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1.
安徽某燃煤电厂周边土壤汞分布特征及风险评价   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
结合当地气象条件,采集了安徽某燃煤电厂周边地区的土壤,采用冷原子吸收法测定其汞含量,应用地统计学和地理信息系统方法分析了电厂周边表层土壤汞含量的空间分布特性,分析了土壤中汞与理化性质之间的相关性,并进行了风险评价。结果表明,电厂周边表层土壤汞含量范围为0.015~0.076 mg/kg,平均值为0.029 mg/kg,虽未超过国家允许的标准,但与当地背景值及安徽省土壤汞含量相比均有一定程度的增加;土壤汞含量的总体分布特征为除距排放源1~2 km的环形区域受影响最大外,污染程度随着与电厂距离的增大而递减,汞含量空间分布受主导风向影响呈现明显的条带分布。相比于单因子污染指数法和地累积指数法,潜在生态危害指数评价法能更好地反映燃煤电厂周围土壤中汞的污染水平和生态风险程度。土壤汞含量与土壤理化性质之间存在不同程度的相关性。  相似文献   

2.
连云港港区海洋环境质量状况   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为分析连云港海洋环境质量,对连云港港区水质、沉积物及生物因子进行监测。结果表明,港区内某些点位水质中无机氮含量较高,达到污染程度,其余点位监测指标均正常,沉积物中的重金属尚未对该海域造成污染。浮游植物31种,其中甲藻门8种,硅藻门23种,浮游植物数量变动为1.84×104m-3~1.16×105m-3;底栖生物17种,多样性指数平均值为1.89。港区内水域环境时空变化表明,海水中锌含量连续大幅增加,其余指标均下降50%,沉积物重金属含量变化不大。  相似文献   

3.
为了研究石河口海域的沉积物环境,于2009年9月对石河口海域表层沉积物的Cu、Pd、Zn、Cd、Hg、As含量进行了测定,探讨了重金属含量的分布特征和相关关系,采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对重金属的富集程度和潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明:Cu和Pd、Cu和Cd、Pd和Cd之间存在显著正相关性。重金属富集程度排序为CdHgCuZnPdAs。石河口海域多种重金属潜在生态风险指数属于轻微风险状态。重金属潜在生态风险指数排序为CdHgPdCuAsZn,Cd的生态风险指数属中度风险状态,研究区域在一定程度上受到了Cd的污染。  相似文献   

4.
以镇江市征润州水源地为例,针对目前存在的工业源众多导致的事故模拟工作量大,码头源难以进行事故模拟等问题,提出基于常规风险影响的水源地周边风险源风险监控等级判定方法。从风险源与水源地沿岸线方向距离、垂直岸线方向距离和上下游关系3方面提出反映风险源相对于水源地位置敏感性的位置敏感指数的计算方法,再以风险源位置敏感性结合风险源风险,确定风险源对水源地的常规风险影响,继而判定水源地周边风险源的风险监控等级。结果表明,征润州水源地周边优先重点监控风险源有4个,主要集中在水源地上游丹徒经济开发区内,水源地下游及对岸12个风险源为低频监控等级,其他24个风险源为优先监控和一般监控等级。  相似文献   

5.
将三角模糊数和超标风险度引入加拿大水质指数(CCME-WQI),建立了能够反映超标风险的改进型CCMEWQI。改进后的CCME-WQI通过计算水质指标的超标隶属度与超标风险,可实现对水质不确定性与超标风险的综合考量。在此基础上,评价了重庆市某水库2016—2019年水质状况。结果显示:改进后的CCME-WQI的评价结果较仅反映最差指标类别的单因子评价法的评价结果更为全面、客观。基于超标风险改进的CCME-WQI考虑了即将超标但尚未超标的水质因子存在的风险,在结果显示上比改进前的CCME-WQI更为全面、严格,更适用于评价一段时间内的水体污染程度和超标状态。  相似文献   

6.
准确客观评估区域水环境风险是预防区域突发性污染事故、保证区域水环境安全的基础。基于欧盟Seveso Ⅲ指令,综合考虑风险源管理水平和泄漏风险、污染迁移时间、风险受体脆弱性等重要因素,对指令模型进行优化完善,构建基于欧盟Seveso Ⅲ指令的区域环境风险评估方法,并应用于北江流域,评估流域内各工业企业固定点源及典型非点源对饮用水水源等受体的区域环境风险。评估结果显示:北江三水思贤滘以上流域划分的46个子区域中存在7个风险区,其中高风险区主要分布在北江干流韶关段,中风险区主要分布在北江干流清远段和肇庆段,评估结果与流域风险分布基本吻合。建议根据评估风险值对北江流域开展分级风险管控。  相似文献   

7.
南昌市秋季大气PM2.5中金属元素污染及生态风险评价   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
2013年秋季采集了南昌市6个不同功能区的大气PM_(2.5)样品,分析了PM_(2.5)含量及其中18种金属元素的含量。结果表明:采样期间南昌市大气PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度均在《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)日平均浓度限值二级标准规定(75μg/m3)的范围内。PM_(2.5)中多数金属元素的含量水平低于中国内地城市,而与香港和国外城市相比则偏高。分别采用富集因子法和潜在生态风险指数法对重金属污染风险进行了评价。富集因子法表明Zn、Pb、Hg、Cu等元素富集程度较高,Cd富集程度极高,人为源显著;潜在生态风险指数法表明Pb、Hg、Cd潜在生态风险程度为极强,南昌市总体潜在生态风险表现为极强,2种方法的评价结果较为一致。  相似文献   

8.
采用现场采样与室内测试方法测定了会泽某铅锌矿周边农田土壤中Cd、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni的含量,利用地积累指数法、潜在生态指数法对其土壤环境质量进行了评价,并应用US EPA推荐的健康风险评价法对重金属的健康风险进行了初步评价。结果表明,7种重金属均存在不同程度的富集或污染。多种重金属潜在生态风险指数属于中等及以上的风险状态,重金属潜在生态风险指数排序为CdPbAsCuNiZnCr。7种重金属在3种暴露途径下对儿童的非致癌健康风险均大于成人,但对成人、儿童均不存在显著的非致癌健康影响、非致癌健康总风险。As、Ni、Cr、Cd重金属的致癌风险值与4种元素总致癌风险值均未超出10-6~10-4的范围,尚不具备致癌风险。  相似文献   

9.
包头某铝厂周边土壤重金属污染及健康风险评价   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
以包头市某铝业周边500 m内土壤为研究对象,测定其东北、东南、西北、西南4个方向不同水平距离及深度处土样中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni和Cr的含量,并采用地累积指数法和健康风险评价法对重金属污染状况进行评价。结果表明,该区域表层土壤中6种重金属普遍高于内蒙古土壤背景值,且在西南方向50 m处含量最高,人类活动对该区域重金属干扰强烈,而风向对重金属分布影响不大;铝厂周围土壤中Cd、Pb处于中污染-重污染,Cu和Ni处于无污染-中污染,Zn和Cr为无污染,各金属污染程度随土壤深度的增加而减轻;健康风险评价表明,研究区域内Cu、Pb、Ni和Cd均不存在非致癌健康风险,而Cd的致癌危害虽在可接受范围内,但已存在潜在致癌风险,Ni的致癌健康风险指数已超过预警值,应予以高度重视和防治。  相似文献   

10.
根据高风险移动放射源辐射安全风险特点与辐射事故经验反馈,结合辐射安全监管部门和企业实际,在充分调研的基础上,构建高风险移动放射源辐射安全风险管控评价指标体系,体系分为目标层、准则层和方案层,准则层8项指标,方案层40项指标。采用层次分析法确定各指标权重,运用模糊综合评价方法对甘肃省7家高风险移动放射源企业进行评价,结果表明决策层指标权重较大,与实际情况相符。  相似文献   

11.
从风险排序的概念及应用需求出发,系统阐述了风险排序在当前风险管理特别是环境风险管控领域中的意义。指出风险排序是对风险定义在管理实践层面的应用深化。从风险排序影响因子的类别划分、来源构成、演化趋势以及排序方法的发展规律和优劣特征等角度进行系统综述,指出目前风险排序影响因子的界定及选取已呈现由风险理论限定过渡至突出服务风险管理为导向;风险排序方法学也逐步由单一方法排序过渡至多元方法互补排序的新阶段,逐步实现对风险排序结果的综合考量和准确度量。在此基础上,对风险排序方法在环境领域的实证研究进行归纳分析。总结指出了当前风险排序研究多以结果的量化表征为焦点,而其排序方法及配套排序指标选取的适用性、综合性及代表性检验仍需进一步研究分析,尤其是对排序机理、风险理论及风险管控需求间内在相互关系的系统解析将是未来实现风险排序客观全面提升的重要基础及意义所在。  相似文献   

12.
Risk assessments are the intellectual products of dedicated public health and environmental professionals. Like many other products, risk assessments carry with them the potential for both good and harm. This paper briefly examines some of the harms to which risk assessments have contributed, and then suggests that the legal “duty to warn” doctrine offers a logical and practical way to reduce some of these harms. The paper suggests concepts that could be incorporated into warnings accompanying every formal risk assessment as routine “boiler plate” addenda, just as other potentially harmful products, such as lawn mowers and cook stoves, are accompanied by warnings. Finally, the paper briefly examines the “Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice for Environmental Professionals” (promulgated by the National Association of Environmental Professionals) and shows that the suggested warnings are consistent with recommended practices for environmental professionals.  相似文献   

13.
Considerable research indicates that a wide range of socio-economic factors influence attitudes and perceptions about environmental hazards and risks, and that social trust in those who manage a hazard is strongly correlated to judgements about risks and benefits. We suggest that there are three steps that lead to environmental risk perceptions: acquisition of information, interpretation and synthesis of different pieces of information, and understanding of that information in light of previous knowledge, perceptions, or attitudes. In this study we presented 211 college students in the sciences and non-sciences with ecological and exposure information using text, tables and maps to examine the factors that affect information acquisition and interpretation concerning ecological issues at a fictitious hazardous waste site. Students were allowed about an hour to read the materials and answer questions. The percent of students answering each question correctly varied from 4 to 82%, indicating that some questions were extremely difficult to answer. We attributed these differences to variations in the number of places information was presented (in text, tables, maps, or a combination) and the complexity of the information (how many pieces of information were required to answer the question correctly). The correlation between the number of students answering each question correctly and these combined measures (frequency, complexity) was −0.72. Thus, although there were differences in accuracy concerning ecological information as presented in this study, the major differences were accounted for by how the information was presented, and how much information was required. This suggests that risk communicators should carefully determine which ecological information is critical for the target audience, and ensure that it is presented several times (in different forms). That a lower percentage of people correctly answered questions that required synthesizing several pieces of information suggests that this complexity should be reduced where possible, or that the pieces of information should be tied clearly to the conclusion. Self-declaration of effort and perceptions of safety of the site did not markedly influence the relationship between accuracy, difficulty of finding information, and complexity of information. Other possible confounding variables (i.e., science vs non-science major) only accounted for about 27% of the variation in student’s overall score on ecological questions; age, ethnicity, and gender did not enter as significant variables. We cannot manage environmental hazards with appropriate stakeholder input unless we understand how to present environmental information to achieve a full understanding. Protection of human health and the environment requires that people understand ecological and exposure information, particularly on buffer lands.  相似文献   

14.
对黑潴河下游表层沉积物中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染现状进行了调查研究。结果表明,表层沉积物中PAHs总量变化范围为41.2~129.3ng/g(平均值为83.7ng/g),PAHs的组成以5~6环PAHs组分为主。黑潴河下游沉积物中PAHs主要来源于周边地区化石燃料的高温燃烧。比较了基于不同方法建立的沉积物中PAHs环境基准值的差异,分析产生差异的原因,选择生态效应区间法对黑潴河沉积物中的PAHs进行了生态风险评价。黑潴河下游PAHs生态风险较小,属PAHs低生态风险河道。  相似文献   

15.
简述了可接受风险水平的内涵及其发展历程,介绍了国外污染场地环境风险评价中可接受风险水平的选取。提出我国污染场地风险评价和修复治理应合理选取风险可接受水平数值,梳理现有修复治理工程修复目标值的制定过程,建立差异化的可接受风险水平标准体系。  相似文献   

16.
以应急监测为例,介绍了环境监测站实施风险管理的基本思路。提出通过明确环境信息、建立风险准则、开展风险评估、实施风险应对等过程,开展系统性的风险管理,实现对各种风险的有效防范和控制。建议建立相应的组织机构和兼职的风险管理队伍,及时监督和检查风险管理流程运行状况,并在管理体系中加入风险管理要素,确保风险应对计划有效执行,实现持续改进。  相似文献   

17.
分析了移动γ射线探伤辐射安全事故的风险,包括固有风险、贮存风险、运输风险、作业风险、退役或换源风险、管理风险、违规风险、环境风险和社会风险等,比较了各类风险的高低,提出了降低风险的措施。结合目前有关移动γ射线探伤的辐射安全防护与管理,提出了核安全文化宣贯、人员培训和管理、现场监督检查、在线监控、信用和联合惩戒、公众沟通等6个方面的建议。  相似文献   

18.
以《建设项目环境风险评价技术导则》(HJ/T 169—2004)、《危险化学品重大危险源辨识》(GB 18218—2009)为依据,确定环境风险分析的研究线路,对评价单元进行风险识别,确定事故源项与风险因素。运用火灾、爆炸、毒性指标评价法(蒙德法)对环境风险进行评价,根据相关设计资料,选取各个参数,最后定量分析出单元的环境风险状况,提出针对性的管理措施,把风险降到最低。  相似文献   

19.
In some previous papers a probabilistic methodology was introduced to estimate a spatial index of risk of groundwater quality degradation, defined as the conditional probability of exceeding assigned thresholds of concentration of a generic chemical sampled in the studied water system. A crucial stage of this methodology was the use of geostatistical techniques to provide an estimation of the above-mentioned probability in a number of selected points by crossing spatial and temporal information. In this work, spatial risk values were obtained using alternatively stochastic conditional simulation and disjunctive kriging. A comparison between the resulting two sets of spatial risks, based on global and local statistical tests, showed that they do not come from the same statistical population and, consequently, they cannot be viewed as equivalent in a statistical sense. At a first glance, geostatistical conditional simulation may appear to represent the spatial variability of the phenomenon more effectively, as the latter tends to be smoothed by DK. However, a close examination of real case study results suggests that disjunctive kriging is more effective than simulation in estimating the spatial risk of groundwater quality degradation. In the study case, the potentially ‘harmful event’ considered, threatening a natural ‘vulnerable groundwater system,’ is fertilizer and manure application.  相似文献   

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