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1.
本文提出一种新的连续测定PPb级金、银、铜、铁、铋的分析方法.在PH1.00的硝酸介质中,用甲苯萃取经浮选分离富集的离子缔合三元络合物(M)-硫氰酸盐(SCN)-罗丹明B(RB)于第三相,并直接用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定.实验确立了M-SCN-RB的缔合反应体系的最佳条件。方法具有灵敏度高,选择性好,操作简便.可连续测定多种金属元素等优点.适用于环境和地质样品的分析,结果令人满意.  相似文献   

2.
本文用国产填料YWG-C_(18)H_(37)反相色谱柱,选用表面活性剂溴化十六烷基三甲胺(CTAB)的甲醇水溶液作流动相,研究了各种阴离子的洗脱行为,对各种影响柱效和分离的因素进行了探讨,建立了测定NO_3~-、NO_2~-、IO_3~-、I~-的方法,方法可用于天然水和污水中PPb级阴离子的测定.  相似文献   

3.
硝化过程BOD5的测定研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
研究了亚甲基蓝,硫脲,亚甲基蓝/硫脲,酸碱预处理,改变稀释水pH值五种预处理方法对硝化过程BOD5测量的影响.亚甲基蓝在抑制硝化过程同时,抑制碳化阶段.硫脲在抑制硝化过程时,本身存在可生化降解问题.亚甲基蓝/硫脲在稀释水中浓度各为1.3mg/L时,对硝化过程有很好抑制作用,又不影响碳化阶段.酸碱预处理及改变稀释水pH,效果不佳.  相似文献   

4.
离子色谱对降水中有机酸的测定   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
采用通常分析无机阴离子时的YSA阴离子分离柱,使用四硼酸钠淋洗液,可对降水中的甲酸、乙酸、F-等离子同时进行分析.其它无机阴离子不干扰测定.本方法可测定浓度为ppm或PPb级的有机酸,变异系数在2.3%以下,精密度良好.  相似文献   

5.
示波极谱法同时测定痕量硒和砷   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
在盐酸——酒石酸锑钾介质中,Se(Ⅳ 在-0.59~V左右产生示波极谱波,波高与Se(Ⅳ)浓度在1.26×10(~-8)~1.26×10(~-4)mol/l范围呈良好线性关系,检出下限5.0×10(~-9)mol/l.在相同底液中,并当Se(Ⅳ)浓度大于2.5×10(~-6)mol/l时,AS(Ⅲ)在-0.79~V左右也有一良好极谱波,波高与浓度在5.3×10(~-7) ~2.6×10(~-4)mol/l之间呈良好的线性关系,检出下限 2.7×10(~-7)mol/l.Se(Ⅳ) 、As (Ⅲ)两波峰电位相差较大,可在同一底液中同时测定.  相似文献   

6.
在PH=9.18.TritonX—100共存的条件下,4(2—吡啶偶氮)—间苯二酚(简称PAR)与PPb级的锌、铅、镉、铜、铁、锰及镍可要时形成水溶性的有色络合物。在多个波长处测定总吸收值,建立各组分浓度与总吸收值之间的数学关系,借助计算机进行计算,可同时求得以上七组分各自的浓度。考虑到偏离朗伯—比耳定律较大的组分问题,建立了非线性算法和程序,使本方法的计算分析部分适用于更一般的混合物测定。  相似文献   

7.
水溶液直接进样气相色谱法测定饮用水中卤代烃   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
水溶液直接进样气相色谱法是测定饮用水中PPb级卤代烃的准确、快速、简便方法。本法用1%SE—30GDX—103柱以便提高分离效率。由于~(63)Ni电子捕获检测器的特征,在进样1(?)l时,测定就有足够的准确度、精密度和灵敏度。  相似文献   

8.
中华人民共和国水利行业标准(SL 327.1-2005)和中华人民共和国城镇建设行业标准(CJ/T 51-2004)分别对原子荧光法测定水中砷作了一定的阐述,但两者对硫脲—抗坏血酸溶液的加入量有不同的规定,本文就这两种方法分别作了相应的实验,对两者的检出限、精密度以及加标回收率进行比较分析,得出两者在砷的测定方面没有显著差异。  相似文献   

9.
以长江中游荆江航道整治河段范围5处取水口为采样目标,沿相应工程干流采集水样。采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS)法和美国环保局推荐健康风险评价法(HRA),分析了5处取水口水中3种酞酸酯(PAEs)的含量及健康风险性。结果表明,荆江河段航道整治范围5处取水口水中邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)均可检出,且丰水期仅DEHP含量显著高于枯水期,但含量均未超过中国《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)集中式地表水水源地特定项目标准限值;水中DEHP、DBP、DEP经饮水途径非致癌风险小于1,DEHP致癌风险小于10~(-6),均满足USEPA推荐的健康风险可接受水平(健康风险值小于10~(-6)),亦未超过国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受风险水平(5. 0×10~(-5)a~(-1))。荆江河段航道整治范围饮用水源水中DEHP、DBP、DEP污染风险较小。由于PAEs是一类典型的环境内分泌干扰物,在长江水体普遍可检出,存在着一定潜在的风险性,在航道整治过程水源地环境风险管理中需加强监测和防控。  相似文献   

10.
本文论述了用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定水中重金属的一种新方法.水中的重金属可以被具模过滤槽中的水溶性高分子化合物持留,本文也讨论了影响重金属测定的各种因素.用聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)和聚硫脲(PTU)作为螯合性高分子试剂的方法已在测定饮用水和河水中的Ni、Cu、Zn、Hg和Cd中得到了应用,这些重金属经pH为7的2%PEI溶液浓缩250倍后能够被测出,回收率至少可达到92%,检出限(ng/ml)Cu为0.012.Zn0.006.Ni 0.03.Cd 0.004.Hg(冷蒸汽法)0.0001.当使用一种新型的具模过滤槽时.甚至可以获得更高的浓集系数.从而可以测定更低浓度的重金属.  相似文献   

11.
微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬   总被引:29,自引:5,他引:24       下载免费PDF全文
用微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜,锌,铅,镉,镍和铬。通过硝酸-氢氟酸-过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解,选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸-盐酸-过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸-氢氟酸-过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验,发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解,后者能将样品消解完全,但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽,否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比,操作简便快速,可提高工作效率。  相似文献   

12.
An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO2 emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.   相似文献   

13.
Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor 3H, 90Sr, total U, 238Pu, 239, 240Pu,241Am, and 137Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10-3 mSv y-1and 1.6 × 10-3 mSv y-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10-4 mGyd-1 and 4.7 × 10-4 mGy d-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.  相似文献   

14.
The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> -1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.  相似文献   

15.
The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.  相似文献   

16.
This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.  相似文献   

17.
A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.  相似文献   

18.
The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.  相似文献   

19.
The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.  相似文献   

20.
The stable nitrogen isotope ratios of some biota have been used as indicators of sources of anthropogenic nitrogen. In this study the relationships of the stable nitrogen isotope ratios of marsh plants, Iva frutescens (L.), Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex Steud, Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl, Spartina alterniflora Loisel, Ulva lactuca (L.), and Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) with wastewater nitrogen and land development in New England are described. Five of the six plant species (all but U. lactuca) showed significant relationships of increasing δ 15N values with increasing wastewater nitrogen. There was a significant (P < 0.0001) downward shift in the δ 15N of S. patens (6.0 ± 0.48‰) which is mycorrhizal compared with S. alterniflora (8.5 ± 0.41‰). The downward shift in δ 15N may be caused by the assimilation of fixed nitrogen in the roots of S. patens. P. australis within sites had wide ranges of δ 15N values, evidently influenced by the type of shoreline development or buffer at the upland border. In residential areas, the presence of a vegetated buffer (n = 24 locations) significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the δ 15N (mean = 7.4 ± 0.43‰) of the P. australis compared to stands where there was no buffer (mean = 10.9 ± 1.0‰; n = 15). Among the plant species, I. frutescens located near the upland border showed the most significant (R 2 = 0.64; P = 0.006) inverse relationship with the percent agricultural land in the watershed. The δ 15N of P. australis and I. frustescens is apparently an indicator of local inputs near the upland border, while the δ 15N of Spartina relates with the integrated, watershed-sea nitrogen inputs.  相似文献   

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