浅谈对环境监测信息网络建设的认识

根据信息化发展的需要，环境监测系统必须加快信息网络化建设步伐。在充分认识环境监测信息网络建设必要性的同时，对环境监测信息网络建设中存在的认识不足、缺乏统一规化和管理、内容针对性不强、网络安全意识淡薄等相关问题，提出了建立环境监测信息网络建设详细规范、转变观念、统一规划、应用为主、加强网络安全等相应的解决措施。只有采取有效措施保证建设的顺利进行，才能使环境监测信息网络化在环境保护实际工作中发挥出巨大的作用。     

我国农业环境监测的法律解析

简述了目前农业环境监测的法律地位和实际工作状况。指出了农业环境监测工作中需要解决的法律依据不足，环保与农业部门职能交叉、责权不清等问题。提出了对全国农业环境监测的立法思路，以及农业环境监测作为农业环境保护的重要组成部分，国家应尽早为农业环境监测立法的必要性与重要性。     

开展建设项目施工期的环境管理与环境监测

分析了建设项目施工期的环境影响，阐述了开展施工期环境管理与环境监测的必要性，介绍了施工期环境管理的实施手段，施工单位的环境管理制度，施工期环境监测的主要内容及对环境监测部门的要求，建议将施工期的环境管理与环境监测纳入正常的环保管理渠道之中，实现建设项目的全过程环境管理。     

对《环境监测技术规范》修改的几点思考

现行环境监测技术规范偏重常规环境监测，为环境管理服务内容严重不足，致使基层监测站无章可循，不利于环境监测技术的发展。建议加强对环境监测技术发展的投入与组织管理，制定适应环境管理和与国际接轨的环境监测技术规范，提高环境监测为环境管理有效技术支持的能力。     

小城镇生态监测指标体系及监测方法研究综述

阐述了小城镇开展生态监测的目的和意义，以及小城镇生态监测指标体系的建立原则，介绍了城市生态子系统环境监测指标体系、农村生态子系统环境监测指标体系和自然生态子系统环境监测指标体系的具体内容，以及相关的监测方法与技术。     

处理好站,局关系尽心为管理服务——关于监测与管理若干问题的思考

论述了环境监测和环境管理的基本属性，认为环境监测从属于环境管理，同时环境管理与环境监测又相互依存。     

环境监测科研管理相关问题探讨

环境监测科研是环境监测的一项基础性工作，是环境监测事业发展的重要保障。加强环境监测科研工作，需要不断探索适合于时代发展和环境监测以及环境管理工作实际情况的环境监测科研管理模式。对环境监测科研管理的内涵和特点进行了分析；对环境监测科研管理部门的定位、环境监测科研管理的科研计划管理、环境监测科研管理中的科研队伍建设等进行了探讨。     

论“依靠与服务”——环境监测与环境管理

论“依靠与服务”──环境监测与环境管理柳林国家环境保护局在１９９０年《关于加强环境监测工作的决定》中首次提出了“环境管理必须依靠环境监测，环境监测必须为环境管理服务”的监测工作基本方针。１９９４年，国家环境保护局在１４２号文《关于进一步加强环境监测工...     

新疆环境监测质控考核情况

环境监测是环境管理的技术支持，技术监督和技术服务的重要支柱，不久前国家环保局作出的《关于进一步加强环境监测工作的决定》重申了“环境管理必须依靠环境监测，环境监必须为环境管理服务”的环境监测基本方针，上述决定的全面贯彻，进一步明确了环境监测的地位和作用，同时也对环境监测工作提出了更高、更严的要求。     

《环境监测管理与技术》载文与引文分析

为了展示环境监测专业论文的学术水平，应用文献计量学理论对《环境监测管理与技术》杂志１９９４￣１９９５年载文进行统计分析，结果表明，该刊既注重学术性又注重实用性，具有高度的专业性，载文引文主要来自期刊，说明期刊具有内容新、信息量大、传递速度快，是环境监测技术研究的主要情报来源。引文分析也反映出环境监测专业吸收国外情报的能力与其它专业相比还有一定差距，也表明我国环境监测技术水平与世界水平仍有一定差距。     

Kelp as a Bioindicator: Does it Matter Which Part of 5 M Long Plant is Used for Metal Analysis?

Kelp may be useful as a bioindicator because they are primary producers that are eaten by higher trophic level organisms, including people and livestock. Often when kelp or other algae species are used as bioindicators, the whole organism is homogenized. However, some kelp can be over 25 m long from their holdfast to the tip of the blade, making it important to understand how contaminant levels vary throughout the plant. We compared the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury and selenium in five different parts of the kelp Alaria nana to examine the variability of metal distribution. To be useful as a bioindicator, it is critical to know whether levels are constant throughout the kelp, or which part is the highest accumulator. Kelp were collected on Adak Island in the Aleutian Chain of Alaska from the Adak Harbor and Clam Cove, which opens onto the Bering Sea. In addition to determining if the levels differ in different parts of the kelp, we wanted to determine whether there were locational or size-related differences. Regression models indicated that between 14% and 43% of the variation in the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, manganese, mercury, and selenium was explained by total length, part of the plant, and location (but not for lead). The main contributors to variability were length (for arsenic and selenium), location (mercury), and part of the plant (for arsenic, cadmium, chromium and manganese). The higher levels of selenium occurred at Clam Cove, while mercury was higher at the harbor. Where there was a significant difference among parts, the holdfast had the highest levels, although the differences were not great. These data indicate that consistency should be applied in selecting the part of kelp (and the length) to be used as a bioindicator. While any part of Alaria could be collected for some metals, for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and manganese a conversion should be made among parts. In the Aleutians the holdfast can be perennial while the blade, whipped to pieces by winter wave action, is regrown each year. Thus the holdfast may be used for longer-term exposure for arsenic, cadmium, chromium and manganese, while the blade can be used for short-term exposure for all metals. Cadmium, lead and selenium were at levels that suggest that predators, including people, may be at risk from consuming Alaria. More attention should be devoted to heavy metal levels in kelp and other algae from Adak, particularly where they may play a role in a subsistence diets.     

Little Egrets (Egretta Garzetta) and Trace-Metal Contamination in Wetlands of China

The rapidly developing Asian countries may face threatening environmental contamination, that however remains largely unassessed. We studied persistent trace elements in three wetlands, Poyang Lake, relatively unpolluted, and Tai Lake, and Pearl River Delta, selected as hotspots of pollution in Central China. We adopted as indicator the Little Egret, a widespread colonial waterbird, and during 1999 and 2000 we collected and analysed the same samples as for a parallel study we conducted in Pakistan, e.g. eggs, body feathers of chicks, prey spontaneously regurgitated by the chicks, and sediments at the areas most used by foraging egrets. The levels of trace-metals at our three study areas were similar, or within the range, of those found in the few other studies for East Asia, with few exceptions. The concentrations of the various elements were below the threshold that may affect the survival or reproduction of the birds, and even the highest concentrations relative to background, i.e. Se in eggs, and Hg in feathers at Pearl Delta, do not pose toxic hazards. In sediments, the levels of trace elements were lower than the critical levels assumed for contaminated soil, except for alarming high levels of As at Poyang. These results do not confirm our expectation, that Poyang was relatively uncontaminated, while Tai and Pearl were polluted. Although trace metal concentration differed significantly among the three study areas, these differences were minor and were not consistent among elements and samples. The bioaccumulation ratios from sediments through prey, feather and egg, were consistent with our previous findings for Pakistan. Only Hg exhibited high bioaccumulation, while Se and Zn had low accumulation, and the other elements no accumulation. This reasserts that feathers of predators such as egrets, may be more sensitive indicators of environmental contamination for the elements subject to bioaccumulation, whereas the sediments or the organisms low in the food chain are better indicators for the other elements.     

Metal Pollution in the Environment of Minas Gerais State – Brazil

Intense mining activities in Minas Gerais State – Brazil brings out tons of waste to the environment. Considerable concentrations of toxic elements penetrate the soil, ground waters and rivers. This endangers the environment quality not only in the surrounding areas but also in ichthyofauna and in more distant areas of cattle raising and agricultural activities. After seasonal floods, veterinary clinic studies have shown that most animals raised in this region are affected by symptomatologic nervous diseases, still not clearly diagnosed, which suggests intoxication. These pathologies are mostly noted after floods. Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis was applied to determine Al, As, Au, Ba, Br, Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, Nd, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sm, Th and Zn in environmental samples. The obtained results show that the water and sediment contaminated with heavy metals and toxic elements from the Das Velhas River upstream basin, the mining region, carry contamination to the ichthyofauna and farming region within a distance of approximately 400 km.     

Evaluating greywater reuse potential for sustainable water resources management in Oman

This study aims to evaluate the potential of greywater availability in Muscat Governorate in the Sultanate of Oman, to establish a methodology for greywater quantity estimation, to test greywater quality in order to assess reuse potential, and to examine public acceptance for reuse.Total fresh water consumption and greywater generation from different household sources were measured by water meters in five selected households during summer and winter. Additionally, a survey was designed and conducted in five administrative areas of Muscat Governorate, with the objective of testing a methodology for estimating greywater generation potential in these areas. Collected data were compared with that used by the Ministry of Housing, Electricity and Water, Sultanate of Oman. The survey covered a total of 169 houses and 1,365 people. Greywater samples were collected and analyzed from showers, laundries, kitchens and sinks in some of these households to determine their water quality parameters. Statistical analysis results indicated that there is no significant variance in the total fresh water consumption between data used by the ministry and those measured and estimated during this study, highlighting the applicability of the tested method. The study concluded that the average per capita greywater generation rate is 151 Lpcd. Greywater production ranged from 80 to 83% of the total fresh water consumption and most of the greywater is generated from showers. Further, 55 to 57% of the greywater generated in a typical Omani household originated from the shower, 28 to 33% originated from the kitchen, 6 to 9% originated from laundry, and 5 to 7% originated from sink, which constitutes approximately 81% of the total fresh water consumption. The physical, chemical, and biological analyses of the grab samples revealed that greywater contains significant levels of suspended solids, inorganic constituents, total organic carbon, chemical and biochemical oxygen demands, total Coliforms and Escherichia Coliform bacteria. The public acceptance survey illustrated that approximately 76% of the respondents accepted the reuse of greywater for gardening, 53% for car washing and 66% for toilet flushing.     

地面水中氨,硝酸盐,亚硝酸盐,氯化物,正磷酸盐,总硬度和硅酸盐的同时测定

用AQUA800辨别分析仪同时测定地面水中的氨、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氯化物、正磷酸盐、总硬度和硅酸盐,是一种简便、迅速、准确、可靠的测定方法,样品无需预处理,精密度试验其变异系数分别为1．24％、2．18％、2．02％、2．67％、2．35％、3．57％、4．78％,加标回收率分别为103．5％、101．0％、95．0％、99．2％、97．6％、101．5％、98．0％,方法检测限分别为氨0．022mg／L,硝酸盐0．015mp／L,亚硝酸盐0．002tug／L,氯化物0．47mg／L,正磷酸盐0．015mg／L,总硬度17．6mg／L,硅酸盐0．55mg/L,能满足地面水中辨别分析仪同时测定氨、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐点化物、正磷酸盐、总硬度和硅酸盐分析测定的要求。     

Heavy Metal Contents of the Karasu Creek Sediments, Nigde, Turkey

Heavy metal contamination in sediments of the Karasu spring was investigated in the presented study. In this respect, sediment samples were collected from contaminant sites along the spring starting from the spring water manifestation site, base of the Akkaya dam to the dam exit site. Heavy metal concentrations were determined by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer. Cobalt, copper, arsenic, tin, nickel, zinc, cadmium, lead, aluminum, iron, titan, chromium and manganese contents of the Karasu creek sediments are found as 18.30–69.00, 12.40–595.0 5.50–345.3, 5.80–15.1, 10.9–64.1, 28.90–103,300, 4.1–356.2, 7.70–37,840, 13,460–109,400, 11,740–62,900, 22.18–59.04, 41.70–369 and 12.09–3,480 mg/kg, respectively. Results indicate the presence of a contamination in the Karasu creek. All the metal concentrations were found to be exceeding their acceptable limit values. Eutrophication is developed in the Karasu creek and the Akkaya dam. It is thought that heavy metal accumulation in the creek is originated from discharge from mine quarries, industrial and domestic wastes. Protection zones should be defined and all necessary measures must be taken along the Karasu creek.     

Atmospheric Change and Biodiversity: Co-Networks and Networking

Canada responded to the Global Biodiversity Convention by completing the Canadian Biodiversity Strategy in 1995. At the same time, Environment Canada also completed a national Science Assessment on Biodiversity. During this period, the Smithsonian Institution, in partnership with Parks and Environment Canada, initiated the implementation of a global biodiversity monitoring program in Canada. Under the auspices of the United Nations Man and the Biosphere Program, the SI/MAB monitoring protocols and plots have spread across Canada at an unprecedented rate. National champions in the science and educational sectors, working within an inter-disciplinary ecological framework, have guided the development, education, quality control and sharing of atmosphere-biodiversity observations electronically.Atmospheric-Biodiversity Networks and Networking have traditionally operated within separate mandates with little degree of integration. Air-Bio Networks were designed within an integrated framework to better understand the atmospheric stress on biodiversity and the adaptation actions, nationally and regionally. Detailed examples of the cumulative effects of climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, acid deposition, ground-level ozone, suspended particulate matter and hazardous air pollutants on biodiversity will be discussed using a Southern Ontario case study. In addition, recommendations will be presented for future paired SI/MAB plots, linked networks and networking for adaptation within the context of climate, chemical and ecological gradients.     

Toxic Metals in the Austrian Pine (Pinus Nigra) Bark in the Thrace Region, Turkey

Austrian pine (Pinus nigra) bark was collected in thirty-seven localities in the Thrace region, Turkey, for the determination of airborne toxic metal distribution. Five toxic metals, As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn, were monitored using atomic absorption spectrometry. Distribution maps of toxic elements in the region were plotted according to Geographic Information System technology. In general, the concentrations of all investigated elements were not high in the region apart from the vicinity of big cities, Tekirdag, Istanbul and, close to Bulgarian border. However, the highest concentrations were not at pollution level. They have a similar distribution pattern throughout the region.