废水总量控制监测中主要污染物的采样技术研究

对总量控制监测中主要污染物ＣＯＤｃｒ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ在废水中的分布规律及采样点位布设进行了研究，在此基础上，提出了采用采样点位优化选择的办法以提高废水样品的空间代表性。     

化学需氧量在造纸废水中分布规律及采样点位的优化

目前对造纸废水的监测通常采取随机取样,很少考虑污染物在废水中的分布情况,所以取得的样品很难反映污染物的实际排放情况。为此,通过对某造纸厂排废废水中化学需氧量分布夫妻及采样点位的优化研究。     

污染源废水排放总量监测中采样频次的确定

实施污染物总量控制计划和跨世纪绿色工程规划,是“九五”环保目标的重要内容。废水采样频次的确定,在目前情况睛是实行污染物总量控制监测的关键。文章应用数理统计抽样误差原理确定其采样频次,在废水排放总量监测中有一一的实用价值,可供广大监测人员参考。     

无线遥控水质自动采样系统的研发与应用

针对现行废水污染源采样中存在的问题,综合应用无线通信、自动控制、信息处理等现代技术,研发无线遥控水质自动采样系统。该系统集常规采样、质控采样、比对采样、超标采样等功能于一体,并可实现采样全程的远程无线遥控,大大增强废水采样的客观性、代表性、公正性,提高工作效率和快速反应能力。     

废水污染物总量监测中采样方法的研究

通过对21家有代表性的废水污染源进行现场采样、排放曲线分析、采样频率优化的研究,确定总量监测中采样频率优化结果,为污染源总量控制监测提供技术指导。     

废水中第一类污染物的采样点位

ＧＢ８９７８－９６《污水综合排放标准》规定,“第一类污染物一律在车间或车间处理设施排放口采样。”在实际工作中执行这一规定,则必须根据生产排污特点及排水管网配置情况来设置采样点位。１车间和处理设施排放口现状目前,工厂废水排污口较为规范,但一类污染物废水...     

环境监测采样的误差来源及其质量保证

一、前言 任何环境监测计划及其实施的关键之一是保证样品具有代表性。样品的代表性广义上是指样品具有代表性的时间、空间的特性;狭义上指采样误差符合规定的采样要求。前者属采样布点的问题,后者则属采样技术的问题。由粗劣的采样方案所获得的样品往往不具有所要了解的总体的代表性,因而是无效的。同样,忽视采样过程产生的误差,不仅使监测结果的不确定度大大增加,而且严重歪曲了采样的目的。因此,有了一个比较周密合理的采样布点方案还不够,还必须有一个符合采样要求的质量保证计划与之配合,这样,才能保证环境样品的代表性。     

不同采样方法测算结果的分析与比较

通过瞬时采样、等时采样、等比例采样测算结果的分析和比较 ,说明用等比例采样法采集水样并核定出污染物的排放总量 ,解决了水样的代表性问题。     

河流监测断面垂线上分层采样的探讨

本人认为《水和废水监测分析方法》中的采样方法所采集水样的代表性欠佳,尤其在平原水网地区水流缓慢的河流上,根据水流流动的型态,加强河流监测断面垂线上的分层采样,才能使采集的水样更具有代表性.     

城市空气质量管理体系的监测技术及模式

无论在任何地点的污染物浓度都是来自不同范围内不同排放源贡献的加和。一个采样点的污染物浓度是以下几种浓度的加和:自然界的背景浓度;地区的背景浓度;采样点周边的城市平均浓度;附近排放源,如街道、点源(工厂、供热厂)等的影响。1　监测网络的设计设计监测系统网络的两种方案:(1)对城市,在人为划定的固定网格的交叉点附近设置采样点。如果交叉点靠近某个排放源,则需要仔细调整采样点的位置。这种方法导致大量的采样点,并为绘制空气污染等浓度曲线提供了可能性。其空间分配率就是网络大小的尺度。(2)采样点有选择地置于最具代表性的地方。…     

应用水跃区流体动力学特性提高含油污水采样的代表性

含油污水采样代表性问题是目前一个尚未解决的技术问题,利用水跃区的流体动力学特性,可使含油污水得到充分地混合,提高水样的代表性。     

Occurrence and distribution of benzothiazole in the Schwarzbach watershed (Germany)

This study quantifies the regional distribution of the micropollutant benzothiazole (BT) in river water by sampling 15 river sites in the Schwarzbach watershed (about 400 km(2)) from November 2008 to February 2010. Additionally, wastewater samples from three municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Germany were analyzed. BT was detected in all wastewater influent and effluent samples as well as in all river water samples collected downstream of wastewater discharge. This corroborates the ubiquitous occurrence of BT in the aqueous environment. Concentrations were between 58 and 856 ng L(-1) in the river water. The observed mean concentration at the outlet of the investigated catchment was 109 ng L(-1). With only a few exceptions, temporal and spatial variations of BT concentrations in river water were low. Rather similar BT concentrations over a wide range of river discharge indicate that dilution along the mainstream is negligible and, thus, supports the hypothesis that paved surface runoff during rain events is an important BT source not only for wastewater influent but also for river water. This was supported by detecting the highest BT concentrations at sampling locations close to the dense highway network around the city of Frankfurt. Since BT was also detected in river water collected from locations that were clearly unaffected by wastewater effluent discharge, surface runoff must be considered as a diffuse source of BT in river water.     

水污染源在线监测系统常见问题及核查方法研究

在近两年环保执法检查和调研的基础上,归纳了水污染源在线监测系统在采样、分析、数据采集传输和运行维护等方面常见的问题,进行分析,逐一提出核查方法,为现场核查提供参考,有利于水污染源在线监测系统的应用。     

Quantitative analyses of selected polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in water,soil, and sediment during winter and spring seasons from Msunduzi River,South Africa

The lack of information and the need for knowledge on the organic pollutants within the area of KwaZulu-Natal together with the global problem of water supply have prompted our investigation into the analyses of eight polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in the Msunduzi River of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Soil, sediment, and water samples were collected at ten different sites along the river during winter and spring seasons. Soil and sediment samples were extracted using ultra sonication with dichloromethane while water samples were liquid-liquid extracted using dichloromethane. All sample extracts were cleaned-up using a multi-layer silica gel column and analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Quality assurance measures were also determined. The percentage recoveries for water were 53–128 for all the PCBs analyzed, while sediment recoveries ranged between 69 and 105%. The highest total concentrations of the PCBs in sediment were 214.21–610.45 ng/g dw at the Du Toit sampling site and 30.86–444.43 ng/g dw basis at the wastewater treatment inlet for winter and spring, respectively. Soil PCB concentrations were 76.53–397.75 ng/g dw at the Msunduzi Town sampling site and 20.84–443.49 ng/g (dry weight) at the Du Toit sampling site for winter and spring, respectively. In addition, high PCB concentrations were found in effluent of the wastewater treatment inlet compared to other sampling sites, which ranged between 0.68–22.37 and 2.53–35.69 ng/mL for winter and spring seasons, respectively. In all the sampling sites selected for this study, Du Toit afforded the highest PCB concentration levels and the lowest was after chlorination at the Darvill wastewater treatment plant. The results presented are new and it is the first study of organic pollutants such as PCBs that has been carried out on this river.     

石化污水处理场排放废气中有机污染的分析与评价

采用预浓缩、气相色谱-质谱联用及脉冲火焰光度检测的方法对石化污水处理场排放的废气污染物进行了定性与定量分析,并采用相应的污染物排放标准及其人体感知嗅阈值进行了污染程度评价.结果表明,污水处理场在各个采样点位均有挥发性有机污染物和恶臭污染物检出,其中以污水进口最为严重.从检出物的浓度水平而言,苯系物和恶臭污染物均存在超标现象,而且检出的恶臭污染物浓度水平远高于人体感知嗅阈值.     

关于废水中一类污染物的采样点位

文章介绍了车间和处理设施排出口的现状,通过对各排口污染物排放量之间关系的分析,确定一类污染物采样点位的设置方法。     

Evaluation of phosphorus loads from Ontario municipal wastewater treatment plants

Results are presented from an evaluation of the nature and accuracy of phosphorus loads discharged by Ontario municipal wastewater treatment plants into the Great Lakes. Data were examined for the 96 plants treating flows in excess of 4546 m³d^-1 for the period 1981 to 1985. For the Lake Erie, Lake Ontario/St. Lawrence River and Upper Great Lakes basins, total basin phosphorus loads were classified according to type of wastewater treatment system, the type of chemical added for phosphorus removal, plant capacity, and sampling frequency. Load estimation techniques were compared using the 1985 daily data from three representative treatment plants. Annual phosphorus loads were compared using the complete data records for the plants and using Monte Carlo techniques to simulate an incomplete data record typical of once per week effluent phosphorus sampling. Potential sources of bias were identified in annual phosphorus load estimates from municipal treatment plants.     

Impact of wastewater treatment plant discharge of lidocaine, tramadol, venlafaxine and their metabolites on the quality of surface waters and groundwater

The presence of the anesthetic lidocaine (LDC), the analgesic tramadol (TRA), the antidepressant venlafaxine (VEN) and the metabolites O-desmethyltramadol (ODT) and O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV) was investigated in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents, in surface waters and in groundwater. The analytes were detected in all effluent samples and in only 64% of the surface water samples. The mean concentrations of the analytes in effluent samples from WWTPs with wastewater from only households and hospitals were 107 (LDC), 757 (TRA), 122 (ODT), 160 (VEN) and 637 ng L(-1) (ODV), while the mean concentrations in effluents from WWTPs treating additionally wastewater from pharmaceutical industries as indirect dischargers were for some pharmaceuticals clearly higher. WWTP effluents were identified as important sources of the analyzed pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in surface waters. The concentrations of the compounds found in surface waters ranged from 相似文献