废弃矿山生态复绿常用17种植物叶绿素含量及SOD和POD活力测定

选用废弃矿山绿化常用的禾本科、豆科、葡萄科和紫葳科共17种为实验材料,测定了其叶绿素各组分含量及超氧岐化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活力,结果表明:叶绿素a、b类胡萝卜素和叶片色素总质量比最高的植物分别是胡枝子、狗牙根、牧草型狗牙根和狗牙根,其质量比分别为2.46 mg/g.FW、1.10 mg/g.FW、0.32 mg/g.FW和3.63 mg/g.FW;4者质量比最低的是紫穗槐、三出叶爬山虎、芒和紫穗槐,为1.10 mg/g.FW、0.48 mg/g.FW、0.08 mg/g.FW和1.70 mg/g.FW。ωa(叶绿素a)/ωb(叶绿素b)最高的是牧草型狗牙根,为3.03 mg/g.FW,最低的是芒,仅为1.65 mg/g.FW。POD和SOD活力最高的是网络崖豆藤和芒,达477.00 U和217.20 U,最低的是牧草型狗牙根和紫穗槐,仅为24 U和39.43 U。     

铅锌矿区土壤微生物区系及酶活性调查

通过对四川省汉源县富泉乡万顺铅锌矿区土壤微生物区系及微生物活性的调查，结果表明，铅锌矿区土壤几种重金属含量明显高于临近非矿区土壤。该矿区土壤微生物区系组成和微生物活性显著不同于临近非矿区土壤，随着重金属含量的增加，土壤微生物数量、微生物多样性指数、微生物生物量碳以及纤维素分解强度均显著降低，但土壤基础呼吸却明显升高；土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶对铅锌矿较为敏感，而蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶受到的抑制作用不明显。     

大气污染对城市绿化植物叶片叶绿素含量的影响

研究了南阳市城市大气对该市5种常见城市绿化植物叶片叶绿素(a、b)含量比例(Ca/Cb)以及叶片叶绿素总含量(Ct)的影响。通过研究发现,污染严重的南阳卷烟厂区域植物叶片叶绿素Ca/Cb值相对较高,叶绿素总含量(Ct)相对较低;无污染的对照区域(南阳师范学院院内绿化区)植物叶片叶绿素Ca/Cb值相对较低,叶片叶绿素总含量(Ct)相对较高。通过数据分析,进一步得出了5种常见城市绿化植物抗大气污染能力的大小:女贞>大叶黄杨>月季>金叶女贞>三叶草。     

兰州市大气污染对绿化树种叶绿素含量的影响

为了筛选出兰州市大气污染的抗性树种和敏感监测树种,对树种的叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量进行了测定,运用spss11.5软件分析。研究发现:同一绿化树种在不同功能区的叶绿素含量不同,存在极显著性的差异。随着功能区污染程度的加深,绿化树种的叶绿素含量(ωa、ωb、ωa+ωb)呈现减小的趋势,但叶绿素ωa/ωb值却呈现增大的趋势。绿化树种抗污染能力为:杨树小叶黄杨椿树国槐圆柏,兰州市主要功能区的污染程度为:兰炼厂区兰化厂区橡胶厂西关西站交大兴隆山。     

蕹菜Cd-PSC根际土壤酶和微生物特征研究

通过自制根箱试验,研究了在两种不同镉浓度的农田土上,蕹菜Cd-PSC和non-Cd-PSC两个品种根际土壤酶和微生物的特征。结果表明:蕹菜根际土壤五种酶(脲酶,转化酶,酸碱磷酸酶,蛋白酶)活性和三类微生物(细菌、真菌、放线菌)数量都显著大于非根际土壤(p0.01)。在同一土壤上,蕹菜品种间酶活性和微生物数量均存在基因型差异(p0.05);在两种土壤上,脲酶、转化酶、蛋白酶在两个品种间表现不一致,而酸碱磷酸酶则一直表现为Cd-PSC的根际酶活性小于non-Cd-PSC的活性。Cd-PSC的根系细菌、放线菌的数量极显著小于non-Cd-PSC的根系土壤中的数量,而真菌数量却显著大于non-Cd-PSC的数量。     

地表水浮游植物叶绿素a测定方法比较研究

比较了浮游植物叶绿素a测定方法中的丙酮萃取法和热乙醇萃取法.结果表明,应用反复冻融植物细胞的丙酮萃取法对地表水中浮游植物叶绿素a的萃取率显著高于其他方法,且重复测定的精密度较高.     

砷在不同物候期香蒲中的分布及其生理影响

为研究砷(As)在挺水植物中的富集和植物的逆境适应特征,以香蒲(Typha angustifolius L.)为例,通过水培模拟实验,研究As(浓度为0、0.5、2.0、5.0、10.0 mg/L)胁迫下不同物候期(生长期、花果期、枯黄期)香蒲叶组织和亚细胞水平As的分布特征及对活性氧代谢的生理影响。结果表明:香蒲叶组织As含量随As胁迫浓度的增加呈现逐渐升高的趋势;随着香蒲的生长(生长期、花果期、枯黄期),叶组织中As含量呈现先升高后下降的趋势,As含量在生长期最高,表明生长期的香蒲对As的富集积累能力最强。在As胁迫下,随着香蒲的生长,叶细胞壁和细胞液中As的分布比例之和为63.5%~84.5%,表明细胞壁和细胞液组分是香蒲储存As的主要部位。As对不同物候期香蒲叶中过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响与As浓度呈正相关,对过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性产生低促高抑的作用,在不同物候期,POD与CAT存在互补关系,表明香蒲通过限制As细胞壁的固持和细胞液的区隔化来降低As的毒害;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)含量随香蒲生长和As浓度增加均显著增加,表明抗氧化酶相互协作是香蒲应对As胁迫的重要策略。     

长期污水处理下无植物BRC渗透性能及脱氮性能间变化规律

通过对系统渗透系数及氮素浓度变化的长期监测,考察长期污水处理条件下无植物生物滞留池(Biological Re-tention Cell,BRC)渗透性能及脱氮性能之间的变化规律.结果表明,无植物BRC在长期污水处理运行过程中,TN去除率随着渗透系数的降低而降低.脱氮效率降低是由于系统内基质堵塞导致,渗透系数降低是由于系统内无机/有机化合物在基质内部颗粒间隙的积累、基质间隙生物量的积累,以及气体气隔作用导致的装置堵塞.对于COD和TP等其他污染物指标,生物滞留系统有较明显的去除效果且具稳定性,氮素较低的去除率为BRC系统的主要约束性指标.     

水体中藻类叶绿素a提取方法的比较

考察超声波法、反复冻融法、热乙醇法对小球藻和微囊藻中叶绿素a的提取效果,并与标准方法作比对。结果表明,4种提取方法中,标准方法对藻类提取效果稍逊,热乙醇法对小球藻的提取效果好,而超声波法和反复冻融法对微囊藻的提取效果好。建议针对不同水体中的优势藻类,标准方法可结合热乙醇法和超声波法,用乙醇替换丙酮作为叶绿素a的提取溶剂,并增加超声波破碎步骤,以提高叶绿素a的提取效率。     

土壤环境中锑的生物毒性评价方法比较

锑的生物毒性测试可以间接反映锑及其化合物对生物与生态系统的影响。在简要介绍锑在土壤环境中赋存特征的基础上,综述了不同类型生物对土壤及其浸提液中锑的毒性响应,比较了不同的生物毒性测试方法在土壤环境中锑污染识别的可行性及适应性,并提出了考虑土壤性质及老化时间对锑生物毒性评价的影响,以及使用不同营养等级指示生物(微生物、动物和植物)评价等建议。     

危险废物生态毒性鉴别指标研究

生态毒性是危险废物的危险特性鉴别指标之一,生态毒性鉴别指标确定的基础是关于毒性化学物质和固体废物的生态毒理学(评估指标)研究.比较研究了国外毒性物质和危险废物的生态毒性鉴别指标及其制定的方法学,分析了中国的研究现状,对中国危险废物生态毒性鉴别指标制定的方法学提出了建议.     

Clastogenicity of landfarming soil treated with sugar cane vinasse

The addition of nutrients and/or soil bulking agents is used in bioremediation to increase microbial activity in contaminated soils. For this purpose, some studies have assessed the effectiveness of vinasse in the bioremediation of soils contaminated with petroleum waste. The present study was aimed at investigating the clastogenic/aneugenic potential of landfarming soil from a petroleum refinery before and after addition of sugar cane vinasse using the Allium cepa bioassay. Our results show that the addition of sugar cane vinasse to landfarming soil potentiates the clastogenic effects of the latter probably due the release of metals that were previously adsorbed into the organic matter. These metals may have interacted synergistically with petroleum hydrocarbons present in the landfarming soil treated with sugar cane vinasse. We recommend further tests to monitor the effects of sugar cane vinasse on soils contaminated with organic wastes.     

Ecotoxicological and microbiological characterization of soils from heavy-metal- and hydrocarbon-contaminated sites

The aims of this study were to characterize soils from industrial sites by combining physicochemical, microbiological, and ecotoxicological parameters and to assess the suitability of these assays for evaluation of contaminated sites and ecological risk assessment. The soil samples were taken from long-term contaminated sites containing high amounts of heavy metals (sites 1 and 2) or petroleum hydrocarbons (site 3) located in the upper Silesia Industrial Region in southern Poland. Due to soil heterogeneity, large differences between all investigated parameters were measured. Microbiological properties revealed the presence of high numbers of viable hetrotrophic microorganisms. Soil enzyme activities were considerably reduced or could not be detected in contaminated soils. Activities involved in N turnover (N mineralization and nitrification) were significantly (P?<?0.05) higher in samples from the metal-contaminated sites than in samples from the hydrocarbon-contaminated site, whereas the opposite was observed for phosphatase activity. The Microtox test system appeared to be the most appropriate to detect toxicity and significant differences in toxicity between the three sites. The Ostracodtoxkit test was the most appropriate test system to detect toxicity in the hydrocarbon-contaminated soil samples. Correlation analysis between principal components (obtained from factor analysis) determined for physicochemical, microbiological, and ecotoxicological soil properties demonstrated the impact of total and water-extractable contents of heavy metals on toxicity.     

快速溶剂萃取红外分光光度法测定土壤中石油类

研究快速溶剂萃取红外分光法对土壤中石油类的提取效果,并与超声波萃取红外分光法比较.结果表明,快速溶剂萃取对土壤中的石油类的回收率高,精密度好,方法快速简便.     

红外法测定土壤中石油烃的改进研究

通过气相色谱-质谱法定性解析红外法测定土壤中石油烃的各前处理阶段萃取物组分变化情况,探讨了用石油醚萃取土壤中石油烃空白高的原因,发现采用二氯甲烷为萃取剂,空白值低且精密度提高.     

Characterization and validation of a Portuguese natural reference soil to be used as substrate for ecotoxicological purposes

This study describes the first attempt to validate a Portuguese natural soil (PTRS1) to be used as reference soil for ecotoxicological purposes, aimed to both: (i) obtain ecotoxicological data for the derivation of Soil Screening Values (SSVs) with regional relevance, acting as a substrate to be spiked with ranges of concentrations of the chemicals under evaluation and (ii) act as control and as substrate for the dilution of contaminated soils in ecotoxicological assays performed to evaluate the ecotoxicity of contaminated soils, in tier 2 of risk assessment frameworks, applied to contaminated lands. The PTRS1 is a cambisol from a granitic area integrated in the Central Iberian Zone. After chemical characterization of the soil in terms of pseudo-total metals, PAHs, PCBs and pesticide contents, it was possible to perceive that some metals (Ba, Be, Co, Cr and V) surpass the Dutch Target Values (Dtvs) corrected for the percentage of organic matter and clay of the PTRS1. Nevertheless, these metals displayed total concentrations below the background total concentrations described for Portuguese soils in general. The same was observed for aldrin, endosulfan I, endosulfan II, heptachlor epoxide, and heptachlor; however the Dtvs corrected become negligible. The performance of invertebrate and plant species, commonly used in standard ecotoxicological assays, was not compromised by both soil properties and soil metal contents. The results obtained suggest that the PTRS1 can be used as a natural reference soil in ecotoxicological assays carried out under the scope of ecological risk assessment.     

Risk of boron and heavy metal pollution from agro-industrial wastes applied for plant nutrition

In this study, the effects of various agro-industrial wastes were investigated when applied to soil alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers, regarding the risks of boron and heavy metal pollution of soils and plants. Nine combinations of production residues from various agro-industries, urban wastes, and mineral fertilizers were applied to potatoes in a field experiment. The content of available boron in the soil differed significantly (p < 0.05) among the applications. Generally, B values were found to be slightly higher when soapstock, prina, and blood were used alone or in combination. Although total Co, Cd, and Pb contents of soils showed no significant differences between the applications, Cr content differed significantly (p < 0.05). No pollution risk was observed in soil in respect to total Co, Cd, Pb, and Cr contents. The amount of boron and heavy metals in leaves showed no significant differences among the applications. Cobalt, Cd, and Pb in leaves were at normal levels whereas Cr was slightly above normal but well under the critical level. Boron was low in tubers and varied significantly between applications such as Co and Cd. The Co content of tubers was high, Cd and Cr contents were below average, and Pb content was between the given values. Some significant correlations were found between soil characteristics and the boron and heavy metal content of soil, leaves, and tubers.     

超声波萃取-红外分光光度法测定土壤中石油类

采用超声波萃取-红外分光光度法测定土壤中石油类,并对超声波机的功率、水浴温度和萃取时间进行优化.试验表明：方法在0mg/L～80.0mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数r为0.9997;方法检出限为6.00μg/L,当取土壤样品10.0g时,方法检出限为0.03mg/kg;空白土壤的加标回收率为97.4% ～103%;测定实际土壤样品的RSD为3.0% ～3.9%.通过比较超声波萃取、四氯化碳热浸法和快速溶剂萃取法的前处理效果,显示出超声波萃取法的优越性.     

石油化工园区周边土壤中多环芳烃的分布研究

采集锦州市石油六厂工业区、交通运输区及农业区土壤,采用高效液相色谱/质谱联用仪分析测定土样中16种PAHs的总含量(∑PAHs):工业区均值为386.19μg/kg、交通运输区均值为328.54μg/kg、农业区均值为192.64μg/kg;致癌性PAHs的总含量(∑PAHscare):工业区均值为147.97μg/kg、交通运输区均值为131.52μg/kg、农业区均值为73.83μg/kg;不同功能区PAHs成分组成规律基本一致,PAHs以3环和4环为主,土壤中PAHs成分比例规律为4环>3环>2环>5环>6环;无论是土壤中∑PAHs还是∑PAHscare含量规律,都为工业区>交通运输区>农业区。工业区石油类污染较为严重,交通运输区及农业区土壤中PAHs污染主要来源于化石燃料的燃烧及农业用品的施用。     

Assessment of the effects of Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb soil contamination by ecotoxicological tests

This study aimed to assess soil quality by chemical and ecotoxicological investigations and to check the correspondence between soil metal concentrations and ecotoxicity. For these purposes, surface soils collected at four adjacent roadside urban parks and at a former industrial area were characterized for C/N, organic matter content, texture, and pH. Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb, chosen among the most representative soil metal contaminants, were measured as total content and as available and water soluble fractions. In addition, the total concentrations of the investigated metals were used to calculate two chemical indices: the contamination and the potential ecological risk factors. The toxicity of the investigated soils was evaluated by an ecotoxicity test battery carried out on both soil samples (Vibrio fischeri, Heterocypris incongruens and Sinapis alba) and elutriates (Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna and Selenastrum capricornutum). The findings, both by the chemical and ecotoxicological approaches, would suggest that the soils with high metal contamination pose ecological risks. On the other hand, moderately metal contaminated soils did not exclude soil ecotoxicity. In fact, toxic effects were also highlighted in soils with low metal content, toxicity being affected by metal availability and soil characteristics. Moreover, the results suggest the importance of using a battery of tests to assess soil ecotoxicity.