南京市冬季PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征研究

基于城市超级站对2018年12月—2019年2月南京市在线水溶性离子污染特征进行研究。结果表明：监测期间水溶性无机离子(WSIs)质量浓度均值为45.7μg/m3,占PM2.5的67.8%,各离子排序为NO3-＞ SO42-＞NH4+＞Cl-＞K+＞Ca2+＞Na+＞Mg2+。二次离子（SNA）是PM2.5主要组分,大气气溶胶呈中性。各离子日变化存在差异,SNA变化趋势和WSIs基本一致。南京市冬季存在明显SO2和NO2向SO42-和NO3-二次转化;NO3-/SO42-均值为1.96,移动源增量大于固定源。通过相关性和三相聚类分析可知,SNA主要结合方式为(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3。主成分分析表明,南京市冬季PM2.5中水溶性离子主要来源是二次转化,燃煤、生物质燃烧和土壤建筑扬尘也有贡献。     

燃煤工业城市大气细颗粒物中水溶性无机离子的季节变化特征及来源解析——以邯郸市为例

为探究典型燃煤工业城市邯郸市的大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)污染水平及水溶性无机离子特征,于2016年1—12月采集了当地大气PM2.5样品,然后利用离子色谱法测得水溶性无机离子的组分,分析了不同季节水溶性无机离子随PM2.5的浓度变化特征。通过对PM2.5中的阴离子、阳离子进行分析发现,SO4^2-、NO3^-和NH4^+在春夏秋冬四季均为PM2.5中的主要离子成分,SO4^2-、NO3^-和NH4^+的浓度之和在春夏秋冬四季占各季节总的水溶性无机离子浓度的百分比分别为84.6%、77.4%、89.9%、62.5%。其中,在春季和冬季含量最高的3种离子分别是NO3^-、SO4^2-和NH4^+,夏季含量最高的3种离子分别是SO4^2-、NH4^+和NO3^-,而秋季含量最高的3种离子分别是NH4^+、SO4^2-和NO3^-。相关性分析发现,2016年春季、夏季和秋季PM2.5为酸性,冬季为碱性。SO4^2-、NO3^-、NH4^+浓度分析表明,冬季PM2.5中的一次建筑扬尘排放较多。通过主成分分析法得出,PM2.5中水溶性无机离子主要来源于二次转化和生物质燃烧。     

南通市冬季PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征

根据南通市2016和2017年冬季大气多参数站自动监测PM2.5数据和在线离子色谱分析仪Marga监测的PM2.5中水溶性离子数据,分析了南通市冬季PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征。结果表明,南通市2016和2017年冬季,ρ(PM2.5)分别为58和54μg/m 3,均高出其年均值(14μg/m^3);ρ(水溶性离子)总占ρ(PM2.5)百分比分别为74.5%和74.3%;二次离子ρ(NO3^-、SO4^2-和NH4^+)占ρ(PM2.5)百分比分别为66.8%和66.6%;各水溶性离子占比大小依次为:NO3^-、SO4^2-、NH4^+、Cl^-、K^+、Na^+、Ca^2+、Mg^2+。对ρ(NO3^-)/ρ(SO 4^2-)分析表明,移动源已经成为南通市冬季的主要污染源,且呈逐年增强趋势。对氯氧化率和硫氧化率的分析表明,南通市冬季存在较明显的二次污染,SO2的转化程度大于NO2。除Na^+和Mg^2+外,其他离子与PM2.5均呈显著相关性,NO3^-、SO4^2-与NH4^+之间的相关系数最高,Cl^-与除Na^+外的所有阳离子均呈显著相关性。     

沈阳市城区采暖期PM2.5中水溶性离子的化学特征

2013年11月—2014年3月采暖期在沈阳市沈河区设置采样点采集环境空气中的PM2.5。利用离子色谱法测定PM2.5中水溶性无机离子,分析PM2.5中水溶性无机离子的组成和污染特征等。结果表明,沈阳市冬季采暖期PM2.5平均质量浓度为106μg/m3,PM2.5中总水溶性离子占PM2.5的比例为41.7%,含量较高的二次离子依次为SO2-4、NO-3、NH+4,三者均有较好的相关性,SO2-4以(NH4)2SO4形式存在,采暖期PM2.5偏酸性。     

采暖期大气颗粒物PM1.0和PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征

为了解采暖期大气PM_(1.0)和PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子污染特征,采集哈尔滨市2014年11月至2015年3月采暖期PM_(1.0)和PM_(2.5)的样品,进而分析其中的水溶性离子(F-、Cl-、NO-3、SO2-4、Na+、NH+4、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+)的质量浓度。结果表明:PM_(1.0)和PM_(2.5)中的水溶性离子具有相同的变化趋势。采暖期间PM_(1.0)和PM_(2.5)中9种水溶性离子质量浓度总和分别为25.4~60.7μg/m~3和38.8~78.0μg/m~3。在PM_(1.0)和PM_(2.5)中NH+4、NO-3、SO2-4占比较高,而F-、Mg2+占比较低。PM_(1.0)和PM_(2.5)中9种水溶性离子质量浓度均为夜间大于白天。在PM_(1.0)和PM_(2.5)中,Mg2+和NH+4、F-和Cl-呈显著相关,说明它们来自相似的污染源,在PM_(1.0)中的K+和Ca2+显著相关,故它们受相似的污染源的影响。根据酸度与各离子的相关性,得出SO2-4和NH+4是控制大气颗粒物酸碱性的主要离子。另外,气象因素对PM_(1.0)和PM_(2.5)的浓度有影响。     

PM2.5中典型水溶性离子在线观测标准曲线优化研究

为了研究在线离子色谱法测定大气PM2.5中NH4^+、NO3^-、SO4^2-的不确定性来源,探讨了标准曲线的浓度范围及浓度梯度设置对离子浓度结果的影响,并对标准曲线设定方案进行了优化。结果表明:不同浓度范围的标准曲线对于NH4+的浓度结果有较大的影响,存在1. 87%~14. 91%的偏差,对于NO3^-、SO4^2-的影响较小,相对偏差分别为2. 94%和2. 82%;非均匀布点和均匀布点标准曲线定量NH4+的结果存在4. 15%~4. 25%的偏差,对于NO3^-和SO4^2-,相对偏差分别为0. 10%和5. 99%。对于二次拟合的NH4^+,在样品浓度波动较大时,可以将样品划分为低浓度范围和高浓度范围,分别选用低浓度段标准曲线和高浓度段标准曲线,以期得到更合理的浓度结果。     

乌鲁木齐市可吸入颗粒物水溶性离子特征及来源解析

采暖期时在乌鲁木齐市采集了环境空气中的可吸入颗粒物,对可吸入颗粒物质量浓度及8种水溶性离子的特征和来源进行了分析。结果表明,细粒子和粗粒子的月平均质量浓度分别是53.5～233.3μg/m3和38.9～60.9μg/m3;细粒子和粗粒子中水溶性离子主要由SO24-、NH4+和NO3-组成;粗粒子中NH4+与NO3-和SO24-的相关性分别是0.70和0.66,细粒子中NH4+与NO3-和SO24-的相关性分别是0.89和0.93,铵盐是乌鲁木齐可吸入颗粒物主要存在形式;煤烟尘是乌鲁木齐市采暖期可吸入颗粒物的主要来源。     

深圳市酸雨变化规律及成因

分析了深圳市2000年-2009年降雨监测数据.结果表明:深圳市降水pH年均值＜5.6,一年中酸雨最严重的是7-9月;影响降水的主要离子是SO2-、Cl-、NO3-、Ca2+、NH4+和Na+.气象因素是影响深圳市降水酸度的重要因素之一.     

南京市城区PM2.5中化学组分演变特征

于2011—2017年在江苏省南京环境监测中心办公楼顶开展PM_(2.5)监测采样,分析其样品中OC、EC、水溶性离子和20余种无机元素等组分演变特征。结果表明,NO3-、SO24-、NH4+、OC、EC等是PM_(2.5)的主要组分,且大部分组分值随ρ(PM_(2.5))降低呈下降趋势; OC在2016—2017年成为占比最大的组分;ρ(NO_3~-)/ρ(SO_4~(2-))由0. 9上升至1. 3,ρ(OC)/ρ(EC)由3. 2上升至3. 6,均呈持续上升趋势;机动车污染和有机碳污染明显加重,南京大气污染类型从传统煤烟型污染向煤烟型与氧化型污染共同主导的复合型污染转变; K~-、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)等水溶性离子和痕量元素K、Al、Ca、Na、Mg等值持续下降,说明工业污染减排、燃煤总量控制和污染治理、扬尘管控和秸秆禁烧效果显著。     

大同市大气颗粒物浓度与水溶性离子季度分布特征

为研究大同市大气颗粒物质量浓度与水溶性离子组成特征,于2013年2、7、9、12月,分别对大同市及其对照点庞泉沟国家大气背景点进行了PM2.5及PM10的采样,通过超声萃取-IC法测定了样品中的9种水溶性离子,结果表明,大同市大气颗粒物污染1、4季度重于2、3季度,PM2.5季度均值全年均未超标,PM10仅第1季度超标1.4倍,污染状况总体良好,PM2.5与PM10相关系数R为0.75,说明大同市颗粒物污染有较为相近的来源,且不同季节均以粗颗粒物为主;大同市PM2.5中水溶性离子浓度分布为SO2-4、NO-3、NH+4Cl-、Ca2+K+、Na+F-、Mg2+,PM10中Ca2+浓度仅次于SO2-4、NO-3,控制扬尘将有效降低PM10的浓度;PM2.5及PM10中的9种水溶性离子在不同季度的浓度与颗粒物浓度分布规律类似,1、4季度较高,2、3季度较低;由阴阳离子平衡计算结果可知,相关性方程的斜率K为1.045,表明大同市大气颗粒物中阳离子相对亏损,大气细粒子组分偏酸性。NO-3与SO2-4浓度比值均小于1,大同市以硫酸型污染为主,大气中的SO2-4主要来源于人类活动排放。     

Atmospheric aerosol concentration level and chemical characteristics of water-soluble ionic species in wintertime in Beijing,China

Total suspended particulate (TSP) samples were collected during wintertime from November 24, 1998 to February 12, 1999 in Beijing. Ionic species including Cl-, NO3(-), SO4(2-), Na+, NH4(+), K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ were determined by Ion Chromatography (IC). The sum average concentration of all the determined ions accounted for 18.9% of the TSP concentration, and SO4(2-) appeared the dominant ion with an average concentration of 30.84 microg m(-3); the sum mass concentration of SO4(2-), NO3(-), Ca2+ and NH4(+) accounted for about 83.2% of all the eight ions measured. The study indicated that the chemical form of sulfate and ammonium varies with TSP concentration levels. During heavy pollution periods, the average TSP concentration was 0.66 mg m(-3), and the NH4(+)/SO4(2-) molar ratio was low (0.58). It indicated that sulfate may present as CaSO4 and (NH4)2SO4 x CaSO4 x 2H2O. When TSP concentration (average 0.186 mg m(-3)) was relatively low, the NH4(+)/SO4(2-) molar ratio was 1.94, close to the theoretical ratio of 2 of (NH4)2SO4. Under this condition (NH4)2SO4 is expected to exist as the major form of sulfate. When the TSP concentration level was medium (average 0.35 mg m(-3)), the NH4+/SO4(2-) molar ratio appeared an average value (1.27), (NH4)2SO4, (NH4)2SO4 x CaSO4 x 2H2O and CaSO4 are expected to be present in those aerosol particles. Meteorological conditions including wind speed and wind direction were related to the TSP concentration level.     

Characterization and diurnal variation of size-resolved inorganic water-soluble ions at a rural background site

Water-soluble inorganic ions in aerosol samples have been studied. The sample collection took place during summer in 2003 at a European background site which is operating within the framework of the European Monitoring and Evaluation Program. Gent type PM10 stacked filter unit (SFU) samplers were operated in parallel on a day and night basis to collect particles in separate coarse (2.0-10 microm) and fine (<2.0 microm) size fractions. Particulate masses were measured gravimetrically; the filters from one of the SFU samplers were analyzed by particle-induced X-ray emission spectrometry (PIXE) and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Filters from the other SFU sampler were analyzed by ion chromatography (IC) for major inorganic anions (MSA-, NO2(-), NO3(-), Cl-, Br-, SO4(2-), oxalate) and cations (Na+, K+, NH4(+), Mg2+, Ca2+). The water-soluble inorganic ions measured were responsible for 44% and 16% of the total fine and coarse particulate mass, respectively. In the fine size fraction, the main ionic components were SO4(2-) and NH4(+) accounting for about 90% of fine ionic mass. In the coarse fraction the main ionic components were Ca2+ and NO3(-), followed by SO4(2-). Significant day and night difference in the mass concentrations was observed only for fine NO3(-). The molar ratios of fine NH4(+) to SO4(2-) indicated their complete neutralization to (NH4)2SO4. According to the cation-to-anion ratios the coarse particles were alkaline, while the fine particles were slightly acidic or neutral. By comparing the corresponding concentrations obtained from PIXE/INAA and IC, we determined the water-extractable part of the individual species. We also investigated the effect of long-range transported air masses on the local air concentrations, and we found that the air quality of this background monitoring station was affected by regional pollution sources.     

Study on Size Distribution of Total Aerosol and Water-Soluble Ions During an Asian Dust Storm Event at Jeju Island, Korea

Soil dust particles transported from loess regions of the Asian continent, called Asian dust, highly influences the air quality of north-eastern Asia and the northern Pacific Ocean. In order to investigate the effects of these dust storms on the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol particles with different size, measurements of size distributions of total aerosol and major ion species were carried out on Jeju Island, Korea during April 2001. Juju Island was chosen for the study because the levels of emissions of anthropogenic air pollutants are very low. A 5-stage cascade impactor was used to sample size-fractionated aerosol particles. Samples were analyzed for major water-soluble ions using Dionex DX-120 ion chromatograph. The average mass concentration of total aerosol was found to be 24.4 and 108.3 microg m(-3) for non-Asian dust and Asian dust periods, respectively. The total aerosol size distribution, measured during the non-Asian dust period, was bimodal, whereas the coarse particles dominated the size distribution of total aerosol during the Asian dust period. It was found that SO4(2-), NH4+ and K+ were mainly distributed in fine particles, while Cl-, NO3-, Na+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ were in coarse particles. Although SO4(2-) was mainly distributed in fine particles, during the Asian dust period, the concentrations in coarse particles were significantly increased. This indicates heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 on wet surfaces of basic soil dust particles. The NH4+ was found to exist as (NH4)2SO4 in fine particles, with a molar ratio of NH4+ to SO4(2-) of 2.37 and 1.52 for non-Asian dust and Asian dust periods, respectively. Taking into account the proximity of the sampling site to the sea, and the observed chloride depletion, coarse mode nitrate, during the non-Asian dust period, is assumed to originate from the reaction of nitric acid with sodium chloride on the surfaces of sea-salt particles although the chloride depletion was not shown to be large enough to prove this assumption. During the Asian dust period, however, chloride depletion was much smaller, indicating coarse nitrate particles were mainly produced by the reaction of nitric acid with surfaces of basic soil particles. Most chloride and sodium components were shown to originate from sea-salt particles. Asian dust aerosols, arriving at Jeju Island, contained considerable amounts of sea-salt particles as they passed over the Yellow Sea. Ca2+ was shown to be the most abundant species in Asian dust particles.     

Atmospheric deposition of major ions and trace metals near an industrial area,Jordan

Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, NH4+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, NO3- and SO4(2-), along with pH were determined in wet and dry deposition samples collected at Al-Hashimya, Jordan. Mean trace metal concentrations were similar or less than those reported for other urban regions worldwide, while concentrations of Ca2+ and SO4(2-) were the highest. The high Ca2+ concentrations were attributed to the calcareous nature of the local soil and to the influence of the Saharan dust, while the high concentrations of SO4(2-) were attributed to the influence of anthropogenic sources and Saharan dust soil. Except for SO4(2-), NO3-, and Ca2+, dry deposition fluxes of measured metals and ions were higher than their corresponding wet deposition fluxes. The high annual average pH values recorded for wet and dry deposition samples were attributed to the neutralization of acidity by alkaline species. Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, NO3- and SO4(2-) were enriched in wet and dry deposition samples relative to crustal material, and a significant anthropogenic contribution to these elements and ions is tentatively suggested. Finally, the possible sources and the main factors affecting the concentrations of the measured species are discussed.     

Composition, seasonal variation, and sources of PM10 from world heritage site Taj Mahal, Agra

Air samples for PM(10) (dp?相似文献   

乌鲁木齐市降水酸度及化学特征的初步研究

降水酸度和离子平衡研究结果表明,乌鲁木齐市降水为非酸性雨,但其PH值有较明显的季节变化,降水中的SO_4~(2-)、Ca~(2+)、和NH_4~+是影响酸度的关键离子,与其他地区相比,乌鲁木齐市降水中的Ca~(2+)浓度是酸雨区(贵阳、重庆)平均值的3.50倍,是非酸雨区(北京、天津)平均值的1.86倍。可见,乌鲁木齐市降水酸度的高低,不仅取决于酸性离子浓度,而且更重要的是取决于碱性离子浓度。     

西安城北地区秋季PM_(2.5)中的矿尘颗粒污染特征

采用单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪(Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer,SPAMS)对西安市大气矿尘颗粒物进行连续12 d在线分析,共采集到107 425个同时含有正负质谱信息的矿尘颗粒,矿尘颗粒物占PM_(2.5)样本数的8.44%。结果表明,矿尘颗粒物的正离子碎片成分以Na~+、K~+、Al~+、Ca~+、CaO~+、Fe~+为主,同时还含有Pb~+等,负离子碎片成分以NO~-_2和NO~-_3为主,另外还含有HSO~-_4、SiO~-_3、HSiO~-_3、H(NO_3)~-_2等。在西安市大气细颗粒物中,矿尘颗粒物中贡献较大的几类(如含钙、含铁、铁氧颗粒物等)大多是老化的成分。将观测阶段采集到的矿尘颗粒纳入本地污染源谱进行来源分析,其主要来源为扬尘源、工业源、燃煤源和汽车尾气源等。     

Characterization of ionic composition of TSP and PM10 during the Middle Eastern Dust (MED) storms in Ahvaz, Iran

Because of the recent frequent observations of major dust storms in southwestern cities in Iran such as Ahvaz, and the importance of the ionic composition of particulate matters regarding their health effects, source apportionment, etc., the present work was conducted aiming at characterizing the ionic composition of total suspended particles (TSP) and particles on the order of ～10?μm or less (PM(10)) during dust storms in Ahvaz in April-September 2010. TSP and PM(10) samples were collected and their ionic compositions were determined using an ion chromatography. Mean concentrations of TSP and PM(10) were 1,481.5 and 1,072.9?μg/m(3), respectively. Particle concentrations during the Middle Eastern Dust (MED) days were up to four times higher than those in normal days. Ionic components contributed to only 9.5% and 11.3% of the total mass of TSP and PM(10), respectively. Crustal ions were most abundant during dust days, while secondary ions were dominant during non-dust days. Ca(2+)/Na(+) and Cl(-)/Na(+) ratios can be considered as the indicators for identification of the MED occurrence. It was found that possible chemical forms of NaCl, (NH(4))(2)SO(4), KCl, K(2)SO(4), CaCl(2), Ca(NO(3))(2), and CaSO(4) may exist in TSP. Correlation between the anionic and cationic components suggests slight anion and cation deficiencies in TSP and PM(10) samples, though the deficiencies were negligible.