基于MODFLOW-NWT的尾矿库地下水环境影响评价

尾矿库渗滤液中污染物会对区域地下水产生不利影响。根据拟建工程场地水文地质条件和气象资料,建立三维数值预测模型并分析非正常工况下两种典型污染情景对地下水环境的影响,预测结果显示:特征污染物As的质量浓度随时间推移逐渐变大;防渗层破损和无防渗情况下污染晕沿地下水流方向最远运移距离在第100 d、1 000 d、7 884 d时分别为72 m、225 m、262 m和78 m、335 m、391 m。由于下游河流及周边泉点为区内地下水排泄主要途径,污染物经排泄进入下游河流将对环境造成较大影响,故提出相应防范措施。     

某化工园区地下水污染迁移及控制数值模拟研究

某化工园区潜水中氟化物超标,为控制受污染地下水扩散,沿下游河堤修建防渗帷幕。通过分析研究区水文地质条件,应用FEFLOW 7.0建立地下水数值模型,预测防渗帷幕修建前后受污染地下水迁移情况,并评估防渗帷幕污染控制效果。结果表明：化工园区受污染地下水在以粉砂、粉细砂等岩性为主的潜水含水层中迁移速度快,第200天时污染物对源强附近及下游大片范围地下水造成污染;在污染源下游沿堤修建防渗帷幕短期虽可有效阻断污染物持续迁移,但会导致污染物在帷幕前端聚集,一段时间后地下水污染羽会绕过防渗帷幕发生渗流污染,须配合其他治理措施综合控制地下水污染。     

长江口南通地区农村集中式饮用水源水质状况调查

对南通市24座乡镇地表水厂以及199座乡镇地下水厂的水源水质状况进行了调查.结果表明,地表水水源地中有14座水厂达标,其取水量占地表水取水总量62.8%.水体中主要污染物是NH3-N、石油类、Imn.全市乡镇地下水厂饮用水源水质达标水厂为56座,其取水量占地下水取水总量的26.2%.全市地下水中主要污染物为NH3-N、...     

基于数值模拟的河道再生水补充区地下水监测网构建

再生水作为改善城市景观用水纳入河道,可其对地下水具有潜在的污染风险。通过构建区域地下水数值模型,应用质点追踪技术,计算出永定河补水区在河湖受水后地下水5 a运移1.47 km、20 a运移6.32 km,年均运移0.32 km。在数值模拟的基础上,依据地下水运移轨迹,结合区域水文地质条件,将研究区划分为核心监控区、二级监控区和控制监控区3个地下水监测分区,并提出各分区地下水监测井的布设原则及布设方式,实现地下水环境监测网络的优化。     

某铝厂邻近自然村环境氟污染现状监测及分析评价

通过对某铝冶炼厂邻近自然村地下水、地表水、土壤中氟化物含量进行监测,并对其氟污染程度进行分析及评价.结果表明,自然村地下水、地表水、土壤都不同程度地受到了氟污染,从平均质量指数来看,地下水受到了中度氟污染,地表水受到了重度氟污染,土壤受到轻度氟污染.氟是对植物、动物、人类有较高毒性的积累性污染物,为防止自然村地下水、地表水、土壤的氟污染现状进一步恶化,应当从源头上对氟污染源进行治理及控制,及时有效地解决当地铝冶炼造成的环境氟污染.     

庞庄煤矿煤矸石淋溶液对周边水体影响分析

为研究庞庄煤矿张小楼煤矸石堆场淋溶液对其场地和周边地表水、地下水水质影响情况，围绕煤矸石堆场及周边采集13组水样做分析比对。结果表明，煤矸石堆场淋溶液对周边地表水体形成普遍污染，且污染物浓度随着污染距离增加逐步降低，一般化学污染指标主要包括溶解性总固体、硫酸盐、铁、锰、氨氮等，毒理学污染指标包括亚硝酸盐、氟化物、砷，超标倍率约为0.02~5.36。受距离及成井深度等因素影响，地下水体未遭受淋溶液明显的污染和影响。     

北京城市副中心典型海绵体地表水与地下水交互作用研究

海绵城市建设是推动绿色低碳城市建设及可持续发展的重要保障措施,可以有效解决城市内涝、水资源短缺等问题,对于城市生态文明建设具有重要意义。以北京城市副中心点、线、面3种不同类型海绵体作为研究对象,利用2018年5—9月枯、丰水期采集到的345组地表水和地下水同步连续监测数据,分析了典型海绵体的地下水水化学特征及其形成机制,探讨了不同含水层之间的水力联系。同时,以Cl^-为指示因子,结合其他水化学指标,研究分析了典型面状海绵体地下水与地表水之间的交互作用及影响程度。结果显示:在垂向上,埋深10 m和20 m含水层地下水之间联系密切,且受大气降水影响明显;埋深50 m和80 m含水层组地下水与其他含水层组无明显水力联系。在平面上,线状及面状海绵体地表水对地下水的影响距离为80~100 m;随着地层埋深的增加,地表水对地下水的影响程度减弱。     

面向水源保护与污染监控的广东地下水环境监测网研究

通过系统整理分析自然资源、水利、生态环境等部门已有地下水监测网,针对广东地下水监测存在的问题和未来地下水环境管理需求,提出较大空间尺度和水质监控的地下水环境监测网建设框架及广东省"三层七级"共237个网点的层级化地下水环境监测网建设方案,并与水文地质单元、浅层地下水功能区划进行了空间叠加分析。结果表明,广东省三大部门监测网在空间上分布总体较为分散,相互补充性好,提出的监测网方案总体上与广东省地下水本底条件、地下水资源开发利用现状、地下水环境功能分区、重点污染源空间分布特征等相匹配,契合地下水饮用水源保护和重点污染源监控两大管理需求,构建的地下水环境监测网框架可为其他地区提供参考,提出的地下水环境监测网建设方案可为广东省地下水环境管理和污染防控提供决策支持。     

晴隆锑矿和煤矿矿集区岩溶地下水环境质量评估

锑是环境中广泛分布、具有慢性毒性和潜在致癌性的典型毒害重金属,是一种新兴的全球性环境污染物。过去对锑的地球化学行为研究较多,但对岩溶地下水的环境质量影响的研究较少。选择锑矿和煤矿分布广泛的贵州晴隆县境内龙摆尾地下河为研究对象,对研究区的地表水和地下水的水化学特征和污染特征进行研究,以《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)和《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)中的Ⅲ类标准值为评价标准对该地区水质予以评价。结果表明:在锑矿未开采情况下,第四系碧痕营组地下水中锑的浓度较高,平均值为1.55μg/L,最高为6.32μg/L;锑、砷的迁移受氧化还原条件的控制;岩溶地下水整体来说水质符合生活饮用水标准,但碧痕营组水中锑、锰超标,龙潭组中节理裂隙水存在pH、锰超标情况;而煤矿开采污染的地表水中锰、铁的污染具有普遍性,含量均超过地表水环境质量标准的限值,且超标倍数较大。因此,该研究区岩溶地下水可直接作为饮用水源,而碧痕营组和龙潭组中地下水须做处理后才可饮用。     

畜禽养殖场污染状况监测与评价

对河南省三个有代表性的规模化养殖场污染物排放及其对周围环境的影响进行了调查、监测及评价,结果表明,畜禽养殖污染已成为农业面源污染的重要来源,对其周围地表水和地下水产生较大影响。     

Evaluation of hydrochemical changes due to intensive aquifer exploitation: case studies from Mexico

The impact of intensive aquifer exploitation has been observed in numerous places around the world. Mexico is a representative example of this problem. In 2010, 101 out of the 653 aquifers recognized in the country, showed negative social, economic, and environmental effects related to intensive exploitation. The environmental effects include, among others, groundwater level decline, subsidence, attenuation, and drying up of springs, decreased river flow, and deterioration of water quality. This study aimed at determining the hydrochemical changes produced by intensive aquifer exploitation and highlighting water quality modifications, taking as example the Valle de Toluca, Salamanca, and San Luis Potosi aquifers in Mexico's highlands. There, elements such as fluoride, arsenic, iron, and manganese have been detected, resulting from the introduction of older groundwater with longer residence times and distinctive chemical composition (regional flows). High concentrations of other elements such as chloride, sulfate, nitrate, and vanadium, as well as pathogens, all related to anthropogenic pollution sources (wastewater infiltration, irrigation return flow, and atmospheric pollutants, among others) were also observed. Some of these elements (nitrate, fluoride, arsenic, iron, and manganese) have shown concentrations above Mexican and World Health Organization drinking water standards.     

A Compartmental Model for Stable Time-Dependent Modeling of Surface Water and Groundwater

Water resource system planners make decisions that guide water management policy. The fundamental tools for assessing management and infrastructure strategies are combined hydro-economic models of river basins (RBHE models). These models have improved the economic efficiency of water use in situations of competition for scarce water resources. In RBHE models, a groundwater model is coupled with surface water models of the various water resources. Today, the groundwater models used in an RBHE model can be of two types: cell models or numerical models. Cell models are easy to use, but they are too simple to realistically describe the geology and hydrology of the area under investigation. Numerical models, in contrast, are closer to the physical behavior of the aquifer. However, the vast quantity of data to be analyzed makes them impractical for many management scenarios. Moreover, the calibrations of these high-resolution models are generally difficult and sensitive to the variation of parameters, especially when boundary conditions are dynamic. This is the case when dynamic river data or dynamic surface lake data are present. In this work, a compartmental cell model is built on the hydrogeology of the aquifer. In this approach, the hydrogeology of the aquifer and the dynamic boundary conditions are treated with separate models. A general mathematical formulation is presented where the calibration stage, the validation stage, and the prediction stage are formulated as a series of sub-model calibrations and solved using a general least squares routine. With this approach, it becomes possible to treat both the water level and the pumping rate in each cell as variables to be predicted. In most of the models, the pumping rates are known and the goals of the computation are to estimate the groundwater level. However, when for political or technical reasons access to some of the wells is difficult, the pumping rates are only partially known. Then, both groundwater levels and pumping rates are variables to be predicted by the groundwater model. A computer program was developed using MATLAB, with a Visual Basic graphical user interface using COM technology to access the advanced mathematical libraries. The approach was implemented with a real case study of the Yarkon–Taninim aquifer in Israel. The results indicate that the method is more stable than the classical approach.     

Regional assessment of groundwater quality for drinking purpose

Owing to limited surface water during a long-term drought, this work attempted to locate clean and safe groundwater in the Choushui River alluvial fan of Taiwan based on drinking-water quality standards. Because aquifers contained several pollutants, multivariate indicator kriging (MVIK) was adopted to integrate the multiple pollutants in groundwater based on drinking- and raw-water quality standards and to explore spatial uncertainty. According to probabilities estimated by MVIK, safe zones were determined under four treatment conditions—no treatment; ammonium–N and iron removal; manganese and arsenic removal; and ammonium–N, iron, manganese, and arsenic removal. The analyzed results reveal that groundwater in the study area is not appropriate for drinking use without any treatments because of high ammonium–N, iron, manganese, and/or arsenic concentrations. After ammonium–N, iron, manganese, and arsenic removed, about 81.9–94.9% of total areas can extract safe groundwater for drinking. The proximal-fan, central mid-fan, southern mid-fan, and northern regions are the excellent locations to pump safe groundwater for drinking after treatment. Deep aquifers of exceeding 200 m depth have wider regions to obtain excellent groundwater than shallow aquifers do.     

黄兴镇硫酸锰企业污染调查与评价

就长沙县黄兴镇硫酸锰企业对周边环境的污染进行了调查研究。分析结果表明,企业周围地表、地下水均受到了较严重的污染,弃置在外的废锰渣是主要的污染源。在对锰渣毒性及分类进行了一系列的实验研究后,提出了适合当地情况的水污染治理方案和生态环境恢复建议。研究内容可以作为处理此类大规模环境污染纠纷问题的借鉴和参考。     

Design of an integrated monitoring programme in Sweden

A National Swedish Environmental Monitoring Programme, the PMK, has been designed for regular and permanent recording of environmental conditions and long-term changes in background regions, and for keeping track of the flux of pollutants in and between various media. Many of the projects involved deal with integrated monitoring of terrestrial and limnic ecosystems. This work is carried out in or near some 20 small watersheds, usually selected in national parks or nature reserves. The environmental factors monitored in these areas include concentrations of chemical substances in precipitation, soil, groundwater, surface water, and organisms, as well as biological parameters—such as the population size and reproductive capacity of certain species—that may indicate effects of environmental disturbances. The data from this programme can be used as a reference to environmental data acquired near pollution sources, and as a basis for measures against e.g. acid rain, heavy-metal pollution, and use of pesticides. The biological parameters may also reveal effects of yet unknown pollutants or other disturbances.     

Evaluation of electrochemical processes for the removal of several target aromatic hydrocarbons from petroleum contaminated water

Ground and surface water contamination resulting from the leakage of crude oil and refined petroleum products is a serious and growing environmental problem throughout the world. Consequently, a study of the use of electrochemical treatment in the clean-up was undertaken with the aim of reducing the water contamination by aromatic pollutants to more acceptable levels. In the experiments described, water contamination by refined petroleum products was simulated under laboratory conditions. Electrochemical treatment, using aluminium electrodes, has been optimised by full factorial design and surface response analysis in term of BTEX and PAHs removal and energy consumption. The optimal conditions of pH, current density, electrolysis time, electrolyte type, and electrolyte concentration have then been applied in the treatment of real water samples which were monitored as petroleum contaminated samples. Treatment results have shown that electrochemical methods could achieve the concentration of these pollutants to undetectable levels in particular groundwater and surface water, hence, they can be highly effective in the remediation of water contaminated by aromatic hydrocarbons, and the use of these processes is therefore recommended.     

水文地质调查在污染场地调查中的作用

论述污染场地调查之前开展场地水文地质调查的重要性。通过案例说明,水文地质调查能够查明场地内各土层的渗透性,判断相对隔水层和透水层的分布特征,这些信息为建立场地水文地质模型、设计污染土壤取样范围和深度、确定地下水监测井设置深度和滤网位置提供科学依据,从而有效节约调查经费,提高调查结果的准确性。     

Earth-tide-induced fluctuations in the salinity of an inland river,New South Wales,Australia: a short-term study

Wybong Creek discharges salts into the agriculturally and industrially important Hunter River in New South Wales, Australia. Abrupt increases in salinity occur periodically in the mid-Wybong Creek catchment. In order to understand the processes which cause these abrupt increases, changes in surface and groundwater were investigated. It is shown that salinity increases can be attributed to highly discrete groundwater discharge directly into the river from below. Hourly electrical conductivity data measured in the river showed regular, diurnal electrical conductivity fluctuations of up to 350 μS cm^?1. These fluctuations could not be attributed to barometric pressure, temperature, or evapotranspiration. Instead, a similar periodicity in surface water electrical conductivity and groundwater height in nearby groundwater wells was found. Fluctuations were of similar periodicity to the orthotides which cause fluctuations in surface water height and are induced by Earth tides. The geology in the mid-catchment area indicates conditions are optimal for Earth tides to impact groundwater. The reporting of orthotidal changes in water chemistry in this article is believed to be the first of its kind in the scientific literature, with the large fluctuations noted having important implications for water monitoring and management in the catchment. Further research investigating Earth-tide-induced phases of groundwater heights will better constrain the relationships between surface water chemistry and groundwater height.     

Simulations of groundwater-surface water interaction and particle movement due to the effect of weir construction in the sub-watershed of the river Labe in the town of Děčín

Steady- and transient-state simulations of groundwater flow and particle movement in the sub-watershed of the river Labe in Dě?ín town was carried out using Visual MODFLOW software. The simulations were performed for calibration and for the scenarios that the change in the water level of the river Labe was undergoing. Steady-state simulation was carried out for the sake of calibration of model outputs. For transient simulation, two different scenarios were considered in order to investigate the response of the aquifer system to the stresses applied on surface water of the river. The simulation results have shown that the surface water and groundwater interactions, and the subsequent particle movement were affected by the stresses applied on the surface water in the river Labe. The first scenario involved the rapid recharge of surface water to the aquifer in the vicinity of the river while particles still move towards the river at the places far away from the river. At the end of the second scenario, particles still tend to move towards the river slowly and finally tend to stay within the aquifer as equilibrium of hydraulic gradient is reached between the surface and groundwater levels. The time series graphs of hydraulic heads at all observation wells show that the groundwater level in the surrounding aquifer rises significantly as a result of recharges from the river. The local water balance of the study area was calculated and expressed as the rates of water entering and leaving the system. At the end of the second scenario, the difference between the rate of flow into and out of the model area was 0.73 m³ day^?1.