象影响因素分析

基于2016—2018年安徽省68个国控环境空气质量自动监测站点的臭氧(O_3)监测数据,研究分析了安徽省O_3污染特征及其与气象因子的相关性。结果表明:安徽省O_3污染程度呈现逐年加重趋势,并有显著的季节和月度变化特征。2016—2018年,各年度单月O_3日最大8小时滑动平均质量浓度第90百分位数的最大值分别出现在9月、5月、6月。O_3日变化趋势为典型的单峰形,各年度最低值出现在晨间07:00左右,最高值则是在15:00—16:00。全省O_3浓度总体上呈现出北高南低的空间特征。温度、相对湿度与O_3浓度分别呈现显著正相关、负相关,但在不同季节存在一定差异,其中,春秋季温度与O_3浓度的相关性好于夏冬季,夏季相对湿度与O_3浓度的相关性最为显著。O_3浓度在平均风速为2.1～2.2 m/s时更易出现超标。中部和北部城市在东南风的作用下易出现O_3超标并达到O_3浓度高值,而南部地区在风向为西风时更容易出现O_3超标。     

盐城市臭氧污染特征及影响因素

对2015—2016年盐城市城区4个空气质量自动监测国控站点的O_3监测数据进行分析,探讨盐城市O_3污染水平、时空分布特征及其与前体物、气象因子之间的关系。结果表明,各站点O_3污染水平较为接近,2016年各站点O_3-8h第90百分位数超标天数较2015年分别下降了43.5%,50.0%,8.7%和43.6%;全年O_3逐月值大致呈双峰分布,高ρ(O_3)主要集中在4—10月;O_3日变化曲线呈明显的单峰分布,一般在05:00—07:00最低,13:00—15:00达到峰值;不同季节的O_3日变化情况有所差异,午后O_3峰值与O_3日变化幅度均在春季最大,冬季最低;NO、NO_2和CO的日变化曲线均呈现出早晚双峰分布,受早高峰影响,一般在07:00左右达到一日中的最大值;O_3与NO_x等前体物均显著负相关,高ρ(O_3)往往出现在高ρ(CO)/ρ(NO_2)时;总体上各站点的ρ(O_3)随风速的增大而增大。     

上海市臭氧污染时空分布及影响因素

分析2006—2016年上海市的监测数据发现,臭氧(O_3)浓度存在逐年上升趋势,污染持续时间有所增加,但除水平风速有下降趋势外,其他相关气象因素的年际变化趋势并不显著。空间分析结果表明,上海市O_3超标主要集中在西南部郊区,但市区O_3超标潜势不容忽视。O_3污染高发季节的污染玫瑰图分析发现,上海市南部地区是影响上海市O_3污染的关键区域;对于NO_2减排的影响分析发现,尽管上海市O_3平均浓度总体处于上升趋势,但在NO_2下降幅度最为明显的内环市区和北部郊区,O_3上升幅度低于NO_2下降幅度较小的内外环区域和西部郊区,表明上海市的O_3污染控制仍需持续推进NOx的减排,并同步推进VOCs的减排。     

我国大气光化学烟雾污染现状与监测网络构建建议

新《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)实施以来的监测结果表明,我国第一批实施新标准的74个重点城市光化学烟雾污染总体呈加重趋势,2016年O_3日最大8 h平均质量(O_3-8 h)浓度第90百分位数为154μg/m~3,其O_3超标天数比例平均达到8.6%,其中京津冀区域O_3-8 h第90百分位数为172μg/m~3,超过国家二级标准限值,O_3超标天数比例平均达到13.6%,京津冀区域已成为我国光化学烟雾污染最为严重的区域。为有效控制光化学烟雾污染,当前亟需构建我国的光化学烟雾污染监测网络,各地区应因地制宜,科学布设监测点位,拟设点位应涵盖城市主城区的上风向区域、主城区核心区O_3前体物浓度较高的区域、主城区边缘或外围O_3浓度较高区域、主城区下风向区域;监测项目方面应注意同步开展O_3、挥发性有机物(VOCs)和NO_x的监测;监测时段方面应重点关注4—9月我国光化学污染较为严重的时段,确保客观反映污染状况,为有效开展大气光化学烟雾污染防治提供技术支撑。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

Metal concentrations in deciduous tree leaves from urban areas in Poland

Accumulation of metals in deciduous tree foliage fromurban areas in western-south Poland was monitored duringthe vegetation season of 2000 year. Concentrations of Al,Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti and Znwere measured in birch, willow, linden and maple leavesusing the ICP-AES method. Seasonal variations of metalconcentrations and their relations with sampling sitewere investigated. The most dynamic accumulation of Al,Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb was observed for examined species. Thehighest differences in element concentrations forinvestigated sites were found for Ba, Cd, Mn and Ni.Interelement correlations were investigated. In allfoliar samples synergistic relationships between Al–Crand Ca-Sr were found. Statistically significant negativecorrelations were observed only for Cd and Ti in birch leaves.     

Varying Stable Nitrogen Isotope Ratios of Different Coastal Marsh Plants and Their Relationships with Wastewater Nitrogen and Land Use in New England, USA

The stable nitrogen isotope ratios of some biota have been used as indicators of sources of anthropogenic nitrogen. In this study the relationships of the stable nitrogen isotope ratios of marsh plants, Iva frutescens (L.), Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex Steud, Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl, Spartina alterniflora Loisel, Ulva lactuca (L.), and Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) with wastewater nitrogen and land development in New England are described. Five of the six plant species (all but U. lactuca) showed significant relationships of increasing δ ¹⁵N values with increasing wastewater nitrogen. There was a significant (P < 0.0001) downward shift in the δ ¹⁵N of S. patens (6.0 ± 0.48‰) which is mycorrhizal compared with S. alterniflora (8.5 ± 0.41‰). The downward shift in δ ¹⁵N may be caused by the assimilation of fixed nitrogen in the roots of S. patens. P. australis within sites had wide ranges of δ ¹⁵N values, evidently influenced by the type of shoreline development or buffer at the upland border. In residential areas, the presence of a vegetated buffer (n = 24 locations) significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the δ ¹⁵N (mean = 7.4 ± 0.43‰) of the P. australis compared to stands where there was no buffer (mean = 10.9 ± 1.0‰; n = 15). Among the plant species, I. frutescens located near the upland border showed the most significant (R ² = 0.64; P = 0.006) inverse relationship with the percent agricultural land in the watershed. The δ ¹⁵N of P. australis and I. frustescens is apparently an indicator of local inputs near the upland border, while the δ ¹⁵N of Spartina relates with the integrated, watershed-sea nitrogen inputs.     

Effect of heavy metal contaminated shooting range soils on mycorrhizal colonization of roots and metal uptake by leek

We grew leek (Allium porrum) in soils of two shooting ranges heavily contaminated with heavy metals in the towns of Zuchwil and Oberuzwil in Switzerland as a bioassay to test theactivity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in these soils.Soil samples were taken from (1) front of the shooting house(HOUSE), (2) the area between house and target (FIELD) and (3) the berm (BACKSTOP). Samples of Ribwort plantain (Plantagolanceolata) growing naturally within the shooting ranges werealso collected and the colonization of its roots by mycorrhizalfungi was measured. The number of AM spores in the soils wassignificantly reduced concomitant with the increase in thedegree of soil contamination with metals. In Zuchwil,mycorrhizal fungi equally colonized roots of Ribwort plantainsampled from BACKSTOP and HOUSE. In Oberuzwil, however, plantsfrom BACKSTOP had lower colonization when compared with thosesampled from HOUSE. Colonization of leek was strongly reducedin the BACKSTOP soil of Zuchwil and slightly reduced in theBACKSTOP soil of Oberuzwil when compared with plants grown inrespective HOUSE soil. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb andZn in the leaves of leek grown in the BACKSTOP soil was withinthe range considered toxic for human consumption. This pointsto the high degree of bio-availability of these metal in thesesoils. Significant decrease in the number of mycorrhizal sporesin the BACKSTOP soils in Zuchwil and the low colonization ofleek roots grown in these soils point to possible changes inthe species diversity of mycorrhizal fungi in these soils.     

Radionuclide Concentrations in Benthic Invertebrates from Amchitka and Kiska Islands in the Aleutian Chain, Alaska

Concentrations of 13 radionuclides (¹³⁷Cs, ¹²⁹I, ⁶⁰Co, ¹⁵²Eu, ⁹⁰Sr, ⁹⁹Tc, ²⁴¹Am, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,249Pu, ²³⁴U, ²³⁵U, ²³⁶U, ²³⁸U were examined in seven species of invertebrates from Amchitka and Kiska Islands, in the Aleutian Chain of Alaska, using gamma spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy, and alpha spectroscopy. Amchitka Island was the site of three underground nuclear test (1965–1971), and we tested the null hypotheses that there were no differences in radionuclide concentrations between Amchitka and the reference site (Kiska) and there were no differences among species. The only radionuclides where composite samples were above the Minimum Detectable Activity (MDA) were ¹³⁷Cs, ²⁴¹Am, ^239,249Pu, ²³⁴U, ²³⁵U, ²³⁶U, and ²³⁸U. Green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus polyacanthus), giant chiton (Cryptochiton stelleri), plate limpets (Tectura scutum) and giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) were only tested for ¹³⁷Cs; octopus was the only species with detectable levels of ¹³⁷Cs (0.262 ± 0.029 Bq/kg, wet weight). Only rock jingle (Pododesmus macroschisma), blue mussel (Mytilus trossulus) and horse mussel (Modiolus modiolus) were analyzed for the actinides. There were no interspecific differences in ²⁴¹Am and ^239,240Pu, and almost no samples above the MDA for ²³⁸Pu and ²³⁶U. Horse mussels had significantly higher concentrations of ²³⁴U (0.844 ± 0.804 Bq/kg) and ²³⁸U (0.730 ± 0.646) than the other species (both isotopes are naturally occurring). There were no differences in actinide concentrations between Amchitka and Kiska. In general, radionuclides in invertebrates from Amchitka were similar to those from uncontaminated sites in the Northern Hemisphere, and below those from the contaminated Irish Sea. There is a clear research need for authors to report the concentrations of radionuclides by species, rather than simply as ‘shellfish’, for comparative purposes in determining geographical patterns, understanding possible effects, and for estimating risk to humans from consuming different biota.     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.