轿车车内空气污染现状及控制

文章简述了轿车车内空气污染的现状及危害,重点阐述了轿车车内空气污染现状、检测方法,提出了轿车车内空气污染的对策。     

当前我国车内空气污染现状、危害及对策探讨

作者对汽车内的空气污染现状、危害等进行了综述，根据国外汽车厂商对车内空气污染防治的经验，提出了我国改进汽车内空气污染的办法及措施．     

灰霾天气城市空气污染程度判据指标体系建立的探讨

灰霾天气加重空气污染程度,是空气污染呈现区域性、复合型污染的重要天气污染现象,对视觉空气质量以及人体健康造成很大影响与危害.针对灰霾天气下城市空气污染加重程度判据系统建立,对灰霾天气下空气污染程度评估方法及建立污染程度与能见度量化相关关系进行了初步探讨.     

城市空气污染分布不均匀特征分析

运用空气质量数据统计分析方法研究了广东省城市间空气污染的分布特征,同时以广州和佛山为例,根据主要工业污染源分布、常规监测站点监测数据及路边空气质量监测实验分析了城市内部空气污染分布特征。研究结果表明,城市间与城市内部的空气污染分布存在不均匀性,空气污染分布不均匀的特点使得少数监测站点的空气质量监测结果难以全面代表整个城市的空气质量。     

空气污染与健康

归纳分析了国内外有关空气污染与健康方面的一些研究成果，简要介绍了空气污染对人体的危害，我国城市空气污染的现状，以及空气污染对人体健康危害的防治。     

儿童的形态发育和肺功能生长

根据中国 4城市 8所小学儿童的调查研究结果 ,报告了在不同环境条件下 ,儿童体格和肺功能发育的基本情况 ,并试图从营养条件和空气污染两个方面对儿童肺功能发育情况进行解释。研究指出营养条件和空气污染对儿童肺功能的影响作用相反。两种相反的作用互相抵消了一部分影响 ,可能是造成了儿童肺功能波动的原因。空气污染严重、营养条件较差 ,二者均可使肺功能指标下降。有一定的空气污染、营养条件又好 ,肺功能指标可能相对较高 ,因此营养条件可能是研究空气污染对儿童肺功能影响的一个较为重要的混杂因子     

雾锁霾封,美国如何突围?

空气污染是现代社会面临的一个主要问题。针对空气污染,美国不仅及时发布公众易懂的信息,还向公众提供在空气污染的日子如何保护健康、平时如何"从我做起"提高空气质量的小贴士。美国空气污染主要由6大因素所致:气态污染物、温室气体效应、酸雨、臭氧层破坏、可吸入颗粒物以及气候影响。     

世卫组织：2012年空气污染导致700万人死亡

据路透社报道,世界卫生组织日前表示,空气污染已成为全世界最大的环境健康杀手.2012年,死于空气污染的人数高达700万,这意味着2012年全球每8位过世的人中就有1人的死亡与空气污染相关.而降低室内外的空气污染程度可能在未来拯救数百万生命.     

寻求解决乌鲁木齐市空气污染的途径

针对乌鲁木齐市最突出的环境问题——冬季采暖期空气污染，从主客观二方面进行了原因分析，并结合“十一五”和2020年环境保护目标，从7个方面分析论述了解决乌鲁木齐市空气污染的途径，使多年困扰乌鲁木齐市的空气污染问题有望从根本上得到解决。     

政府支持是空气质量周报工作的保证

国家环保局把南京市作为全国首批开展空气污染周报的１３个重点城市之一。南京市政府成立由副市长罗志军为组长，市政府办公厅、环保局、广播电视局、南京电视台、南京日报社、南京气象局等单位参加的南京市空气污染预报领导小组，实行直接领导，统一协调。经费从市长基金中解决，子站场地租用费维持不涨，电力增容减免集资费，南京电视台１２频道每周五免费播出３分钟，南京日报定期在第２版刊出，气象数据由气象局提供，具体工作由环保局牵头，监测站组织实施。环保局把空气污染周报纳入１９９７年的环境保护重点工作目标，成立了由各处长和监测站站长参加的预报工作组，局长挂帅。监测站成立周报实施小组，站长任组长。经过各方的努力和支持，空气污染周报在“六五”世界环境日前如期发布。空气污染周报的发布，在社会上引起了强烈反响，受到社会各界人士的关注，提高了监测站的知明度。     

城市汽车尾气污染治理模式探讨

借鉴国内外 I/ M制度的经验 ,运用系统论、控制论的观点 ,创造性地提出有效治理城市汽车尾气污染应建立的六大体系 ,强调城市汽车尾气污染的控制应以尾气污染预前控制和过程控制为主 ,并以此构筑城市汽车尾气污染治理的新模式     

Management of air quality in the vicinity of congested area in Kuwait

An assessment of air quality in the vicinity of a selected school has been carried out by monitoring the concentrations of primary pollutants. The results has shown that during the school hours, the measured pollutants emitted from the cars next to the selected school, such as CO and NO(2), are always under the allowable limits for Kuwaiti air quality standards. On the other hand, the concentrations of non methane hydrocarbon pollutant (nm-HC), some of which are considered to be cancergenic, are found to be above the Kuwaiti standard most of the times. A traffic counter is used to record the number of cars in the main road next to the school in 15 min intervals for 10 days during the monitoring period for air quality. Statistical analysis is performed to develop a relation for prediction of the necessary reduction in traffic, based on CO concentrations, during morning and afternoon periods on working days. A computer dispersion model (CALINE4) is also used to assess the CO concentrations based on recorded flow of traffic and emission inventory with the prevailing meteorological conditions existed at the specified time. After the validation of model, different scenarios have been evaluated to provide an acceptable solution to resolve the traffic congestion problem near the schools in the early morning hours with substantial reduction in pollution levels. The optimal solution for CO concentration reduction by managing smooth traffic flow is to reduce the traffic intensity by half in early morning and afternoon rush hours. The results of the predicted CO concentration in the vicinity of the school for the model and the statistical analysis has shown reduction of 30% and 42% respectively, for approximately 50% decrease in the car use. On the other hand the predicted CO concentration for the model and the statistics reached 24% and 33% respectively when 50% of students opted for buses instead of using private cars.     

Estimating residential air pollution exposure among citizens in Oslo 1974-1998 using a geographical information system

Annual concentration fields of SO2 and NOx for the period 1974-1998 are calculated for a 22 x 18 km2-grid in Oslo. In a study of lung cancer and air pollution in Oslo, 16209 men living in Oslo have been followed from 1972/73 to 1998. This paper presents a method for estimating their annual residential air pollution exposure for SO2 and NOx. In the exposure assessment the National Population Register provided information on home addresses. Each participant was given an annual average air pollutant concentration outdoors of the address he lived the largest part of that year. Persons living close to streets with high traffic were given an additional concentration, and persons who moved outside Oslo were given a region value for each year. Due to regulations of the sulfur content in fuel oil and a general change of local heating systems to electricity or distant heating, the SO2-concentrations in Central Oslo were reduced during the period from about 60 microg m(-3) in 1974-75 to about 4 microg m(-3) in 1997-98. Due to the increasing traffic the NOx-concentrations have increased slowly, from about 40 microg m(-3) in 1974-84 to about 60 microg m(-3) in 1989. After the introduction of catalyst cars the concentrations were reduced to about 45 microg m(-3) in 1997-98.     

Monitoring and Assessment of Exhaust Emission in Bangkok Street Air

Measurement of the exhaust emission from gasoline-powered motor vehicles in Bangkok were performed on chassis dynamometer. A fleet of 10 vehicles of different model, years and manufacturers were selected to measure the air pollutants in the exhaust effluent. The study revealed that the carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions averaged 32.3–64.2 and 1.82–2.98 g km^–1, respectively, for 1990–1992 cars and decreased to 17.8–40.71 and 0.75–1.88 g km^–1, respectively, for 1994–1995 cars. A monitoring program for air pollutant concentrations in ambient air was also conducted to evaluate the air pollution problems in Bangkok arising from vehicle exhaust emission. Four air sampling stations were strategically established to cover the Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR). Composite air samples in this study area were collected during the day/night times and weekday/weekend. The average concentrations of suspended particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen dioxide in Bangkok street air were found to be 0.65 mg/m³ (24 hr ave.), 19.02 mg/m³ (8 hr ave.) and 0.021 mg/m³ (1 hr ave.), respectively. The average concentrations of benzene and toluene in the ambient air of the study area were found to be 15.07–50.20 and 25.76–130.95 g/mf³, respectively, for 8 hr average. These results indicated that there was a significant increase in air pollutant emissions with increasing car mileage and model year. Subsequent analysis of data showed that there were only 20% of the test vehicles complied to approved emission standard. The finding also revealed that there was a correlation between the average air pollutant concentrations with average traffic speed in each traffic zone of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR).     

杭州主城区大气臭氧对空气污染指数API的影响

利用2004年至2007年空气污染监测数据,比较现行API指数和修正后API指数的差异,分析修正后O3污染的变化状况,研究O3污染的季节变化。结果表明,O3作为一种新的空气污染指标,对修正后API指数的影响很大。与现行API指数相比,4年来修正后API指数的污染率大幅度增加,并且各季节的污染率越来越接近,2007年污染率在25%左右。2007年各季节修正后API指数污染天数中O3污染天数所占百分比分别是春季为52%、夏季91.6%、秋季20.8%、冬季O3,未出现污染。     

浙江省大气重污染应急预警

通过比较多地省级及城市的大气重污染预案和分析浙江省大气重污染预警工作情况及一次大气重污染预警案例来研究省级大气重污染应急。结果表明,省级应急预案在机构组织和职责、预警分级以及应急措施3个方面有需完善的地方,并且在区域应急联动方面的内容相对缺乏。通过对问题的探讨,建议可以通过构建畅通应急信息交流渠道、设定符合地区污染特征的预警分级以及科学安排多城市应急联动减排等方式来进一步完善省级大气重污染应急预案。     

上海市工业区大气污染预警监测信息平台研究与设计

根据上海市工业区大气污染排放特征,在构建大气特征污染监控网络的基础上,搭建了工业区大气污染预警监测信息平台,并研究了适用于大气特征污染自动站的通信传输规范,确保数据联网和应用。平台设置了大气质量监控、大气数据管理、污染源一厂一档、大气质量分析评价、污染源溯源分析、应急监测数据管理、智能移动终端查询等7个子系统,可为上海市工业区大气污染预警和管控提供实时监测数据。     

Erroneous mass transit system and its tended relationship with motor vehicular air pollution (An integrated approach for reduction of urban air pollution in Lahore)

Air pollution is threat to the lives of people living in big cities of Pakistan. In Lahore 1,250 people die annually because of air pollution.Mass transit system that can be put forth as solution to urban air pollution is contingent with right choice of system and its affiliation with motorized vehicles and nature of urban air pollution.Existing mass transit system in Lahore due to untrue operation causes surfeit discharge of motor vehicular carbon monoxide. Tended relationships of mass transit system with motorized vehicles and urban air pollution are quite noteworthy. The growing motor vehicles (a consequence of flawed public mass transit system) are potential source of urban air pollution. This paper attempts to highlight correlations and regression curves of existing mass transit system. Further it recommends a two facet approach for reduction of motor vehicular air pollution in Lahore.     

米泉市大气污染与气象因子变化特征分析

通过对米泉市大气污染状况进行分析，揭示大气污染与其所处的地理特征、气象特征的关系，并对大气污染物TSP、降尘污染与气象因子变化特征进行分析，进一步阐述尘污染是影响米泉市大气环境质量的重要指标。