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1.
灰霾天气城市空气污染程度判据指标体系建立的探讨   总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0  
灰霾天气加重空气污染程度,是空气污染呈现区域性、复合型污染的重要天气污染现象,对视觉空气质量以及人体健康造成很大影响与危害.针对灰霾天气下城市空气污染加重程度判据系统建立,对灰霾天气下空气污染程度评估方法及建立污染程度与能见度量化相关关系进行了初步探讨.  相似文献   

2.
一次典型灰霾天气过程及成因分析   总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
结合2008年10月28日南京市出现的灰霾天气,利用环境空气自动监测数据、气象观测数据、卫星遥感监测秸秆焚烧信息及后向轨迹模型等资料,对灰霾天气过程及成因进行分析。结果表明,由于当晚大气扩散条件不利,周边地区秸秆焚烧产生的大量气溶胶污染物在地面东北气流的引导下向南京市城区输送,使得大气监测点颗粒物浓度异常上升,导致能见度恶化,形成了典型性重度灰霾污染天气。  相似文献   

3.
2015年11月1—4日,哈尔滨市及周边地区发生了连续的灰霾天气,颗粒物浓度急剧升高。污染发生时,监测仪器均布设在哈尔滨市区上风向30 km处(哈尔滨市双城区)并开展了连续96 h的监测分析。综合利用气象观测资料,3D可视激光雷达监测资料及地面空气污染监测资料分析了灰霾天气发生的气象条件和污染边界层特征,根据哈尔滨市双城区大气污染物排放源谱库对主要成分进行来源解析,结合颗粒物质量浓度和气象条件研究了秸秆焚烧对灰霾天气的影响。结果表明,灰霾天气持续期间,夜间生物质燃烧源成为该地区颗粒物的第二大源;秸秆焚烧产生的大气污染物,由于地面长时间静风,污染边界层降低等原因,致使本地污染物累积、不易扩散,加剧了本次污染。  相似文献   

4.
随着工业化和城市化进程的加速,大气气溶胶污染日趋严重,由气溶胶细粒子PM2.5污染造成的能见度恶化事件越来越多,中国东部地区灰霾天气迅速增加.灰霾天气的本质是细粒子气溶胶污染,与光化学污染相关联,形成灰霾天气的气溶胶组成非常复杂.近年来由于灰霾天气日趋严重引发的环境效应问题,以及气溶胶辐射强迫引发的气候效应问题,已引起科学界、政府部门和社会公众的广泛关注,成为热门话题.在此背景下,国家出台了新版《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012),增设PM2.5浓度限值,对环境监测、环境管理和环境评价提出了新的要求.通过分析中国大气污染背景、国际组织和其他国家的PM2.5标准,及近期热点问题,提出在环境监测、环境管理和环境评价过程中实施新标准,监控PM2.5的策略.  相似文献   

5.
重庆市区灰霾天气变化及特征分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
分析了近15年重庆市区灰霾的时间变化特征以及主要大气污染物与能见度的相关性。1997—2012年,灰霾天气占41.2%,发生天数没有明显变化,严重程度有所减缓。灰霾在冬季发生的天数最多,持续时间长,且容易发生重度的持续灰霾。夏季灰霾天数最少,程度最轻。PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2浓度随灰霾的加重而增加,其中PM2.5浓度增幅最大,O3浓度随灰霾的加重而降低。灰霾对能见度的影响大于降水天气对其的影响。灰霾天气下能见度受PM2.5的影响较大,非灰霾天气下,能见度主要受O3的影响。  相似文献   

6.
灰霾期间气溶胶的污染特征   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
从颗粒物的时空分布和浓度水平方面综述了灰霾期间气溶胶的污染特征,介绍了灰霾期间气溶胶中金属元素、水溶性离子、有机碳和元素碳的浓度特征,以及颗粒物与能见度的相关性研究进展。指出:灰霾天气多发生在冬季,且气溶胶中PM2.5占的比重大;气溶胶污染与地理环境、气候条件、经济发展水平等有密切关系;水溶性离子多集中在PM2.5中;能见度的下降与气溶胶特别是细颗粒物有很大关系。提出目前灰霾研究中主要存在3大问题:一是对灰霾期间气溶胶中含有的有机物类别及其对不同季节发生灰霾的贡献率仍需进一步研究;二是灰霾期间气溶胶中有机物的形成机理尚不明确;三是不同源排放的气溶胶对灰霾形成的贡献率有待探讨。建议系统地开展大气细颗粒物有害成分的鉴定、源排放颗粒物的物理化学特性、扩散过程中各种物质间的反应和转化等方面的研究,为大气污染防治法规的制定提供依据。  相似文献   

7.
为了解广州地区灰霾天气成因,基于城市超级站,对2013年12月1日—12月8日期间2次灰霾天气过程的水溶性无机离子污染特征进行研究。结果表明:监测期间二次离子(SNA)SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、NH_4~+分别占PM_(2.5)质量浓度的15.8%、7.4%、7.0%;2次污染过程SNA对PM_(2.5)贡献显著,机动车排放和燃煤是PM_(2.5)的主要污染来源。广州冬季属于富氨区,2次污染过程都伴随着NH_4~+显著增加,NH_4~+主要以(NH_4)_2SO_4和NH_4NO_3形式存在。  相似文献   

8.
2008年1月广州颗粒物数浓度污染特征   总被引:9,自引:3,他引:6  
于2008年1月利用颗粒物计数器(CPC)、颗粒物在线观测仪(TEOM1400a)、自动气象站以及现时天气现象传感器(PWV22)获得了大气颗粒物中每分钟颗粒物数浓度、每30分钟PM2.5>浓度、风速、相对湿度、降雨量等气象因子以及大气能见度.结果发现,1月份能见度低于10km的天数达到25天,其中灰霾天气有17天.灰霾天气下,颗粒物敖浓度为22032±4731个/立方厘米,PM2.5,浓度为123.1±64.5 μg/m3.非灰霾和灰霾天气下颗粒物数浓度日变化趋势总体比较接近,但在13:00~16:00时段,非灰霾天气条件下颗粒物数浓度变化比较明显,而灰霾天气条件下颗粒物数浓度变化比较平缓.现测期内颗粒物教浓度与大气能见度、相对湿度、风速呈负相关,与PM2.5质量浓度、温度呈正相关.灰霾天气下颗粒物数浓度与PM2.5浓度、相对湿度的相关性系数绝对值明显高于非灰霾天气下颗粒物数浓度与这两者的相关性系数绝对值.  相似文献   

9.
宜昌市城区灰霾天气成因分析研究   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4  
从灰霾天气形成的可能影响因素出发,根据长期的气象和环保观测资料,将近10年来宜昌市城区逆温层与等温层、降水日、风速风向、环境空气质量优良天数、可吸入性颗粒物(PM10)年均值、二氧化硫(SO2)年均值、二氧化氮(NO2)年均值的观测值与灰霾日观测值进行相关分析,并分析了宜昌市城区环境污染的气象化学作用,揭示出宜昌市城区灰霾天气成因主要是与不利扩散和降解的气象化学作用有关,与目前环境空气质量监测的PM10、SO2、NO2三个指标无明显相关关系,而与细粒子、气溶胶污染有关。  相似文献   

10.
灰霾监测研究进展   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
随着国家对灰霾监测的日益重视以及人们对灰霾危害认识的加深,国内许多城市建立了灰霾测站,逐步开展灰霾监测相关研究。从灰霾监测因子、灰霾天气气溶胶特征以及形成机理等方面综述了近年来国内外学者灰霾研究成果,并对灰霾监测进行了展望,供相关技术和管理人员参考。  相似文献   

11.
空气净化器可有效改善雾霾天气下室内空气质量,颗粒物去除效果与洁净空气量(CADR)是衡量其性能的主要参数。在典型室内环境下,以香烟源颗粒物为目标,开展空气扰动对净化器去除颗粒物效果和CADR的影响实验与评价分析。结果显示,在室内空气扰动下,净化器对粒径≥5μm的颗粒物去除率为75.6%,在无空气扰动情况下的去除率为46.6%。空气净化器对粒径0.3μm^5μm的颗粒物有较好的去除效果,而对于粒径10μm的较大颗粒物,空气扰动造成CADR增加。空气扰动在一定程度上提升了空气净化器的净化能力,同时在性能方面也存在影响。  相似文献   

12.
根据上海市工业区大气污染排放特征,在构建大气特征污染监控网络的基础上,搭建了工业区大气污染预警监测信息平台,并研究了适用于大气特征污染自动站的通信传输规范,确保数据联网和应用。平台设置了大气质量监控、大气数据管理、污染源一厂一档、大气质量分析评价、污染源溯源分析、应急监测数据管理、智能移动终端查询等7个子系统,可为上海市工业区大气污染预警和管控提供实时监测数据。  相似文献   

13.
米泉市城市环境空气污染状况分析和污染防治对策探析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
根据2000年以来的环境监测数据,分析新疆首府乌鲁木齐市的重要卫星城米泉市的环境空气污染状况,结果显示米泉市环境空气质量污染严重,超越乌鲁木齐市。成为全疆冬季大气污染最严重的城市之一,大气环境质量亟待改善。本文针对米泉市环境空气严重污染的状况提出了控制对策和减缓措施,以期为改善乌鲁木齐市及周边城市大气污染状况提供依据。  相似文献   

14.
根据中国 4城市 8所小学儿童的调查研究结果 ,报告了在不同环境条件下 ,儿童体格和肺功能发育的基本情况 ,并试图从营养条件和空气污染两个方面对儿童肺功能发育情况进行解释。研究指出营养条件和空气污染对儿童肺功能的影响作用相反。两种相反的作用互相抵消了一部分影响 ,可能是造成了儿童肺功能波动的原因。空气污染严重、营养条件较差 ,二者均可使肺功能指标下降。有一定的空气污染、营养条件又好 ,肺功能指标可能相对较高 ,因此营养条件可能是研究空气污染对儿童肺功能影响的一个较为重要的混杂因子  相似文献   

15.
Several factors influence air pollution, but effect of land uses is pivotal and has direct consequences on growth and development of a city. In order to assess consequent effects of land uses on air pollution, it is important to transform a set of variables into significant components by using principal component analysis. These components help to develop an effective model between air pollution and land uses by application of regression analysis. Lahore, titled as “Paris of the East,” has some featured commonalities with Paris and was jointly selected for research to adopt common policies and measures to combat air pollution. A two-step cluster analysis has been applied to testify resemblance of Paris to towns of Lahore as a cluster. This paper is trying to develop a calibrated model which helps to estimate about air pollution at a significant level with only one independent variable. Furthermore, it helps to control air pollution through sensitization of land uses in Lahore.  相似文献   

16.
China's environmentalism with autocratic characteristics has far-reaching effects for fighting air pollution effectively. Political blue sky is unsustainable because conflict of interest in China's authoritarian environmentalism leads to failure of joint prevention and control in air pollution regulations. This study aims to explore policy mechanisms that would integrate intergovernmental join efforts in air pollution control. A non-cooperative tripartite evolutionary game is employed to model the dynamic interactions among the central government, Beijing municipality, and local governments for fighting air pollution. A double-payment with dual-supervision mechanism is proposed for air pollution control in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region. Simulations are conducted to examine the effectiveness of air pollution regulations involving multiple policy instruments for yielding the ideal outcome. It is shown that appropriate coordination of these policy instruments can address the intergovernmental challenge in collective action against air pollution. In addition, two long-term scenarios per the Porter hypothesis are investigated regarding environmental tax reform and enterprise innovations. It is found that such long-term inspirations can improve regulatory flexibility and efficacy. The double-payment with dual-supervision mechanism can effectively engage all governmental stakeholders for promoting sustainable air pollution governance in China. From a methodology perspective, policy simulations in an evolutionary game framework provide a novel addition to the research toolkit for policy studies.  相似文献   

17.
Fence for traffic noise control sometimes causes adverse effect on air pollution. Thus in this study, performance of porous fence as a tool for control of both air pollution and noise pollution was evaluated. A two-dimensional numerical model for flow and pollutant concentration and an analytical model for traffic noise were utilized in the analysis of a double-decked road structure with fences only at ground (Case 1) and at both ground and upper deck (Case 2). Porous fences were assumed only at the ground level since the solid fences at the upper deck usually leads to desirable result on air pollution. Effects of the variable porosity on air quality and noise level near road were evaluated. Obtained results showed: (1) flow pattern in leeward of fence was drastically changed at 40–50% porosity in Case 1 and 50% in Case 2. The porosity larger than 40% excluded presence of a circulation behind the fence. (2) Effect of porous fence on air pollution was different in Cases 1 and 2. In Case 1, the porous fence generally resulted in the reduction of air pollution at the ground level; on the other hand, in Case 2, it rather led to increase of the concentration. (3) Traffic noise level was also largely changed by the porosity of the fence; an example of simultaneous evaluation of the effects of porous fence on both air and noise pollution in Case 1 showed that the fence of 60% porosity leads to reduction of air pollution by 20% compared with solid fence case, and reduction of noise pollution by 4–6% in dB compared with no fence case, at l m high and 10 m from the road.  相似文献   

18.
秸秆焚烧对空气质量影响特征及判别方法的研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
利用南京空气自动监测数据及PM_(2.5)组分监测结果,分析了2011年夏收秸秆焚烧期间大气污染特征,并探寻快速判别秸秆焚烧影响的指标及方法。结果表明:秸秆焚烧期间PM_(2.5)污染特征显著,其组分中K~+、EC、OC等浓度相对偏高。基于离子组分及碳元素在线监测数据,可选取K~+作为快速判别指标,并根据K~+与PM_(2.5)的相关性,计算秸秆焚烧对PM_(2.5)的贡献。同时结合OC、EC浓度变化,综合判别秸秆焚烧对空气质量的影响程度。  相似文献   

19.
With the increase in industrial plants in the rural areas of developing countries, the effects of industrial air pollution on the technical efficiency of agricultural production have attracted considerable attention. However, although some studies have investigated the effects of air pollution on crops' yields, only few of them have focused on how industrial air pollution affects the relationships among production factors and their technical efficiency. Using survey data collected from southwestern China, this paper analyses the effects of point-source air pollution on rice production by incorporating air pollution as an input in a translog production function. Our findings indicate that industrial air pollution lowers the marginal products of factors, alters the relationships of labour-capital and chemical-capital from complementarity to substitution, and changes the seed-chemical relationship from substitution to complementarity. Furthermore, the complementary elasticities of labour-chemical and labour-seed are reduced, whereas that of capital-seed is improved. Without considering the changes in the production function, the technical efficiency estimated using the traditional stochastic frontier analysis method appears to be overestimated compared with that estimated using a modified measure. The understanding of the effects of industrial air pollution on technical efficiency will help researchers in making a sound estimation of agricultural loss and provide helpful insights for policy-makers.  相似文献   

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