程序控温石墨消解-原子荧光法测定土壤中总砷

采用程序控温石墨全自动消解仪消解土壤样品，原子荧光光谱法测定总砷。通过试验确定原子荧光光度计的最佳工作条件，使得该方法在2.00μg／L ～20.0μg／L 范围内线性良好，检出限为0.025 mg／kg，加标回收率在96.0％～10^5％之间，RSD为1.9％～3.3％。用该方法与国标法同时测定土壤标准样品和实际样品，结果无显著差异。     

直接测汞法和原子荧光法测定土壤中总汞的比对研究

采用DMA-80直接测汞技术，与国标方法原子荧光法对土壤中总汞的测定进行了方法比对研究。试验结果表明，直接测汞法的检出限优于原子荧光法，精密度和准确性能够满足土壤实际样品的测定，对30个实际样品分析结果的比对表明，方法间无显著差异，该方法快速、准确、无污染。     

快速光度法测定脱硝装置氨逃逸浓度

采用哈希快速光度法测定烟气脱硝装置的氨逃逸浓度,通过优化现场采样时的采样流量、采样枪温度、吸收液浓度和用量,以及选择合适的显色时间,使该方法在0.12 mg/m~3~5.10 mg/m~3范围内精密度与准确度良好,方法检出限为0.03 mg/m~3,2份实际样品6次测定的RSD分别为1.2%和0.1%,氨氮有证标准物质的测定结果在标准值范围内,实际样品2个浓度水平的加标回收率为100%和98.8%。将该方法与国标法同时测定实际样品和标准样品,结果无显著差异。     

离子色谱法测定水中总硬度

采用离子色谱法测定水中钙、镁离子质量浓度,并以此计算水中总硬度。方法在0 mg/L~10.0 mg/L范围内线性良好,钙、镁离子的方法检出限分别为0.02 mg/L、0.003 mg/L。该方法用于测定标准混合溶液和有证标准物质,测定结果均满足质控要求。实际水样中钙、镁离子均检出,且测定结果的RSD为0.3%~1.4%,加标回收率为91.0%~103%。用该方法与国标法同时测定实际样品,结果无明显差异。     

测定地表水与地下水中酸性高锰酸盐指数法与低浓度COD_(cr)法的相关性研究

一、试验方法与质控措施(一)、试验方法:本研究测定高锰酸盐指数采用酸性KMnO_4法,该法适用于Cl~-含量<300mg/L的水样.当样品高锰酸盐指数>5mg/L时,则酌情少取,用重蒸水稀释后测定.水样采集后,加H_2SO_4使PH<2,24h内测定.COD的测定是用美国EPA方法410.2低浓度COD_(cr)法,该法适用于COD_(cr)在5～50mg/L的低浓度地表水,生活用水和工业废水.样品采集于玻璃瓶中,同     

基于智能手机比色测定水环境中的六价铬

在酸性条件下,水样中的六价铬能够和显色剂二苯碳酰二肼反应生成紫红色络合物,该络合物溶液用自制的数字图像比色装置测定颜色值实现六价铬的现场快速检测。该方法在0.05 mg/L~1.00 mg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0.02 mg/L,标准溶液10次测定结果的RSD为1.6%~7.9%,实际水样加标回收率为94.7%~102%。用该方法与国标法同时测定实际水样,结果无显著差异。     

EDTA滴定法测定水中总硬度缓冲溶液配制的改进

针对EDTA滴定法测定水中总硬度(简称"标准法")时,存在的缓冲溶液配制繁琐、耗时长的问题,提出了缓冲溶液配制的改进方法(简称"改进法").改进法很好地克服了标准法的不足.通过地表水、地下水以及总硬度标准样品的比对测定,两法测定结果无显著差异.     

水环境背景样品中总汞的测定

用F—732型冷原子吸收测汞仪与改良的FJ-1型金膜富集解吸器组配,对环境样品中痕量总汞进行了测定.系统采用了闭环内气源气路,提高了富集效率和方法的检测限(从0.1μg/L提高到0.003μg/L),不仅可用于高汞含量水样的测定,还可用于清洁样品中痕量汞的测定.     

测定游离氯和总氯样品保存方法研究

建立了游离氯和总氯样品保存方法。用氢氧化钠溶液作为固定剂,现场固定含有游离氯和总氯的水样,使水样pH>12。结果表明,样品经4℃低温避光保存,5 d内测定,测量结果没有显著变化,方法检出限(以Cl2计)为0.004mg/L,加标回收率为96.7%～104%。     

纸片法快速测定水质总大肠菌群

简要介绍了纸片法测定水质总大肠菌群的操作方法，并通过１２个实验室的验证试验，研究了纸片法与现行标准方法（多管法）的一致性，结果表明，两种方法的测定结果基本一致，无显著差异，但纸片法测定周期比多管法缩短了２ｄ，仅需１ｄ时间。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定海产品中铅及其同位素比值

采用微波消解,电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定海产品中铅含量及其同位素比。通过选择本底铅浓度低的硝酸降低背景值,选择合适内标以减少仪器波动带来的误差,使得该方法在0μg/L~100μg/L范围内线性良好,~(204)Pb、~(206)Pb、~(207)Pb和208Pb的方法检出限为0.041μg/L~0.180μg/L。用该方法测定有证标准物质,结果在标准值范围内,海产品样品6次测定结果的RSD为3.1%~8.6%,加标回收率为89.9%~96.3%。26种海产品中总铅质量比为0.018 mg/kg~2.32 mg/kg,铅同位素~(207)Pb/~(206)Pb值为0.783 55~0.881 61。     

应用荧光定量PCR技术监测玄武湖蓝藻水华

应用荧光定量PCR技术和显微计数法对玄武湖蓝藻水华进行了长期监测,结果表明,荧光定量PCR法可同步监测蓝藻、微囊藻和有毒微囊藻的数量,及时准确反映玄武湖蓝藻水华优势种群微囊藻和有毒微囊藻的动态变化。与显微计数法相比,具有需要的样品量少、时效性强、检出下限较低、自动化程度高等优势,可有效地应用于蓝藻水华的监测。     

Microfluidic quantification of multiple enteric and opportunistic bacterial pathogens in roof-harvested rainwater tank samples

Potable and non-potable uses of roof-harvested rainwater (RHRW) are increasing due to water shortages. To protect human health risks, it is important to identify and quantify disease-causing pathogens in RHRW so that appropriate treatment options can be implemented. We used a microfluidic quantitative PCR (MFQPCR) system for the quantitative detection of a wide array of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and pathogens in RHRW tank samples along with culturable FIB and conventional qPCR analysis of selected pathogens. Among the nine pathogenic bacteria and their associated genes tested with the MFQPCR, 4.86 and 2.77% samples were positive for Legionella pneumophila and Shigella spp., respectively. The remaining seven pathogens were absent. MFQPCR and conventional qPCR results showed good agreement. Therefore, direct pathogen quantification by MFQPCR systems may be advantageous for circumstances where a thorough microbial analysis is required to assess the public health risks from multiple pathogens that occur simultaneously in the target water source.     

Development of a new automated clean-up system for the simultaneous analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and 'dioxin-like' polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCB) in flue gas emissions by GPC-SPE

A comprehensive clean-up method for quantitative analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-furans (PCDD/Fs) in one single extract of environmental samples was developed. Since the chemical nature and toxicity of planar PCBs are similar to those of PCDD/Fs, dioxin-like PCBs and PCDD/Fs are often surveyed together in their exposure assessments. The development of a method for the simultaneous analysis of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in environmental samples is invaluable. The automated clean-up system evaluated in this work consists of three additional steps after traditional extraction: the chromatography on gel permeation (GPC), the concentration of the solvent through the use of an in-line evaporation module and the further purification and separation of PCDDs/Fs and dl-PCBs on an alumina cartridge in the 'SPE module'. In this work, three fly ash samples from an interlaboratory study with different PCDD/F and PCB levels were Soxhlet-extracted and then cleaned up using an automated system. PCDD/Fs and PCBs were determined using isotope dilution and high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry. The determined values of 17 PCDD/Fs were consistent with the certified values and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the determined values were less than 20%. The recoveries of (13)C labeled PCDD/Fs and planar PCBs, and their RSDs were within the ranges specified in EPA1613 and 1668a methods, respectively. An accurate and reliable method was successfully developed and can be used in the simultaneous analysis of PCDD/Fs and planar PCBs in environmental samples.     

Assessment of vehicular pollution in Kolkata, India, using CALINE 4 model

Michigan water quality standards for public bathing beaches require local health departments to collect and analyze a minimum of three water samples for Escherichia coli during each sampling event. The geometric mean number of E. coli colonies is then compared to the 300 colonies per 100 ml standard to determine compliance. This article compares the results of the currently mandated procedure to a composite sampling method, whereby the three samples are mixed in equal volumes and analyzed once. This effectively replaces the geometric mean of the individual sample results with an arithmetic mean. Although arithmetic means are more affected by outliers, this sensitivity to high concentrations is more health conservative than the geometric mean. During the 2007 sampling season, nine bathing beaches were monitored once each week. Three individual point samples and a composite sample were analyzed for each sampling event. No statistically significant differences in bacteria concentrations were found between composite sample analysis and the arithmetic mean of individual point sample analyses. No violations were detected in the 2007 sampling season, so using historical data, a retrospective analysis was performed on samples gathered at nine bathing beaches in Kalamazoo County, Michigan during the years 2001–2007. The arithmetic mean of the three samples taken at each site served as a surrogate composite sample. The benefits of compositing the three samples were investigated assuming a 2/3 reduction in analytical costs. In the traditional sampling method, three individual samples were obtained and analyzed once in every 3-week period during the summer season, whereas compositing was simulated by taking the arithmetic mean of each week’s results. The results of this retrospective cost analysis indicates that ten to 14 violations would have been missed using the less frequent traditional sampling and analysis methodology. Composite sampling is a cost-saving alternative to traditional sampling techniques that can be more protective of public health, particularly when the savings are applied to increased numbers of samples in time or space.     

超高效液相色谱三重四极杆质谱联用法测定水中的丙烯酰胺

将含有丙烯酰胺的水样过滤后加入甲酸酸化,然后直接进样,使用超高效液相色谱三重四极杆质谱联用法测定,通过选择离子反应监测,可实现定性和外标法定量分析.该方法测定生活饮用水及其水源水中丙烯酰胺的最低检测浓度为0.15 g/L,对实际样品的加标回收率在92％ ～ 123％,该方法绿色环保、简单方便,且具有较高的灵敏度和较低的检出限.     

Recovery of Francisella tularensis from soil samples by filtration and detection by real-time PCR and cELISA

The aim of this study was to develop a specific and highly sensitive method able to detect very low concentrations of Francisella tularensis in soil samples by real-time PCR (qPCR) with SYBR Green I. tul4 gene, which encodes the 17-kDa protein (TUL4) in F. tularensis strains, was amplified using a LightCycler (LC) device. We achieved a detection limit of 0.69 fg of genomic DNA from F. tularensis subp. holarctica live vaccine strain (LVS), corresponding to a value less than 3.4 genome equivalents per reaction. The qPCR was shown to be specific, highly sensitive and reproducible. In addition, we evaluated 2 new methods for recovering bacteria from soil based on 1-step filtration using glass fiber filters and PVDF filters. These filtration methods enabled us to recover F. tularensis efficiently from soil samples. As few as 50 CFU per 0.5 g of soil were detected by qPCR. Capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) allowed us to detect and quantify the amount of bacteria recovered from soil by an immunological method. Although qPCR was more sensitive than cELISA, we did not observe substantial differences in the amount of bacteria quantified by both methods.     

Evaluation of interference to conventional and real-time PCR for detection and quantification of fungi in dust

Advances in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have permitted accurate, rapid and quantitative identification of microorganisms in pure cultures regardless of viability or culturability. In this study, a simple sample processing method was investigated for rapid identification and quantification of fungal spores from dust samples using both conventional and real-time PCR. The proposed method was evaluated for susceptibility to interference from environmental dust samples. Stachybotrys chartarum and Aspergillus fumigatus were used as test organisms. The sensitivity of detection in pure culture was 0.1 spore DNA equivalents per PCR reaction corresponding to 20 spores ml(-1) in the sample. However, 1 spore DNA equivalent per PCR reaction corresponding to 200 spores ml(-1) in the sample was the lowest amount of spores tested without interference in dust samples spiked with spores of either fungal species. The extent of inhibition was calculated using conventional and real-time PCR reactions containing fungal spores, specific primers, specific probes (for real-time PCR) and various amounts of dust. The results indicate that the extent of inhibition by dust on PCR varies with the type and amount of dust, and number of spores. No interference in the analysis of spiked samples was detected from 0.2 mg ml(-1) of four real-life dust samples at p-value >0.05 using 2 x 10(4) spores for conventional PCR and 2 x 10(5) spores for real-time PCR. However, samples containing >0.2 mg ml(-1) real-life dust compromised the PCR assay. These results suggest the potential usefulness of a simple sample processing method in conjunction with PCR for monitoring the fungal content of aerosols collected from indoor environments.     

Comparison of the microbial load of incoming and distal outlet waters from dental unit water systems in Istanbul

This is a cross-sectional study of the incoming and distal outlet water quality from 41 dental units in Istanbul, carried out to compare the total microbial loads using traditional culture method versus epifluorescence microscopy. The possible presence of Legionella pneumophila using traditional culture method was also analyzed. One hundred and twenty three samples were taken from the high-speed handpiece lines, air-water syringe lines and source (incoming) water supplies from 41 dental units. The samples were assayed for live/dead bacteria, heterotrophic bacterial counts and presence of L. pneumophila bacteria. Thirty nine out of 41 dental units (91%) were not able to meet the standard limit of 200 CFU/ml in dental unit waters. The live bacterial counts were 1-1.5 orders of magnitude higher than aerobic mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria. L. pneumophila (serogroup 2-14) was isolated from five out of 41 units. Some dental units were using commercially bottled (19 l) drinking water as a source. The source water of eight dental unit was heavily contaminated which were fed up by commercially bottled drinking water.     

土壤中多氯联苯简化计算定量方法研究

针对含有两种或两种以上Aroclor多氯联苯混合物的样品,研究其简便易行的定性、定量方法。将复杂样品中的多氯联苯分别折算成Aroclor 1016、1242、1260含量,在定性的同时予以定量。3种不同组分混合样品的加标回收率分别为68.2%～80.6%、67.9%～74.2%、67.1%～76.8%,实际土壤样品的测定结果与已有研究结果相吻合。方法缺点为无法识别和计算各Aroclor之间的准确比例,可用于应急监测复杂组分样品中多氯联苯的测定。