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1.
分析2014—2016年江苏省O3污染状况,以及苏北、苏中和苏南3个典型区域O3年度、季度、日变化和频度占比等分布特征。结果表明,江苏省的O3空间分布呈现北低南高,2014—2016年的O3超标占比由18.4%上升至34.9%;2016年苏北、苏中和苏南地区O3-8h第90百分位数与2014年相比,上升2.7%,21.8%和3.3%;3个区域夏季O3-8h均值最高,春、秋2季次之,冬季最低;O3-1h日变化呈单峰状态,最低值出现在06:00—07:00,最高值出现在15:00—16:00;2016年3个地区的O3频度占比均呈正态分布,主要集中在40~80 μg/m3,所占比例均>15%;苏中和苏南区域2016和2014年相比O3频率占比的变化幅度较大,苏北地区变化幅度不大。指出,江苏省的O3污染程度在逐年提高,污染范围从苏南逐渐往中部和北部城市扩大。  相似文献   

2.
基于2016—2019年全国城市环境空气质量国控监测点位自动监测数据,分析了汾渭平原城市空气质量状况。结果表明:2019年,汾渭平原优良天数比例为61.7%,略高于"2+26"城市,明显低于全国及其他区域,空气污染较重。2016—2019年,汾渭平原超标天数中PM2.5、PM10、O3作为首要污染物的占比较高,PM2.5、PM10仍是影响汾渭平原空气质量的最主要污染物,O3和NO2的影响逐年升高。汾渭平原PM2.5浓度呈夏季低、秋冬季高的特点,2019年与2016—2018年PM2.5均值比较,1、2、4月分别偏高7.5%、36.7%、6.8%,其他月份均偏低,表明1、2、4月空气质量总体恶化,其他月份有所改善。汾渭平原O3浓度呈夏季高、秋冬季低的特点,O3浓度总体呈升高趋势,年平均升高10.3 μg/m3,临汾市年平均升幅最显著(26.7 μg/m3),不同百分位O3浓度均呈升高趋势,且高百分位浓度升幅明显高于低百分位浓度,年平均升幅最高出现在第90百分位浓度。2016—2019年,O3单项污染物超标导致优良天数比例损失分别为5.4个百分点、13.0个百分点、11.1个百分点和14.4个百分点,总体呈上升趋势,表明O3超标对空气质量影响越来越显著。煤炭消耗量、生铁产量、粗钢产量的大幅升高对空气质量有一定影响,建议加大对相关企业污染物的排放量检查,确保超低排放或采取可行的清洁能源替代。温度与O3浓度呈正相关,2017—2019年,温度大于25 ℃的天数中94.2%出现在6—8月,O3-8h超标天数占全部超标天数的81.4%,因此应加强温度较高月份的O3管控。  相似文献   

3.
基于2013—2022年全国339个地级及以上城市环境空气质量监测数据,分析了10年来环境空气质量变化特征。结果表明,2013—2022年全国环境空气质量持续改善,74个重点城市ρ(PM2.5)从2013年的68μg/m3降至2022年的29μg/m3,降幅为57.4%;一次排放污染物ρ(SO2)和ρ(NO2)10年降幅分别为71.9%和27.6%,ρ(CO)自2015年以来下降42.1%;全国ρ(O3)波动变化,受高温干旱影响,2019和2022年ρ(O3)为148和145μg/m3,其他年份ρ(O3)在137~139μg/m3波动。全国74个重点城市优良天数比例从2013年的65.7%上升至2022年的83.0%,相当于10年间每个城市优良天数增加65d;重污染天数比例从2013年的7.9%下降至2022年的0.6%,重污染天数减少90%。2020—2022年,90%以上的非沙尘重污染天出现在秋冬季(11—12月和1—2月),夏秋季O3超标问题对优良天数比例影响显著,建议进一步强化重点区域污染联防联控与重点城市大气污染防治,加强多污染物协同治理,推进空气质量持续改善。  相似文献   

4.
利用海口市区4个站点2013—2018年臭氧(O3)逐时观测资料,分析了O3不同时间尺度变化特征、超标情况及其与前体物NO2和气象因子的关系。结果表明:海口市区O3浓度总体偏低,但2013—2018年各站点均有明显的上升趋势,海大站、海师站、龙华站和秀英站的气候倾向率分别为1.26、3.84、3.02、2.93 μg/(m3·a),其中海师站、龙华站和秀英站分别通过了95%、98%、90%的信度检验。秋、冬季海口市O3浓度最高,其中10月O3浓度月平均最大值出现的概率最大,最小值主要出现在8月。O3浓度日变化表现为单峰型,早晨08:00前后O3浓度最低,午后15:00最高。海大站超标率最高(2.82%),海师站和龙华站次之,秀英站最小。4个站点的超标日O3浓度均逐年上升,表明海口市O3超标现象在恶化。O3浓度与日照时间成正相关关系,与相对湿度成负相关关系。当相对湿度为60%~85%、日最高气温为20~30℃时,海口市发生O3浓度超标的概率较高。  相似文献   

5.
江苏省2013-2016年臭氧时空分布特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
利用2013-2016年江苏省国控空气自动站获得的臭氧(O3)观测数据,探讨江苏省O3时空变化特征。结果表明,自2013年以来江苏省大气氧化剂OX (O3和NO2)和O3浓度呈逐年升高趋势,升高速率分别为0.98×10-9a-1和3.70 μg/(m3·a),O3增幅在我国处于较高水平。在O3空间分布上,东部沿海O3浓度相对高于西部内陆,O3浓度高值由沿海地区逐渐向内陆辐散,呈现出区域性O3污染。结合经验正交分解进行聚类统计检验,结果显示江苏省O3分区主要分为苏南、苏中和苏北3类,与江苏省经济发展水平表现出一定的同步性。  相似文献   

6.
山东省2015年PM2.5和O3污染时空分布特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
利用中国环境监测总站的城市空气质量自动监测数据,分析了2015年山东省细颗粒物(PM2.5)和臭氧(O3)污染的时空分布特征,并初步探讨了其与气象要素的相互关系。研究发现:山东省PM2.5年均质量浓度和年超标天数的空间分布均呈现由东部向西部递增的趋势,半岛地区的浓度最低,其他地区浓度均较高,年均质量浓度最大值出现在德州(101 μg/m3)。各城市PM2.5的月均质量浓度均呈现出季节性变化,冬季最高,夏季最低。O3-8h年均值和O3年超标天数的空间分布与PM2.5不同,半岛地区污染天数最少,其次为南部地区,中部地区和西北部地区污染最为严重并且各区域的城市之间O3污染情况存在较大差异,具有明显的局地性特征。O3质量浓度在春末夏初最高,超标现象主要出现在5—8月。分析各城市PM2.5污染和O3污染的协同性与差异性发现,虽然不同城市之间两者污染情况存在一定差异,但整体上看,山东省大气复合污染特征明显,全年有10个城市的PM2.5和O3同时超标天数都在20 d以上,并且该现象主要发生在夏季。夏季高温低湿的大陆气团控制更有利于O3和PM2.5叠加共存形成复合型污染。温度≥26℃时,O3-8 h与PM2.5日均质量浓度的相关系数为0.63,相对湿度≤60%时,两者相关系数为0.69。此外,当在大陆气团的控制下发生O3污染时,相对湿度的提高更有利于PM2.5浓度的增加。  相似文献   

7.
为掌握滨海城市环境空气质量变化特征,为污染精准管控和打赢蓝天保卫战提供科学参考,以沿海重要中心城市青岛市为研究区域,基于青岛市9个国控空气监测点位监测结果,对2013—2019年青岛市6项空气污染物浓度监测结果进行分析,总结归纳青岛市空气质量时间变化特征。结果表明:2019年,青岛市空气质量超标,超标指标为颗粒物;青岛市2014年空气质量最差,2018年空气质量最好;2013—2019年,青岛市O3浓度总体呈上升趋势,其余5项污染物浓度呈下降趋势;青岛市环境空气主要污染物是PM2.5,其次是O3;青岛市空气质量冬季差于其他季节,春节期间烟花爆竹燃放等人为活动使空气质量变差。  相似文献   

8.
为研究云南省臭氧(O3)污染特征及其与气象因子的关系,基于统计学方法及ArcGIS空间差异分析、线性趋势分析、空间离散系数等方法,对全省16个市(州)2015—2017年33个环境监测站点的监测数据进行了研究。结果表明:研究期间,O3逐渐取代其他大气常规污染物成为首要污染物,其浓度变化范围为19~138 μg/m3。云南省各市(州)O3浓度年变化呈现周期性,月度峰值集中出现在春季(3—5月);日变化呈单峰形,峰值集中在14:00—17:00。O3浓度的空间格局由纵向集聚为主转变为横向集聚为主,各集聚区交错分布,低值区由西北部转移到西南部;O3浓度增长率为正的区域集中于东北部和中部,面积约为20.81万km2,占全省总面积的54.29%,其余半环状区域增长率为负。迪庆州O3污染情况与其他市(州)明显不同,且受其他市(州)传输的影响较小。气象因子对O3浓度的影响随时间和地域条件的变化而变化,对典型市(州)(迪庆州、丽江市、昭通市)O3浓度影响最大的为偏南风,影响的浓度区间为20~160 μg/m3。  相似文献   

9.
为研究宁波市大气污染状况及其影响因素,利用2013—2018年宁波市国控站点实时监测污染物数据以及气象数据,探讨分析了宁波市大气污染特征以及所受气象因素的影响概况。结果表明:宁波市颗粒物污染和O3污染呈现典型的季节性特征,颗粒物浓度冬季最高,O3最大滑动8 h平均质量浓度春、秋季最高。宁波市O3污染问题越来越突出,且呈现出春、秋季O3超标天数最多的季节变化特征。O3小时质量浓度与气温和太阳辐射成正相关关系,NO2和颗粒物浓度与气温成负相关关系。NO2与O3浓度成负相关关系,与颗粒物浓度成正相关关系。  相似文献   

10.
为科学谋划赣州市“十四五”期间大气污染防治工作,重点对赣州市“十三五”期间整体空气质量变化情况,以及影响赣州市优良天数的两个重要参数——臭氧(O3)和细颗粒物(PM2.5)的污染规律进行了分析。结果表明,赣州市“十三五”期间空气质量改善明显,优良天数整体增加。O3浓度和O3超标天数占总污染天数的比例整体均呈现波动上升趋势,对空气质量综合指数的贡献率逐年增加;高浓度O3污染通常发生在干燥、高温条件下,高发期主要集中在4—5月和7—11月,空间分布呈西高东低的特点,与2018年大气污染源排放清单中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的排放量分布情况较为一致。PM2.5浓度呈逐年下降趋势,在2019年和2020年达到国家空气质量二级标准;PM2.5污染天数在2016年同比增加26 d,而后逐年减少,其中2020年较2015年减少了12 d;PM2.5浓度的季节变化特征整体呈现为冬季高、春秋次之、夏季低,空间分布特征与O3类似。建议赣州市在“十四五”期间以PM2.5和O3协同治理为主要思路,继续深入打好蓝天保卫战。  相似文献   

11.
微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬   总被引:24,自引:5,他引:24       下载免费PDF全文
用微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜,锌,铅,镉,镍和铬。通过硝酸-氢氟酸-过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解,选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸-盐酸-过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸-氢氟酸-过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验,发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解,后者能将样品消解完全,但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽,否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比,操作简便快速,可提高工作效率。  相似文献   

12.
Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor 3H, 90Sr, total U, 238Pu, 239, 240Pu,241Am, and 137Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10-3 mSv y-1and 1.6 × 10-3 mSv y-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10-4 mGyd-1 and 4.7 × 10-4 mGy d-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.  相似文献   

13.
An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO2 emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.   相似文献   

14.
The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> -1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.  相似文献   

15.
This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.  相似文献   

16.
The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.  相似文献   

17.
A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.  相似文献   

18.
The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.  相似文献   

19.
The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.  相似文献   

20.
Assessments of long-term relationships between changes innutrient inputs and wetland nutrient concentrations can becomplicated by fluctuations in other environmental factors aswell as by problems typical of long-term monitoring data.Consequently, statistical analysisof these types of data sets requirescareful consideration of environmental covariates, potentialbiases in the monitoring design, and irregularities caused bychanges in field sampling protocols. We evaluated therelationship between anthropogenic phosphorus (P) inputs andwater-column total P (TP) concentrations in a northernEverglades marsh by statistically analyzing available datacollected from several sampling programs over the past 20 years(1978–1997). Canal inputs of agricultural runoff contributemost of the P to the marsh and have produced a zone ofenrichment within the marsh during the past few decades.Regression analyses showed that both canal and marsh TPconcentrations increased during the 1980s and then decreased inthe 1990s. However, the statistical relationship between canal Pinputs and marsh TP, while significant, generally was weakexcept for marsh locations adjacent to the canal. Strongerrelationships existed between marsh TP and hydrologic parameterssuch as marsh water depth, which is controlled by changes inweather patterns and marsh management. In particular, dryconditions during the 1980s may have contributed to observedincreases in marsh P concentrations and the movement of a P`front' further into the marsh. Higher rainfall and water depthsand agricultural best management programs initiated during the1990s have been associated with reduced P concentrations incanal waters entering the marsh. While it is anticipated thatthis reduction eventually will result in lower marsh TPconcentrations, this effect is not yet evident, possibly due tointernal loading of P from enriched marsh soils. Our findingsillustrate some of the environmental factors that can complicateattempts to develop empirical relationships between P inputs andwetland P concentrations and to use such relationships to forecast changesin marsh concentrations based on past monitoring data alone.  相似文献   

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